social entrepreneurship

The purpose of this research is to provide a model of social entrepreneurship in the development of rural tourism in the target villages of Gilan province. The research method is qualitative and applicable. The statistical population of the research includes 10 managers, experts and university professors in the field of tourism, selected by purposeful sampling and inviting interviewees. The results of the qualitative questionnaire and open interview with the sample members, after taking notes and transferring to the system, were analyzed using coding and the data-based method and Maxqda software, and the output and the final model were reported. The results showed that traditional tourism entrepreneurship follows a capitalist approach, is highly profit-oriented, and ignores the social aspects of doing business; which may in turn cause more harm to already disadvantaged communities. Social entrepreneurship in tourism, referred to here as tourism social entrepreneurship, is positioned as a market-oriented approach to address various social problems through tourism entrepreneurship.

The main aim of the paper is the sociological analysis of agency and action with approach of duality. The role of agency and action in solving social problems is in the social entrepreneurship system. The duality has the function of eliminating the dualism of action and agency in the social system, which creates new possibilities for social entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is a concept derived from the explanation of consanguinity to solve the social problem. The research method is applied in terms of objective and in terms of qualitative data collection - interpretive phenomenological analysis. The use of interpretive phenomenology to identify the legitimacy of social problem solving is the duality of action and agency in the social entrepreneurship system. The studied community is all social entrepreneurs (individual level of analysis) who are trying to solve social problems at the community level. Sampling of social entrepreneurs was done in 2 general and organizational criteria, and the emphasis of qualitative sampling is based on saturation of the inductive theme, and 10 interviews were conducted. The data collection tool is a deep interview, and the interview questions were formulated with the 5W1H approach. Analysis of interviews according to the analysis process including a) reading and re-reading the interview text; b) initial points or verbal statement; c) Development of new or emerging themes; d) searching for connections with emergent themes; z) Searching for patterns among items or participants.  The results show that the Duality of agenc and the practice of social entrepreneurship is located in a primary, symbolic and continuous duality coordinate. To put it better, social entrepreneurs start to legitimize solving social problems through inbreeding based on primary inbreeding (sociability); They are engraved with symbolic inbreeding, and with continuous inbreeding, they create institutionalization to solve social problems.

Researches in the theoretical field show that tourism social entrepreneurship is known as an innovative approach, a solution to provide entrepreneurship in the tourism industry for the disabled (people with disabilities), but in the field of practice, different models are used to achieve this goal and less success is accomplished.The main purpose of this research is to explain social entrepreneurship based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research to achieve a model for entrepreneurship and creating resourceful businesses. This research is of an exploratory and applied type.In order to collect and integrate previous research using the meta-synthesis method, a total of 352 articles were extracted and 58 articles were selected as the statistical population of the research, which were systematically analyzed and coded with "MaxQDA" software. The results of the research showed that the existing concepts in the field of social entrepreneurship can be defined in the form of a model with three categories: individual, interpersonal and environmental, and subcategories of attitude, personality, social, entrepreneurial spirit, economic, social, legal, education and research, autonomy, competence, and personal and structural development. These components can provide the background for the social entrepreneurship of disabled people in the tourism industry and business creation by interacting with each other.

The aim of the present study is to identify the factors influencing social entrepreneurship in rural tourism in Gilan Province and to propose a fuzzy cognitive model. This research is considered exploratory-applied in terms of purpose and mixed-method (exploratory sequential) in terms of research type. The statistical population in the first phase consisted of 10 experts, scholars, and faculty members in the fields of tourism and entrepreneurship with outstanding experience in Gilan Province, who participated in semi-structured interviews and the Delphi technique. In the second phase, the statistical population included social entrepreneurs in rural tourism from 2022 to 2024, with a minimum of three years of work experience, from whom 12 individuals were selected for the fuzzy methodological section. For the structural equation modeling (SEM) section, social entrepreneurs active in rural tourism in Gilan Province were selected, and due to the use of the SEM method, a minimum sample size of 200 individuals wasdetermined.In the first phase, a non-probability judgmental sampling method was applied. In the fuzzy methodological phase, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was distributed to social entrepreneurs in rural tourism using a non-probability judgmental sampling approach. In the structural equation modeling phase, a probability convenience sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaire.To identify the influencing factors in the first phase, thematic analysis was conducted, followed by the Delphi technique to confirm the components. The relationships between these factors were then determined using fuzzy cognitive modeling, with the aid of FCMapper and Mental Modeler software to identify the interrelationships among the factors. Finally, the extracted model was tested using structural equation modeling within the statistical sample.Through thematic analysis, 10 key influencing factors were identified: economic and financial factors, policy and planning factors, social capital utilization, community empowerment, cultural factors, environmental factors, technological and innovation factors, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism, social factors, and human capital.These 10 influencing factors were presented to tourism experts in Gilan Province in the form of a pairwise comparison questionnaire ranging from -1 to +1. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using fuzzy cognitive modeling, and the relationships among the factors were examined. The results indicated that the components of social entrepreneurship in rural tourism and community empowerment had the highest susceptibility to influence, while policy and planning factors, as well as economic and financial factors, exhibited the highest influencing power. Ultimately, social entrepreneurship in rural tourism and policy and planning factors achieved the highest central index.

The current research aims to design a social entrepreneurship model in the tourism industry as an innovative approach to provide the field of entrepreneurship for the disabled. The mixed research method is exploratory and operational. In the qualitative part of the meta-synthesis method, with the help of Scientometrics, VOSviwer, and MAXQDA software, previous research at the international level and through databases was assessed and analyzed from 1980 to 2023. In this section, the conceptual model with three categories, individual, interpersonal, and environmental, was explained during the coding process. In the quantitative part, using the fuzzy cognitive mapping method, the relationship between the conceptual model variables and their impact extension on each other was analyzed. Finally, by performing forward and backward scenarios on the most effective and impressible factors with the centrality of social entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, the related model was presented. The research findings showed that among the identified variables, environmental and interpersonal factors with the greatest influence, and individual factors with the most significant impressibility in interaction with other variables, provide a fundamental role in supplying the social entrepreneurship field of the disabled in the tourism industry. Also, the results of this research in the theoretical field obtain new angles and practical suggestions for researchers and policy-making and decision-making institutions.

Social entrepreneurship is a concept derived from entrepreneurship; but it has purposes and goals different from entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship activity intends to solve a social problem or to encourage social activity to create a sustainable solution. The purpose of this research was to design a digital social entrepreneurship model and test and fit it through structural equation modeling.
The research is a mixed qualitative and quantitative method. It is practical in terms of purpose and exploratory. The qualitative part is based on data-based theory and the quantitative part is based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population was the qualitative part of the research on businesses in the social and digital fields of the country. The data is based on interviews with 11 expert entrepreneurs and activists of these two business areas, through targeted sampling using the snowball method and a quantitative part by distributing researcher-made questionnaires among the entrepreneurs and managers of the above two regions. Has been collected. Validity and reliability were evaluated and confirmed by the Lincoln and Goba method. Qualitative data analysis was done with the help of Maxquda.2020 software and quantitative data analysis was done with SPSS and Smart PLS.3 software.
Based on the results of the qualitative part of the research, the concept of digital social entrepreneurship has formed the central phenomenon of the model. Out of 33 influential components, causal conditions with four components: personality traits, people's role models, neglected needs of society, special advantages of digital approach; Background conditions with the following components: society's acceptance, availability of entrepreneurship platform, knowledge and expertise of entrepreneurship and application of suitable tools of digital approach; Intervening factors in three categories: strengthening, weakening and potential; Strategies under five categories: partnership strategy, program formulation and professional implementation, facilitating conditions and supporting social businesses, long-term gradual growth and modeling; The consequences have been identified with the following components: the excellence of the society, the acquisition of a superior social position, the promotion of public welfare, the acceleration of affairs, the development of businesses, and the satisfaction of satisfied needs, and based on the findings of the quantitative part, the main relationships of the research model and Confirmed.
If social entrepreneurs advance their activities toward solving social problems, with the bias of digitalization and using online services, they will be able to provide faster, more valuable, and wider services, beyond the territory of Providing a place for more needy people.

This study investigates the dimensions and components of the crowdfunding model in the digital context for social entrepreneurship.

Initially, the dimensions and components of the social entrepreneurship crowdfunding model were identified using previous studies. Following this, based on the identified components and indicators, a questionnaire was designed by the researchers, and the validity and reliability of the designed questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed using statistical techniques. The questionnaire was then distributed among 384 social entrepreneurs. The collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques and structural equation modeling.

The research findings indicated that the proposed hypotheses, including the impact of capital security, digital context, and crowdfunding on the extent of advertising, were confirmed.

Therefore, government support for crowdfunding and investor characteristics in the conditions of assurance considered by the researchers lead to improvements in crowdfunding.

The achievement of sustainable rural development is dependent on the creation of rural entrepreneurship. This research aimed to explore the pattern of sustainable social entrepreneurship in animal husbandry using grounded theory. Participants in this study were selected from among the country's economics and management professors, entrepreneurs and managers of entrepreneurial companies, and government officials, with a sample size of 20 individuals. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Theoretical sampling was used for sampling purposes, a type of purposive sampling that helps the researcher create or discover theories or concepts that have a theoretical relationship with the evolving theory. In theoretical sampling, the sampling is deliberate (not probabilistic) and focuses on theory development. In the next step, a set of primary concepts (514) were collected through coding. From these, a set of themes (33 themes) were extracted. Then, in the axial coding stage, the links between these themes were categorized under the headings of causal conditions phenomenon-centered, action and interaction strategies‚context, intervening conditionsand social entrepreneurship consequences. These themes were determined in the form of a coding paradigm. In the next step, in the selective coding stage, each component of the coding paradigm was explained, the story was illustrated, and the theory was created.

Social entrepreneurship represents a vital approach for tackling the country's social and economic challenges. However, despite its potential, social entrepreneurship in Iran has not yet made the desired impact due to a range of persistent challenges. This study examines the challenges facing social entrepreneurship, with a special focus on governmental programs and macro-level policies, and offers recommendations and strategies for the government to strengthen this field. Applied in purpose and qualitative in method, this research used structured interviews as the primary data collection tool. The study sample comprised social business owners, public and private sector managers, and academic experts, with fifteen participants selected through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding, facilitated by MaxQDA (2020) software. Results from the coding process identified 56 concepts in open coding, 33 core categories and sub-challenges in axial coding, and 3 main themes in selective coding. Findings indicate that the challenges of social entrepreneurship in Iran can be categorized into three primary areas: 1. policy, legal, and governmental challenges; 2. challenges related to social, economic, educational, and cultural awareness; and 3. institutional and operational support challenges. In response to these findings, nine strategic recommendations were proposed for the government and regulatory institutions. This study’s originality lies in identifying critical policy, legal, and operational challenges within Iran, offering practical recommendations to the government and regulatory institutions for addressing these barriers.

This study aims to explore how technological innovations and social entrepreneurship can be effectively utilized to address the issue of homelessness, focusing on identifying sustainable and innovative solutions that can improve the living conditions and social integration of homeless individuals. Employing a qualitative research approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 27 participants, including social entrepreneurs, IT experts, activists in the homelessness sector, and individuals who have experienced homelessness. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify main themes and sub-themes. The analysis revealed six main themes: Innovative Technologies, Innovation in Social Services, Access to Resources, Community Engagement, Sustainability and Development, and Social and Cultural Impacts. These themes encompassed various strategies, ranging from the use of mobile applications and online platforms to foster communication and manage data, to social entrepreneurship initiatives aimed at enhancing access to resources and promoting sustainable development goals. The study concludes that technological innovations and social entrepreneurship hold significant potential to address homelessness by offering sustainable solutions and facilitating social integration. It underscores the importance of community involvement and the need for a multidimensional approach that considers the social and cultural dimensions of homelessness.

One of the new fields of study in recent years is related to business ethics and its development. The research literature indicates that, in general, examples of ethical values can be seen in some social entrepreneurs and in particular social businesses more than other businesses. Considering that the research in this field is very little and it needs to be studied as much as possible to identify the dimensions and factors affecting it, therefore, in this study, it will be investigated what elements on the development of social business ethics is considered. The present study is descriptive, practical in terms of purpose and is based on systematic review method. The statistical population includes all studies in the field of development of entrepreneurial ethics and social businesses in the period from the beginning of publication until 2022 and includes 832 research. The failure of transferring the teachings of business ethics to the real work environment and the lack of explanatory theories and models in this field are among the findings of the present study and the most important research gap identified. Furthermore, conducting the systematic literature review by Whetten framework and exploit the model of grounded theory structure, are other findings of this research.

This paper aims to contribute to the conceptual debate on the connection between socialinnovation and social entrepreneurship, considering the role of the ‘social’ within thisconnection. Supported by a systematic literature review (SLR) with an in-depth analysis of34 articles from Scopus-indexed and Web of Science databases journals, this paper identifies, analyzes and describes the difficulties and opportunities in the social innovation andsocial entrepreneurship literature. Little is known about the link between both conceptsand the influence of the ‘social’ in their development and implementation. This SLR wasconducted to identify and describe definitions and patterns. Results show that theconnection between social innovation and social entrepreneurship is in its take-off phase,but it still is a fragmented field with a huge lack of consensus. Thus, it will be important tosee where the field will head, as this paper aims to be a first step in the understanding ofsocial innovation and social entrepreneurship through a collective and integratedperspective, providing an elucidation of the different perspectives of the literature

The objective of this study is to investigate the role of insurance funds in promoting rural entrepreneurship and developing businesses in rural areas. The study draws inspiration from the theory of new institutionalism and emphasizes the importance of accepting institutional beliefs, developing institutions, and creating supportive infrastructures for rural entrepreneurship. This study adopts an action research approach to examine the structure and business model of insurance funds in rural areas. The research is guided by social business models and the theory of institutionalism. The primary focus is to explore the potential for expanding the role of insurance funds beyond traditional coverage and to align them with the institutional beliefs and needs of rural communities. The opinions of 20 experts are collected and analyzed to gain insights into the topic. The research findings indicate that insurance funds, in addition to providing insurance coverage, can effectively address various challenges faced by rural communities. These challenges include limited access to financial resources, education, business consulting, market opportunities, and technology. By expanding their services and incorporating additional support functions, insurance funds have the potential to contribute significantly to the development, sustainability, and prosperity of rural businesses.The study identifies several key aspects that need to be considered for the transformation of insurance funds. These include requirements for change, existing capacities, barriers to change, social challenges, and responsive services. The research also highlights the importance of defining and promoting certain values, as well as developing the necessary competencies among employees to effectively implement the proposed changes. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that restructuring insurance funds in rural areas is essential for fostering rural entrepreneurship and promoting business development. By aligning with institutional beliefs, addressing the diverse needs of rural communities, and expanding their services beyond insurance coverage, insurance funds can become instrumental in supporting rural businesses. The proposed changes, including the identified requirements, capacities, responsive services, values, and competencies, can serve as a roadmap for enhancing the effectiveness and impact of insurance funds in rural areas.

 Social entrepreneurship is a process in which community development strategies are proposed and suggestions are made to solve social problems. Social capital is a social asset and reserve that helps social development and improve the business environment through the creation of social entrepreneurship with the components of trust, cohesion, participation, collective belonging and commitment. The main purpose of the research is to study the relationship between social capital and social entrepreneurship through meta-analysis.

The research method is quantitative meta-analysis in the period of 2009 to 2022 with a sample size of 22 research documents and a purposive-non-probability sampling method with compliance with the entry and exit criteria as well as considering the validity and reliability of the research. Specificity of the subject area, specificity of the spatial territory, specificity of the methodological territory, validity of the research, and specificity of the statistical findings in the text of the research document are among the criteria for selecting studies and researches in this research. The results show that social capital in the above 22 studies was able to explain and predict 0/65% of social entrepreneurship changes.

According to research findings, there is a significant relationship between social capital and social entrepreneurship; and its overall effect is equal to 0/65 percent. According to this; the stronger the intensity of social capital in society, the better social entrepreneurship is realized. There is a significant relationship between social trust and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/48. Accordingly, the greater the social trust in the society, the greater the tendency towards social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social cohesion and social entrepreneurship; and its value is equal to 0/57. Therefore, the greater the social cohesion in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social participation and social entrepreneurship; and its effect is equal to 0/50. Therefore, the greater the social participation in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between social commitment and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/48. According to this; increasing social commitment in the society will increase the tendency towards social entrepreneurship. There is a significant relationship between religious beliefs and social entrepreneurship; and its effect value is equal to 0/38. According to this; the stronger the intensity of religious beliefs in the society, the greater the tendency to social entrepreneurship; and finally, there is a significant relationship between social belonging and social entrepreneurship; and its effect is equal to 0/55. According to this; The higher the level of belonging in the society, the higher the tendency to social entrepreneurship.

 According to this; social entrepreneurship can be provided by increasing and strengthening the bases of social capital and its components in the society. Social entrepreneurship creates innovative solutions to solve social problems by helping the social capital, in this way, social capital brings creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation by creating and strengthening trust, interest, and increasing cooperation capacity, social courage and employer culture.

The purpose of this study is to design the empowerment model for Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Based on Social Entrepreneurship Approach. To achieve this goal, relying on the grounded theory approach, to collect qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with 10 experts, university professors, entrepreneurs and related officials based on the sample method targeted sampling was done until theoretical saturation was reached and then the model of empowering the patients of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) based on the social entrepreneurship approach was presented after going through the stages of open, central and selective coding. Next, in the quantitative section, a questionnaire was designed and completed by 361 people of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA) throughout the country. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The research results show that all six hypotheses were confirmed; In other words, conditions have a positive effect on action/interaction, consequences and success. Also, the effect of action/interaction on outcome and success and the effect of outcome on success were confirmed.

Today; in the field of entrepreneurship, special attention is paid to the category of entrepreneurship in the social ecosystem, which is mentioned as one of the factors that create benefits for society and reduce social harms. The purpose of this research was to design a model of social entrepreneurship ecosystem. The approach was a combined research. The qualitative stage was performed with the Delphi approach and presence of experts- to identify variables of social entrepreneurship ecosystem and entrepreneurship institution of buildings representatives. Quantitative stage of structural equation modeling was used for validation and confirmatory factor analysis. The data collection tool was questionnaire. Validity of that was confirmed by the experts. Reliability of that- 0.779- was determined through Cronbach's alpha. The statistical sample of the qualitative section- 12 experts in the field of "social entrepreneurship ecosystem"- was selected by Snowball method. In the quantitative stage, to obtain a proposed model; the statistical community was unlimited and sample was 384 people- among those who referred to the neighborhoods houses of 22 districts of Tehran Municipality. The finding of three Delphi stages was extraction of research variables - including independent variables of social sustainability, economic sustainability, service quality, environmental sustainability, cultural sustainability from the social entrepreneurship ecosystem; also citizen satisfaction, citizen trust, and citizen cooperation were variables dependent on the entrepreneurship institution of buildings representatives. The results of the quantitative section showed that all the hypotheses were approved. The Entrepreneurship Institution of Buildings Representatives aims to improve the social ecosystem conditions.

The present study was conducted in the universities of Khuzestan province with the aim of designing a model to explain the social responsibilities of universities adopting a social entrepreneurship approach. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative phase inlcudes experts (professors of Khuzestan universities) and in the quantitative phase it includes 1153 staff of universities and faculties, deputy heads and heads of departments, employees and faculty members of universities in Khuzestan province. In the qualitative part, using the purposeful sampling method, 30 experts (university professors) and in the quantitative part, using the stratified random sampling method, a total number of 380 staff of universities and faculties, deputy heads and heads of departments, employees and faculty members of the universities in Khuzestan province were selected. In the first step, the factors affecting the social responsibility of universities informed by social entrepreneurship approach were identified based on semi-structured interviews with experts. The output of this stage was 36 concepts regarding social entrepreneurship and 48 concepts of social responsibility. Then, in the second step, the identified dimensions were evaluated by structural equation modeling method using SPSS 24 and Smart Pls3 software.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of social identity with social capital and social entrepreneurship in physical education students. The present research is applied research and the research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was students of physical education and sports sciences of Tehran universities in the academic year 2020-2021. 254 students were selected as a sample by the Morgan table. Participants completed the Social Capital Questionnaire (2000), Social Identity Questionnaire (2011), and Social Entrepreneurship Questionnaire (2011). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and structural equation model (SEM) were used using SPSS/24 and Smart PLS/3 software. Results showed that social identity has a positive and significant relationship with social entrepreneurship and social capital (p<0.05) also, social capital has a positive and significant relationship with social entrepreneurship (p<0.05). GOF index was used to fit the model, which showed that the present study has a good fit (GOF = 0.66). Therefore, one of the factors affecting social entrepreneurship is social identity. Social entrepreneurship can be enhanced by strengthening social identity, and social entrepreneurship and students' social identity can be strengthened by improving social capital in physical education students.

The main purpose is to analyze social entrepreneurship by presenting a multi-objective model of a multi-level supply chain of blood products. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in nature, and quantitative in terms of gathering information. The studied community of new local bases, mobile bases as well as transportation equipment for the effective and timely transfer of blood products to the candidate provincial centers of the country in the time domain of 1400 is collected. In order to minimize the costs of the entire supply chain network and maximize the attractiveness of the transmission centers, the proposed mixed integer two-objective mathematical model was designed and carried out by epsilon constraint method with coding in GAMS24.1.2 software. The results showed that increasing the number of blood donation sites, facility capacity and attractiveness leads to improving the attractiveness and performance of the supply chain of blood products.

Tourism is an effective tool in cultural interactions and familiarization with the culture and civilization of nations, and culture, which is the most obvious symbol of a society's identity and dignity, is influenced by it. Considering the plurality of Muslim communities and their increasing desire for pilgrimages, religious tourism has gained great importance and is one of the rich propositions and opportunities for promoting cultural foundations and raising the cultural level of Muslims. On the other hand, in discussions related to entrepreneurship, which has the greatest impact on the economic development of today's societies - especially when they are in the process of innovation - the importance of using neglected capacities such as religious tourism with an entrepreneurial perspective is particularly important. In this research, which was based on library and analytical studies, the entrepreneurial capacities in religious tourism and its cultural and social benefits were examined in several aspects, and solutions were presented as conclusions, along with emphasizing the necessity of playing a better role in the development of entrepreneurial capacities in the religious tourism sector and the development of social and economic interactions. In the end, it is suggested that an entrepreneurial view into religious tourism capacities is a very valuable and effective opportunity for economic and sociocultural growth at the regional and national levels, so it should be considered by politicians and entrepreneurs.