جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban tourism » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

The Syrian crisis, involving armed conflicts by quasi-military groups and terrorist activities by organizations like ISIS, began in 2011, inflicting countless damages to the national resources and capital. According to the United Nations, over 5,440,000 Syrians were registered as refugees in various countries by December 2017. Considering the population of 21 million at the onset of the crisis in 2011, a considerable portion of the population migrated. Additionally, significant casualties and injuries have been inflicted on the human resources. Syria witnessed 1,949 terrorist incidents from 1970 to 2016, with approximately 1,800 occurring from 2001 to 2016, constituting 92% of all incidents. From 2011 to 2016, 95% of the casualties occurred from terrorist incidents in Syria. Damage to the national infrastructure (physical and economic) is another aspect of the harm inflicted, with an estimated $41 billion in damages to infrastructure in six major cities , according to the World Bank. Economists forecast a 6.3% growth in the tourism sector in 2018 compared to the gross domestic product growth. Given these factors, Syria needs reconstruction of its infrastructure and compensation for the damages caused by the domestic crisis. Therefore, comprehensive planning and the selection of tourism development strategies are considered a strategy for development and compensation for damages caused by years of war and a top priority for reviving the social and economic sectors of Syria. In this regard, the role of Damascus as the national capital, the center of political, economic, and legal decisions, is particularly important. Furthermore, government attention and protection during the crisis have minimized damage to the infrastructure of this city. Consequently, the higher security of this city compared to other regions causes a higher priority and cost for the presentation of the tourism development model with an emphasis on Damascus. The success of Damascus in promoting tourism development goals can serve as a model for other regions of Syria. In general, this research aims to identify concepts and principles to clarify the rapid and cost-effective development of Syria's tourism engine.

This research has an applied methodology and is among the qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. The statistical population consists of two groups, experts (economic activists and managers in the tourism management sector in Syria) and researchers (professors and students in the tourism field in Syria with a track record of publishing articles and books about tourism). A total of 30 in-depth interviews were conducted. Furthermore, MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the interview data. Grounded theory serves as the theoretical framework for the research.

The tourism functions are at the primary level of the identified themes. These functions include 10 cases. The role of tourism in the national economy (pre-war), tourism and peace, expanding restaurant-dining functions, and the effects of tourism development on the economy are the most important factors. The second theme includes barriers to tourism development, including sub-codes such as infrastructural factors, human resources, political-security barriers, economic barriers, and neglect of tourism branding and marketing. Each code related to barriers to tourism development comprises multiple factors highlighted at various levels. The third theme includes the requirements for tourism development based on interviews. This theme includes three sub-codes: Comprehensive and coordinated tourism development planning, health expansion, pandemic control, infrastructure reconstruction by the government sector, international tourism, domestic tourism, focus on tourist hubs in Damascus, security expansion, tourism expansion, trust as the main premise of tourism development, capital provision through taxation, and tourism marketing and branding. The frequency of repetition of items for the codes is presented in the table below. The fourth theme of the interviews includes target markets. This theme consists of sub-codes such as Arab and Persian Gulf countries, Iranian-Shiite pilgrims, and traditional historical attractions preferred by Europeans. The scores of the first and second sub-codes are presented in the following table. The fifth theme of the interviews covers the types of tourism. These types include sub-codes such as the potential for ecotourism development, urban tourism, dark tourism, and spiritual-religious tourism. The following table describes these items and the number of repetitions for each item.

Six main themes, emphasized by experts and researchers are first identified: The functions of tourism, barriers to tourism development, requirements for tourism development, priorities of target markets, types of tourism, and tourism stakeholders. Each of these themes has been emphasized with various branches. The higher frequency of certain factors indicates their importance. In other words, the barriers to tourism development, with 91 repetitions, have been the most important aspect of Syria's tourism development. Following this theme, the requirements for tourism development with 53 repetitions, types of tourism with 31 repetitions, tourism functions with 19 repetitions, priorities of target markets with 11 repetitions, and tourism stakeholders with 6 repetitions have been highlighted. In general, codes such as "spiritual-religious tourism (not necessarily religious tourism)" with 9 repetitions, "weaknesses in advertising, narration, and branding" with 5 repetitions, "energy constraints in the tourism sector" with 5 repetitions, and "budget shortfall and reduction in government's tax revenue preventing tourism investment" with 4 repetitions have been the most emphasized factors by experts and researchers in the tourism sector in Syria.

While enjoying great tourism potential, Tehran has failed to attract tourists in proportion to such potential, making it necessary to identify, enhance, and introduce the potential. In this regard, as developing tourism and improving Tehran’s tourism competitiveness count as the main prerequisite for putting such potentials into practice, this applied study sought to identify the key factors involved in the tourism competitiveness of Tehran using the mixed method approach. To this end, the study identified, with the help of 15 experts in the relevant field, the most important factors involved in Tehran’s tourism competitiveness based on the indicators defined by the World Economic Forum using the Delphi technique. Then, a cross-impact questionnaire was applied to identify the main driving forces that influence the future of tourism in Tehran and its competitiveness. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the MICMAC software.According to the study’s results, out of the 35 examined factors, 12 factors were selected as the key factors affecting Tehran’s tourism competitiveness which are as follows: developing state-backed prioritization of travel and tourism, enjoying international openness, revising prevailing laws and regulations to enhance tourism, improving the status of human resources and tourism labor market, making better use of cultural and natural resources, fostering communications with the world media, publicizing Tehran’s tourism attractions, branding Tehran in terms of tourism potentials, and introducing Tehran’s tourism potentials.
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One of the main motivations of research related to regeneration in developing countries is the expansion of the scope and type of problems of cities, especially in the physical dimensions, which requires a review and change in the process and structure of the management of urban settlements according to processes such as globalization, the tendency of theories related to sustainability and processes of reproducing the space and dimensions of creative tourism require. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and mixed in terms of methodology, which was done in two phases as recognition and interpretation. The recognition phase is based on documentary studies, surveys, and Delphi. The panel members were 21 people who were selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. First, by reviewing the most important studies in relation to recreation with a tourism approach, 3 dimensions, 4 components (Sociocultural, physical-spatial, environmental, and economic) and 45 indicators were extracted. According to the results, six indicators of social sustainability, functional optimization, development of investment, use of design scales, strengthening of social dignity, and increasing presence in the space have received the highest points. In the blame phase, we used structural-interpretive modeling steps that were informed by meta-analysis of secondary data collected from the questionnaire. The results show that the use of tourism elements identified in this article as a tool for urban regeneration requires a four-level approach to the relationships between them, in which infrastructure elements such as types of transportation and access and education and information act as the basic level (fourth) and the most independent level and the type of retail as the first level and the most dependent level of relationships

In the highly competitive market of tourism, destination marketing to increase brand equity with a focus on the key factors as the dimensions of brand equity and the correlation between these dimensions due to tourists is an evaluation of a dimension, other dimensions under It should be noted that this issue is of special importance in the final evaluation of the tourist from the destination. In this regard, the present study is to study and analyze the tourism branding of Shiraz city using the strategic management model of the destination brand. This research is mixed in terms of applied-developmental purpose and based on the research method, so that in the qualitative part of Interviews with experts and a small part of the questionnaire were used. Also, to examine the current situation of differentiating and effective components in the optimization and development of tourism in Shiraz, the analysis of a pair of questionnaires including the three dimensions of physical factors, activity and meaning in determining the sense of place in the tourist destination (Shiraz) has been used. The results showed that the "historical and civilizational history of Shiraz", which is one of the physical factors, according to statistics has the highest impact on the sense of location of Shiraz. After that, "celebrities and superior attributed to Shiraz" have been more effective in terms of activity and "historical attractions of Shiraz" have been more effective in terms of physical than other expressions.

In the process of globalization, cities rely on their various capabilities to improve the lives of their residents, and at the same time, they will be centers for attracting other people on a national and international scale. One of the most important advantages in this is to rely on the capabilities of tourism, especially urban tourism. Meanwhile, achieving the development of urban tourism requires the provision of facilities and compliance with the standards that determine the principles and criteria of tourism development. Based on this, the current research aims to explain the principles of urban tourism development in northern Iran; the case study of Kalardasht city has been done.

This research is of applied type and in terms of nature and method, survey and exploratory. The data collection method in this research includes library and field methods, the most important tool in data collection is the researcher's self-made questionnaire, the reliability of the research questionnaire based on Cronbach's alpha is equal to 0.872, which shows the good internal reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population in this research consists of all the tourists entering Kalardasht, and due to the lack of accurate information on the number of tourists, 384 samples were selected based on Cochran's formula, which were distributed and collected among tourists by non-probability sampling method. In addition, SPSS software (arithmetic mean tests and paired t-test) was used for data analysis.

The results of prioritizing the dimensions of urban tourism development in Kalardasht city based on pairwise differences, show the effective role of political development and the extra hand documents of pairwise differences (mean difference) (-2.44983) which has the highest rank and The priority among the 5 dimensions is investigated. Besides, the other dimensions, in order of importance and priority, are the managerial and infrastructure dimension (-1.48865), the economic and capital dimension (-1.34430), the environmental and natural dimension (-1.19094) and the social and cultural dimension with paired differences (average difference) (-0.85110), which respectively play the greatest role in the development of urban tourism in Kalardasht city.

The development of tourism in Kalardasht city can be based on principles such as the preservation and promotion of natural resources, development of infrastructure, promotion of tourism services, promotion of culture and art, development of recreational and sports activities, promotion of sustainable tourism, and by observing these principles, The development of urban tourism in northern Iran and the city of Kalardasht can be improved and bring profitability to the region.development of urban tourism in Kalardasht city.

Psychological ownership has emerged as an important predictor of people's attitudes and behaviors and has received much attention in consumer research. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the consequences of the psychological ownership of tourists towards the urban tourism destination. The research method is Meta Synthesis. The statistical population of this research includes valid and available foreign articles to the researcher in the databases of Emerald, Science Direct and Google Scholar, A total of 41 articles were selected as samples that were related to the research topic. The purposive sampling method has been used and the data collection method is a systematic study. The validity of the research was evaluated using CASP analysis and its reliability was confirmed using the kappa coefficient. The research findings showed that the consequences of tourists' psychological ownership towards urban tourism destination include participation, citizenship behavior, fulfilling the basic psychological needs, satisfaction, promotion, loyalty, purchase intention, attitude and tourism development

Nowadays, destination marketing strategies are used in cities in order to attract more tourists. One of the most important of these strategies can be mentioned branding using prominent signs and symbols of a city. The aim of present research is investigating importance of branding in development of urban tourism, this research has identified effective criteria and indicators for transformation of an urban symbol into a tourism brand with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on theoretical foundations and literature review, main influential indicators in branding tangible attractions of Tabriz city were identified and extracted. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi method, identified factors were screened. In next step, pairwise comparisons were made and sent to 15 experts and experts in field of tourism to answer. After receiving the experts' answers, 250 available tourists were interviewed and their questionnaires were evaluated using AHP method and weights of criteria were determined. Then options were ranked by TOPSIS method and appropriate element was selected to be introduced as tourism brand of Tabriz. Results of research indicate that according to multiple criteria considered by the experts, Blue Masque is the first place, Arg-e-Alishah is the second place, Maqbar al-Shoara is the third place, Municipal Building is the fourth place, El-goli Building is the Fifth and finally, Yanqin Tower is the last rank with the lowest score.

Literary tourism is one of the types of cultural tourism, the main purpose of which is to get to know the places related to the lives of writers, poets, artists and their works. Iran, having famous poets and writers, has suitable conditions for the development of literary tourism. In the meantime, Tehran has always been the focus of poets and writers of our country due to its political position and the presence of cultural and artistic centers. Therefore, it has great potential to create literary tourism. The analysis of literary tourism capacities is done at three levels: individual, organizational and environmental. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze "environmental capacities" in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. The research method in carrying out this research is descriptive-analytical with practical purpose. In order to collect information, documentary and survey methods have been used. The statistical population of survey studies included two groups of literary tourists and the local community. The research findings showed that "types of literary tourism" are the most effective variable of environmental capacity in the development of literary tourism in Tehran. After that, "infrastructure" is the second priority. "Literary places" are also in the third category, less important than the two mentioned cases. The research results show that Tehran has a suitable environmental capacity for the creation and development of literary tourism, and this capacity can be the grounds for the development of tourism in Tehran

One of the sectors that can be said to be the cause of fundamental economic, social and cultural changes in cities and today is called as an economically dynamic industry, is tourism; which plays a key role in improving the quality of life of citizens. In the present study, the evaluation of the effects of tourism development on the quality of life of citizens in Tabriz metropolis has been done based on the structure of the analysis of the hybrid models produced by the capabilities of the geographic information system. For this purpose, spatial modeling to determine tourism potentials in Tabriz metropolis with a new modeling approach and using geographic information system capabilities in spatial data management to combine real information (factors affecting tourism potential) has been investigated. Then, through the preparation of a questionnaire for the localities with tourism potential, the relationship between tourism development and the quality of life of citizens was examined. Based on research findings; In the self-organization model for tourism development and the multivariate regression test, the potential level of regions 6 and 9 have the lowest level of correlation and relationship for the impact of tourism development in promoting and improving the quality of life, but in the self-organization model, the potential level of regions 8 and 10 and in the test Multivariable regression, regions 2, 4, 8, and 10 have the highest level of correlation and relationship for the impact of tourism development in promoting and improving the quality of life in the ten regions of Tabriz metropolis. Also, the results showed that the studied area has a suitable level of quality of life and tourism development affects the satisfaction level of citizens and tourists. Because the relationships between the aspects of tourism development and quality of life are statistically significant in 8 regions of Tabriz metropolis, and the results of this research are consistent with previous studies.

The COVID-19 pandemic created significant challenges for urban tourism, and its negative consequences caused countries to seek effective measures for the post-disease period. One of the most important of them is scenario planning; the main purpose of this research is to compile the future scenarios of urban tourism in the post-corona era, which was done with a focus on Sareyn. The research method is combined or mixed, which is carried out using a sequential exploratory approach in two qualitative-quantitative phases. The methods used in this research are "theme analysis and scenario planning." The statistical population of the research includes a multi-core team of experts in urban tourism, urban management, geography, public administration, and public health, who are also familiar with the conditions and status of Sareyn. These people are identified through the purposeful sampling method. According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, which was carried out using the theme analysis method, the themes extracted from the semi-structured interviews are in the form of 39 basic themes, 14 organizing themes, and 3 inclusive themes, which will go to the next stage to identify the drivers. Based on the findings of the quantitative phase of the research, four scenarios were identified, which are the reduction of restrictions and smart health screening, health tourism (treatment), green zoning, and mandatory lockdown. According to the results, the scenarios of "reducing restrictions and smart health screening - health tourism (treatment)" are, respectively, the most favorable and relatively favorable, and "green zoning - forced lock" scenarios are categorized as relatively unfavorable and most unfavorable situations. By adopting the relevant scenarios and properly managing urban tourism and its consequences, the post-disease period can also be considered an opportunity for urban tourism that brings new and desirable solutions to the fore.

Enhancing the quality and liveliness of pedestrian zones is being increasingly turned into a significant scenario in the process of tourism development among competing actors at national, regional, and international scales. However, many projects regarding the development of pedestrian tourism routes are not welcomed by the public when operationalized due to their lack of liveness, despite the huge costs and time dedicated to them in the pre-planning phase. Therefore, the main question posed in this regard is whether there is any significant difference between different people in terms of knowing the factors involved in the liveliness of urban pedestrian zones. The answer to this question could be of great importance, especially in countries like Iran where the decisions to intervene in public spaces are taken unilaterally without the participation of the prospective users of such projects. Thus, this study sought to identify the barriers to obtaining liveliness in Charbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street" in Isfahan via the Q method, trying to analyze the attitude of different people in this regard using Q factor analysis. To this end, ten frequent users of Charbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street were selected via snowball sampling method, ten subjects were selected. Moreover, the required data were collected via semi-structured interviews with those ten participants and the review of the related literature, based on which some thirty-nine barriers were identified and prioritized. Finally, Based on the findings of Q factor analysis, the attitude of the participants was classified into three main categories. In other words, the findings of the study revealed three different perspectives on the barriers to obtaining the desired liveliness in such an urban space.

Bicycle tourism is known as one of the branches of tourism that has attracted many fans today. On the other hand, the bicycle as one of the means of urban transportation can provide the possibility of developing cycling tourism as a type of sustainable urban tourism by taking advantage of improved infrastructure and facilities for tourists. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting bicycle tourism in Tehran. For this purpose, the influence of individual and environment factors related to tourism destination, and factors related to transportation were investigated. In the following, the required information was collected using both library and field methods (using the questionnaire tool) from among the statistical population including tourists and cyclist citizens in Tehran and then gathered data was analyzed using Smart PLS-SPSS software. The results show that among the four main factors, individual factors have the highest impact with the highest average, followed by environmental factors, factors related to tourism destinations, and finally factors related to transportation with the lowest average and impact on the decision to bicycle tourism. Additionally, In the group of environmental factors, the natural environment index has a higher average and is more influential than the other two indices including physical infrastructure environment and cultural environment

Tourism as a global activity today has doubled in importance due to the overlap of the three principles of job creation and income generation, tourist satisfaction, and environmental protection. Since different tourist destinations are competitive in attracting tourists, improving and promoting effective indicators in attracting tourists to tourist destinations is of great importance. This study aims to model the factors affecting the image of tourist destinations and their impact on tourist satisfaction in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done by the survey method.  The statistical population of this study is tourists visiting Tehran. In order to determine the number of research samples, due to the unknown number of the statistical population, the required number of samples was 354 questionnaires. In order to analyze the data, a factor analysis statistical test, one-sample T in SPSS software, and structural equations in Amos Graphics software environment were used. The results show that using a factor analysis test to measure the effects of image components of tourist destinations on tourist satisfaction, 6 factors whose specific values were greater than 1 were extracted. These six identified factors were able to 63% of the variance of component image effects. Explain tourism on the satisfaction of tourists. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test to calculate the final score of the level of satisfaction with the image of tourist destinations, with a value of (2.39), were in an undesirable and unacceptable situation. Also, the results of second-order structural equation analysis showed that the overall image of the destination factor has the highest factor load on tourists' satisfaction with 60%. The final results of the structural equation model show that the effect of cognitive image on the overall image is equal to (0.21), the effect of the emotional image on the overall image is equal to (0.18), the effect of the persuasive image on the overall image is equal to (0.30), and the effect of the overall image on the satisfaction of tourists according to the route analysis model is equal to (0.27).

Tourism can help create happiness and, therefore, provide people with the satisfaction of life. On the other hand, the presence of a "happy host" is a fundamental requirement for the successful development of tourism, making the monitoring of the tourism-induces happiness and satisfaction level a key factor in any such development program. In this regard, as assessing the issue in Noshahr and Chalous cities (as two main tourist destinations in northern Iran) is of particular importance, this study set out to investigate the role of tourism in constructing the indices of a happy city in Chalus and Nowshahr. The statistical population of the study comprised residents of Nowshahr and Chalous cities. Moreover, the sample size was estimated to be 380 using Cochran's formula, and the participants of the study were selected via the convenience sampling method. Finally, the data collected from the questionnaires distributed among the respondents were analyzed through structural equations and factor analysis using the SPSS and PLS software. The results revealed that tourism was effective in creating happy cities in Nowshahr and Chalous. However, according to the results of statistical tests, the extent of such influence was found to be very poor. It was also found that tourism slightly increased the welfare, happiness, social participation, and satisfaction of the residents of Nowshahr and Chalous cities.

The historical collections of cities as a place have cultural heritage values, identity, history, thoughts and attitudes of people in different historical periods. The values attributed to them can play a major role in the direction of protection and investment in the form of cultural tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of cultural tourism in revitalizing the socio-cultural values of the historical market of Tabriz to take an effective step towards the development of cultural tourism in the city of Tabriz. To achieve this goal, relying on a qualitative approach and studying written sources around the three strategic axes of "Architectural Heritage Protection", "Architectural Heritage Value System", and "Cultural Tourism"; And also conducting a semi-structured interview with 4 statistical groups, including businesses and market residents, domestic and foreign tourists, residents of Tabriz, and experts familiar with the subject, their opinions about the socio-cultural values of the market, damage An analysis of values and strategies for reviving damaged values were collected. The findings of the library study and field questioning were examined and analyzed by relying on the descriptive-analytical approach and the coding and categorization method to answer the research questions. The obtained results show that with the application of value-based conservation methods by the selected community, it is possible to ensure the continuity of life and create the grounds for the permanence of the work, to provide a basis for attracting tourists and, as a result, for the development of cultural tourism. Also, the results of the research show that among the considered social factors, the structure factor has the most influence with a path coefficient of 0.467. Among the factors related to culture, the religion factor has the highest path coefficient of 0.455.

A B S T R A C T
Coastal cities have always been considered one of the main tourist destinations due to their proximity to the sea and the capacities they acquire from this point of view. However, many of these cities, especially in Iran, have not been very successful in realizing their talents. This issue caused the current research to analyze the satisfaction of tourists to achieve strategies for improving the tourism capacity of coastal cities. The research method is a descriptive analysis based on documentary studies and field surveys. The indicators of tourists' satisfaction analysis were extracted from domestic and foreign sources and the tourists present in Bushehr city in the autumn period of 2019 were questioned with the help of a questionnaire. Next, the data from the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software and analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression models. The findings show that the 40 indicators examined in the current research are categorized into 9 factors, among which 6 factors are "pleasantness of the city environment", "accommodation and food services", "access to attractions", "variety of attractions", "attractiveness of the city environment". and "pleasant experience of being in the city" with a significance level of over 95% have played a key role in the satisfaction level of tourists. Also, regarding the city of Bushehr, among the 40 investigated indicators, the indicators "availability and quality of sanitary services in the city and tourist places", "possibility of observing the diversity of aquatic species, marine corals, etc. for tourists" and "recreational facilities and services" [Blue] for women and children" has the lowest level of satisfaction and against the indicators of "people's attitude and hospitality", "security and safety level for tourists especially women and children" and "ease of access to the beach and water's edge" have the highest level of satisfaction in have gained among tourists. Therefore, at the end of the article, based on the results of the evaluation of the indicators and factors associated with dissatisfaction, proposed strategies have been formulated for the promotion of Bushehr tourism
Extended Abstract
All countries worldwide are developing the tourism industry because it benefits other sectors such as retail, transportation, and construction. Hence, countries engage in countless advertising and marketing activities to attract more tourists and improve their satisfaction. If a destination can identify and meet the needs and wants of tourists, these tourists are likely to make frequent visits and spread positive publicity. An issue that ultimately leads to more tourists spending money at the destination. The study of tourism in coastal cities is essential because travelers have long considered these areas due to their unique climatic and social conditions. According to the World Bank, coastal and maritime tourism will be the most significant value-added part of the ocean economy by 2030. Bushehr is one of the cities that, despite its potential and existing capabilities, has not been able to achieve its main position in the field of tourism. The city, due to lack of proper tourism infrastructure, relative deprivation of the city, pollution and poor health, lack of guidance and encouragement of the private sector to invest, etc., has failed in the development of tourism, despite its pristine views of the azure shores of the Persian Gulf, pleasant coastal parks, piers, various museums, handicrafts and local music, lush groves, markets, valuable historical texture, beautiful historic mansions and places Religious and historical. Meanwhile, the development of tourism in Bushehr can provide new capacities for economic activities, investment, and job creation. And due to the favorable climatic conditions, especially in autumn and winter, and beautiful coastal scenery to become a tourism hub in the country's south. In this research, an attempt has been made to answer the following two questions:-What are the factors that satisfy tourists in coastal cities?
- What are the strategies to improve the tourism capacity of the coastal city of Bushehr?
 
 
 
In the present study, first, by reviewing the authoritative global texts, the indicators of tourist satisfaction [with emphasis on coastal cities] have been extracted. In order to convert the table of indicators into a questionnaire, the reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test value of 0.946, and the validity of the questions was checked through interviews with experts. Then, through a questionnaire survey, the views of Iranian tourists on the status of tourism indicators in the city of Bushehr were obtained. In this regard, considering p = q = 0.5 and an error of 0.07, the sample size with Cochran's formula was 196 people, which was finally considered to increase the study's accuracy by 200. The questionnaires were distributed in the fall of 2020 among tourists who visited the beaches of Bushehr. After completing the questionnaires, the following data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. The model's output categorizes and summarizes the studied indicators into several homogeneous factors. Also, to determine the weight of factors in promoting the tourism situation in Bushehr, the relationship between factors and tourists' overall satisfaction has been measured using a linear multivariate regression model.
 
After extracting the information from the questionnaires and entering them into SPSS software, they were evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and linear multivariate regression analysis model. The numerical value of the KMO test in this study was 0.889, which means that the existing correlation between the data will be suitable for data analysis. Bartlett test value is also acceptable (significance level, Sig =0.000). Cronbach's alpha value is more than 0.7, which confirms the reliability of the questionnaire. Findings show that the 40 indicators studied in the present study are classified into nine factors. Also, based on the regression analysis findings, the study of the relationship between these nine factors and tourist satisfaction shows that there is not a sufficient level of significance for the three factors. The other six factors include "urban environment pleasantness," "accommodation and nutrition services," "access to attractions," "attraction diversity," "attractiveness of the urban environment," and "pleasant experience of being in the city," respectively, have the most impact on the level of satisfaction of tourists.
 
Based on tourists' opinions about the city of Bushehr, the highest satisfaction was with the factors of accommodation services, nutrition, and air conditioning of the city environment. In contrast, the factors of access to attractions and variety of attractions were associated with the least satisfaction. Also, among the 40 indicators studied, the indicators of "availability and quality of health services in the city and tourist places," "the possibility of observing the diversity of aquatic species, marine corals, etc. for tourists," and "Water recreation facilities and services for women and children" gained the least level of satisfaction from the tourists' point of view. In contrast to the indicators of "how people are treated and hospitable," "level of security and safety for tourists, especially women and children," and "ease of access to the beach and the water's edge" were the most satisfied. Accordingly, the following strategies can be considered as priorities for improving the tourism capacity of Bushehr:- Benefiting from the capacity of the sea and aquatic animals in creating attractive and unique tourist centers;
- Strengthen coastal landscapes and install creative elements on the beach;
- Defining tourism sidewalks with the focus on connecting historic buildings and tourism centers within the urban context;
-Improving the quality of night entertainment spaces due to Bushehr's hot and humid climate.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Loyalty to the tourist destination is one of the critical challenges in tourism development. Tourist satisfaction is one of the necessary conditions for the success of the tourism industry; If it creates long-term benefits, it is the foundation of tourists' loyalty. Therefore, the present study was developed to investigate the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to urban tourism destinations using the interpretive structural model approach. In terms of results, this research is considered part of applied research; Because it seeks to design a structural interpretative analysis model of factors affecting tourists' loyalty to tourist destinations. In terms of the purpose of conducting this research, it is part of applied research. The research approach of this study is inductive-deductive in terms of data collection logic. The statistical population was university professors and experts in the desired subject area, and 20 university professors and experts in the field of research were selected to conduct the research. The results of the implementation of the ISM model showed that the desired model includes five levels. The most influential is the fifth level. The fifth level had the most factors, which includes the factors of the quality of the behaviour of the host community, cultural values and customs, the variety of tourist attractions and the quality of services. Also, the results of the implementation of the Mik-Mac model showed that among the investigated factors, 4 factors were included in the driving cluster, 4 elements were included in the connected cluster, and 2 factors were included in the dependent cluster

Considering that the loyalty of tourists makes them revisit the destination, recommend the destination to others, and encourage friends and acquaintances to visit it, therefore, a proper evaluation of the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists in retaining tourists, developing tourism marketing strategies, followed by the sustainable development of tourism, has a significant impact, which can also cause the economic prosperity of the tourism destination. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and identify these factors and stimuli in different studies. With its many historical, cultural, and natural attractions and special geographical location, Khoy city can play a powerful role in attracting tourists and developing the tourism industry. Considering suitable and important historical-cultural potentials such as Shams Tomb, which have made an area prone to tourism development, the existence of such valuable historical attractions in this city can make it one of the province's and country's tourism hubs. So, the efforts, cooperation, and coordination of all institutions can develop historical-cultural tourism in this province and city. The research seeks to answer the following questions regarding the role and importance of tourists' loyalty in word-of-mouth advertising and marketing in the direction of tourism development:-What are the factors affecting tourists' loyalty? and
-What is its structural and interpretive model?

In terms of results, this research is considered part of applied research because it seeks to design a structural interpretive analysis model of factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to tourist destinations. In terms of the purpose of conducting this research, it is part of applied research. In fact, the research approach of this study is inductive-deductive in terms of the logic of data collection; for this purpose, first, by examining the theoretical and theoretical foundations of the research, the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists were identified, and based on the analogical approach, it was tried to design the important and influencing factors on the loyalty of tourists to tourist destinations based on the interpretative structural modeling method. The tool for gathering information is a questionnaire based on an interpretive structural model. The statistical population was university professors and experts in the desired subject area, who were selected by purposive sampling. It should be mentioned the targeted sample is divided into two categories: quota and judgmental sampling. In this research, judgmental sampling was exerted. Therefore, in this research, 20 university professors and experts in the field of research were selected from the purposeful judgmental sampling to conduct the research. Also, in order to answer the research questions, structural-interpretive modeling technique was used in MATLAB software environment.

The findings of this research showed that the research model consists of five levels. The fifth is the most influential level, including four factors such as quality of behavior of the host community, cultural values ​​and customs, variety of tourist attractions, and quality of services. This level directly affects the factors of the fourth level, which is the city's identity. The fourth level also directly affects the third level, which includes the perceived value, reputation, and credibility of the destination. The third level affects the second level factors, which include the two components of the destination image and place attachment. Finally, the second level affects the first level, which consists of the satisfaction with the destination. The results of the MICMAC analysis of the identified factors showed that in the first area (independent cluster), none of the identified factors were placed in this area; in the second area (dependent cluster), factors of satisfaction with the destination, and the image of the destination were located; in the third area (linked cluster) the factors of place attachment, perceived value, city identity, and reputation and credibility of the destination were placed. In the fourth cluster (stimulator cluster), the factors of the quality of behavior of the host community, the quality of tourism infrastructure and services, cultural values ​​and customs, and the variety of tourist attractions were placed. These factors have a strong influence and low dependency, and to create more tourists' loyalty to tourism destinations, these should be a priority.

This research aimed to design an interpretive structural model of the factors affecting tourists' loyalty to tourist destinations using the ISM approach. Therefore, to achieve the goals considered in this research, it was tried to examine the layers affecting the tourists' loyalty to tourism destinations after identifying the factors through the formation of the achievement matrix. The fifth level is the most influential, which includes the four factors such as the quality of the behavior of the host community, cultural values ​​and customs, the variety of tourist attractions, and the quality of services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that when tourists perceive a service's performance and the host community's behavior as equal to or beyond their expectations, they will be satisfied. As international tourists, they will have a positive image in their mind. The quality of behavior of the host community can be effective in choosing or not choosing a special destination for tourists. Therefore, the host society includes two groups of local people (workers and citizens). These people are among the important factors in attracting. This type of strategic approach in the field of urban tourism has forced many companies to evaluate the quality of the behavior of the host community as a brand in competitive conditions.

Along with the positive economic effects, tourism development in destinations has also brought negative environmental consequences. In accordance with this challenge, many managers of tourist destinations have focused on managing the behavior of tourists. Based on this, considering the need to deal with the mentioned challenges, or at least reduce the adverse effects and continue to attract tourists, social responsibility measures are known as one of the most effective solutions for tourism management organizations. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the effect of social responsibility of destinations on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research was tourists entering Tehran. In order to determine the sample size, according to the number of observable variables, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done using SPSS and SMART PLS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that the social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists (satisfaction, trust, loyalty). Also, the findings indicated a positive and significant effect of satisfaction and trust on tourists' loyalty. Among the researched variables, social responsibility with a path coefficient value of 0.584 had the greatest effect on the trust variable, so that the social responsibility variable was able to explain 34% of the variance of the trust variable.Extended AbstractIntroductionSustainable development of tourist destinations such as Tehran is partly due to engaging in socially responsible behaviors by destination-related organizations and attracting the support of visiting tourists to act in environmentally responsible ways. In the past decades, the metropolis of Tehran has undergone many social and environmental changes due to population growth and development, which can affect tourism development. With the increase of environmental and social problems in Tehran, the development of the tourism industry of this destination requires serious attention to solutions such as adopting social responsibility in all pillars of its development, especially the development of the tourism sector. Such an approach can improve the reputation and image of this destination while increasing the satisfaction and trust of tourists and, as a result, their loyalty. In proportion to this necessity, in the present study, the research's central question is: What is social responsibility's effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran?MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. The questionnaire questions were designed using five Likert options from strongly agree to disagree. The statistical population of this study was incoming tourists to the city of Tehran, considering that in this study, the method of structural equations has been done using pls software. One of the well-known rules for determining the minimum sample required in the PLS method is provided by Barclay et al. (1995). 5 to 10 samples are required for each observable variable. A sample floor of 300 samples is also recommended. Considering that in this study, the number of observable variables (questionnaire items) was equal to 32 questions, the sample size was estimated to be 320 people. To increase confidence, the sample size was 384 people. In this research, in order to achieve the goals, structural equation modeling in SMART PLS software has been used. Results and discussionThe findings of this study indicated the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on the satisfaction of the results; it indicates that the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to 10.418, so this value is more significant than 1.96 and can be stated that the social responsibility of tourism destinations has a significant effect on tourists' satisfaction. Also, the coefficient of the obtained route is equal to (β = 0.513); since the coefficient of the obtained route is positive, this relationship is direct. The effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on trust The results indicate that the value of the T statistic obtained is equal to 11.748, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourist destinations has a significant effect on tourists' trust. The obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.584). Regarding the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on loyalty, the results show that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 10.067, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourism destinations on tourist loyalty It also has a significant effect. The coefficient of the obtained path is equal to (β = 0.217). Since the coefficient of the obtained path is positive, this relationship is direct. Satisfaction and trust of tourists have a positive and significant effect on their loyalty because the value of the t-statistic obtained for the effect of satisfaction on loyalty is equal to 4.152 and for the effect of trust on loyalty is equal to 15.338; the obtained values ​​are more than 96 / 1 is. The value of the path coefficient obtained for the effect of the satisfaction variable on loyalty is equal to 0.478, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for trust on loyalty is equal to 0.792.ConclusionThe present study presents a conceptual model of the effect of tourism destination responsibility on tourists 'emotional and behavioral responses and answers the question of how destination social responsibility affects tourists' behavioral and emotional responses. Based on this, the findings of the research hypothesis test also showed that the destinations' social responsibility positively affected the satisfaction of tourists from Tehran. Contrary to the practice of all internal studies, the concept of social responsibility of the destination is less considered and more focused on the concept of corporate social responsibility in the field of tourism, and the effects of this concept are examined only from the perspective of companies and organizations involved in service delivery. This study evaluated the effects of destination social responsibility from the perspective of urban tourists. Also, based on the findings of the first hypothesis of the research, it can be said that managers of tourism destinations can manage the consequences by strengthening the social responsibility of the destination while influencing the behavioral and emotional responses of incoming tourists. The results of testing the second hypothesis of social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the trust of incoming tourists. In fact, when a tourist has a strong sense of trust, in turn, he will have more intention to visit the destination. This finding not only emphasizes the importance of the concept of destination social responsibility as a variable affecting destination trust as a critical variable and expands the focus on trust in the tourism industry but also explains the mechanisms of social responsibility impact on tourist trust. Testing the third hypothesis of the study showed that the social responsibility of the destinations had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Accordingly, urban tourism destination management organizations should increase investment in destination social responsibility and integrate this with long-term strategic planning because tourists' understanding of destination social responsibility is an essential source of improving tourist loyalty. The results of testing the fourth hypothesis of the study showed that tourist satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Based on this, it can be argued that tourist satisfaction resulting from the social responsibility of the destination can have a positive effect on increasing the number of tourists visiting or intending to visit, resulting in destination tourists becoming loyal visitors.

Today, tourism as an industry, in addition to all its advantages, without proper planning can impose several negative consequences on the natural environment and human community of the destination. Therefore, "sustainability" has become one of the requirements of tourism planning. The present study, understanding the importance of this issue, has tried to identify strategies for achieving sustainable tourism for the city of Khansar. The method of the present research is descriptive-interpretive and based on documentary studies and field survey. Initially, sustainable urban tourism variables were extracted from valid domestic and foreign sources, which resulted in achieving a comprehensive range of variables in 13 dimensions, including the natural environment, pollutants and ecological hazards, economic, social, managerial, transportation, tolerable capacity of the city, health, tourist attractions, the foundations of the local community, physical or non-physical infrastructures of tourism and satisfaction with tourism. Then, the variables are entered in the Micmac software to implement structural equations model with future research approach, and pairwise comparisons between variables are performed by Delphi method with the participation of 15 experts. The output of the model shows the most important Impressive and influential variables in the field of sustainable tourism in Khansar city, based on which the proposed strategies have been developed. Findings show that the variables of "long-term plans for tourism development" and "existence of tourist attractions, historical monuments and their protection" will have the greatest impact on the realization of sustainable tourism in Khansar city, and therefore strategies having priority, should be based on them.

In recent decades; Researchers have focused on explaining the spatial behavior of tourist movement in urban destinations. So that; Achieving optimal strategies for the development of urban tourism requires understanding the usual rule between user behavior and the space of tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to identify the pattern of spatial behavior of visitors in order to develop tourism in the historical context of Yazd. This applied research has been evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. and; From the total annual statistical population of tourists in Yazd city, 360 tourists were randomly selected using the Cochran method in the historical context and information was collected from interview questionnaires and GIS system. In the analysis stage, two independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used in SPSS software. Finally, the analysis of the spatial pattern of visitors' movement in their cognitive maps has been done with the AGRAPH spatial arrangement method. The results show that in terms of individual characteristics of tourists; Income rate index, tourist travel characteristics; Movement pattern index and physical characteristics of the destination; The intensity of the distribution of attractions / activities had the most impact on the spatial movement of visitors to the historical context of Yazd. Finally, according to the cognitive maps of the visitors, seven patterns of space movement behavior in the destination have been identified. According to the final pattern, Amir Chakhmaq complex node has the best conditions in the historical context of Yazd.