system approach

Global trends like increasing healthcare costs, changes in patient demands, and technology developments have led to healthcare system moving towards eHealth. In many cases of eHealth implementation, there is a large gap between expected outcomes and what happened in reality. The studies emphasized many of these failures were due to an inadequate understanding of factors influencing on eHealth implementation and the lack of a comprehensive framework to apply such interventions. On the other hand, legal, clinical and economic requirements have made eHealth a priority for Iran's healthcare system in recent years. The purpose of this study is the explanation of the multi-level complexity of eHealth implementation as well as the provision of a research program and guidance on using eHealth. This purpose is fulfilled through a meta-synthesis of eHealth literature in Persian, and synthesizing collected data into a system model. Totally, 221 unique researches were obtained from the databases, of which 56 were identified as relevant in the initial survey. In the meta-synthesis of relevant researches, 39 components had been identified as eHealth requirements in eight major financial-economic, legal, technological, security, social, attitudinal, educational, and ethical components. In addition, 13 elements were extracted as eHealth outcomes in the economic, legal, positive and negative clinical categories. Among the requirements for eHealth system implementation, the security component and the ethical component had the highest and lowest amount of attention in the literature, respectively. However, for the practical realization of the eHealth system, all these requirements have to be addressed. The outcomes of this system are also used in targeting future eHealth projects and designing evaluation metrics and indicators for ongoing eHealth implementation projects.

Nowadays, management and organization is rife with various dichotomies which turn management to the easy but at the same time difficult action, especially in public organizations; dichotomies such as control vs. flexibility, centralization vs. decentralization, inside vs. outside view and so on. In fact, appropriate and optimal aggregation of these dichotomies is very effective in success of management and organization’s performance and it, at least theoretically, lies in system approach. The Viable Systems Model (VSM) is based on Organizational Cybernetics, as a main branch of system approach, which, through making use of the advantages of interdisciplinary approach, could largely solve and minimize the distance between these dichotomies. Although this systemic model is well-known in other countries and has been implemented in various projects from firm level to public administration level, it is not well-recognized in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to present theoretical and practical concepts of this model to the Iranian scientific and managerial society. This article, with the aim of compensating for theoretical poverty in extant studies, by using documentary methods, reviews these main subjects: basic concepts of VSM such as cybernetics, variety engineering, recursivity and autopoiesis, the interdisciplinary aspects of model (at least in three subjects: its origin, the system of research problems and subjects, and solutions and modus operandi), methodology and five systems of VSM, VSM in action and some of its applications and also some advantages and critique of VSM, and finally, some implications of VSM in designing public organizations structures in Iran.

Religious tourism is a form of tourism receiving more attention nowadays, whose development is on the agenda. This research is conducted with the aim of designing a theoretical model of the development of religious tourism in Iran, through a qualitative grounded theory. To collect data, profound and unstructured interviews were conducted with 18 experts familiar with the subject. These interviews were analyzed through open, pivotal and selective coding. Some components were extracted from these basic concepts. These components were then classified under the heading of causal factors, pivotal phenomena, grounding conditions, interventional factors, strategies and outcomes of religious tourism development. The causative factors affecting the development of the country's religious tourism were identified in the form of "management of attractions and events", "management of advertisement" and "development of the infrastructure and services fulfilling the needs of religious tourists", and interventional factors including "rules and regulations" and "planning of Religious tourism grand policies" were identified. Grounding conditions included indicators of "cultural conditions" and "economic conditions", and strategies include "marketing", "improving the environmental conditions, "human resource and training", " public-private interaction for the development of religious tourism", "systemic outlook ", and" attraction of investors". The identified consequences included "increasing the remaining of religious tourists", "reinforcing the basic motivations of religious tourists", "increasing the number of religious tourists," and "increasing the revenue from religious tourist’s visit of the country."

According to the fact that the information and communication technologies change the business rapidly, Managers and entrepreneurs need to understand, evaluate and change the business model of their organization continuously. In this regard it would be necessity to doing a research about the business model components. Several points of the views are introduced up to now, however the concept of the business model components remains unclarified. Therefore using the system thinking approach, this paper aims to clarify the components of the business models based on content analysis. The contributions of this article is literature review thoroughly to proposed components which create better understanding in this area and help managers to be able to evaluate and change their business models. Results show that revenue model, value model and activity model are most important components of the e-business models that should be considered in the evaluation and changing of e-business models.

Economic development of our country requires developing rural areas and defining the linkage between countryside, cities and regions precisely. In spite of all efforts to develop rural areas by policies and defining a range of projects, achieving the optimal situation is still out of reach and rural areas are being emptied of inhabitants. Reaching rural developed areas› goals, requires discovering the causes of emigration. In this paper, we will answer this question that what is the effect of Carbon Sequestration Project (CSP) on rural to urban areas› emigration variables. The results show that causes of emigration is rooted in contraction between countryside and city. Therefore, local developers› projects and their developing models cannot response to all aspects of problem, and thus, emigrating will continue under the current condition. Solving this problem will be obtaining only by physical plans and equally resource distribution, in which local and rural projects should be defined and well served under physical plans and its strategy.

Although findings of the researches indicataes that human resource management practices have significant effects on organizational innovation, the prior researches didi not apply system approach. Moreover, the process through which HRM practices affect innovation is not known well. This study aims at investigating the relation between high commitment work system and organizational innovation. This study is an applied research based on its aim and descriptive-correlative one based on the method of gathering data. Knowledge employees of Simaran company constituted the statistical population of this study. Using census sampling, 220 persons were selected as the research sample. Questionnaire was used to gather the data. Cronbach's alpha was applied for assessing the reliability of the measures.Construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. The hypotheses were tested by structural model. According to the results of this study, HCWS has positively significant effect on knowledge sharing both directly and through the mediating role of perceived organizational trust. Also, knowledge sharing has significantly positive effect on organizational innovation.

Literature review in international market attractiveness evaluation and operational practice in Afghanistan demonstrate that there is two approaches in international market selection: expansion and systematic approach. In expansion approach, firms gradually enter low geographical and psychic distance markets. But, in systematic approach, by considering some factors and models, firms systematically evaluate and select foreign market(s). The importance and need for systematically evaluating and selecting potential foreign markets has been stressed by many researchers, and several models for selecting international markets had been prescribed. But, current model do not pass the test of reality, because they are not adapted with exporter decision making process and they are not consider important aspect of reality. Then, in this paper, we introduce a comprehensive international market attractiveness model that has four steps: demand attractiveness, attainment attractiveness, adaptation attractiveness and competition attractiveness. At last, according to tested model, a systematic support model is developed and is expected to introduce a new approach for Afghan exporters based on the upcoming suggestions.

This manuscript was based on the research studying the relation between system thinking and creativity among high school principals in Tehran. The questionnaires were administered based on components of both variables. Such demographic variables as their educational degree, major, and working experience were also involved. Statistical population included 482 principals of high schools for girls in Tehran sampled in 172 based on Cochran formula. Sampling was based on clustering method and data analysis process was done through using SPSS in both descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson correlation was employed to show the probable relations. The results of the study show that there was a significant positive relationship between system thinking (as the main variable) and the principals’ creativity of girls’ high schools in Tehran. There was also a meaningful and positive correlation between the components of system thinking (system approach, holistic, and system performance) and principals’ creativity.