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One of the biggest sources of air pollution in industrial areas is the exhaust from boilers, furnaces and incinerator stacks, which in order to reduce this pollution, companies are required to measure and monitor and consequently reduce the amount of pollution. Considering the multiplicity of measurement parameters, this study defined an equivalent index including all parameters. According to the measured data from the emission of the stationary resources of the petrochemical industry located in the two special economic zones of MAHSHAR and ASSALUYEH and also the nature of the production processes, the obvious pollution parameters were identified. By using the weighting of the parameters regarding to their importance, a multiple linear equation was obtained. The data calculated from this formula can be used as a quantifies index for overall assessment of regulatory organizations. This index, which is called EEI (Exhaust Emission Index), is a linear equation of the sum of several prominent and important sub-indices identified based on the measured data. In fact, this concept involves a quick assessment of the stacks based on the emission parameters that determines the health of the process performance.

The city consists of a complex set of types of uses and the relationships between them, and the pattern of urban land use, as a link connecting urban uses and activities, plays a very important role in the production and distribution of environmental pollution. The effect of land use patterns on the distribution of pollutants and the subsequent increase in air pollution and its impact on citizens' health makes it important to consider urban land use patterns. In this regard, the attitude of health buffer reduces the exposure to pollutants by absorbing or blocking part of the pollution and thus reduces the concentration of pollutants. This research aims to describe the spatial-place changes of air pollutants in the west of Tehran metropolis with the view of creating health buffers by identifying the influential components in air pollution in the west of Tehran, with field observations and air quality monitoring data, information for spatial analysis in ArcGIS software is examined. and finally, by overlapping the layers, he has defined health buffer zones around sensitive uses such as schools, hospitals, and residential areas. The findings indicate that the pattern of urban land use has an effect on the spatial distribution of air pollution, and the industrial areas in the south of the range (area 21) due to the accumulation of industrial and workshop uses have caused the expansion and spread of pollutants and have the largest share in air pollution. has had studies at the level of the range. The implementation of zoning regulations and health buffer strategies that prioritize the separation of polluting activities from sensitive uses can effectively prevent human exposure to pollutants and make cities healthier and more sustainable environments create for their residents.

Air pollution in third world countries has become a serious crisis for the citizens due to the increase in population and the activities of polluting units. In this regard, in addition to criminal measures, legal systems also use administrative and disciplinary measures to deal with this phenomenon. This article has reviewed and evaluated the evolution of administrative and disciplinary measures against air pollution in the framework of French law as a country that has accumulated legal experience on air pollution for many years. These experiences based on administrative law can be considered as a good solution for countries with air pollution problems, including Iran. The basic purpose of administrative and disciplinary regulations is to prevent, monitor and target or reduce air pollution. The most important of these measures include tax crimes, inspection, determining the permissible limit of pollutants, canceling licenses, and the like. In this article, by using analytical and descriptive methods, it has been tried to answer the basic question that according to the experience of French law, what administrative and disciplinary measures can be identified to deal with air pollution. The most important feature of the French legal regime in the field of dealing with air pollution is the preparation and implementation of plans to deal with air pollution by administrative authorities.

For the last 50 years, activities like urbanization, industrialization and population growth, make air as a significant inseparable part of our life. Air pollution can be defined as the presence of chemicals or toxic compounds in the air to extent that they pose a health risk. Emissions from cars, plant chemicals, dust, pollen and mold spores are introduced as particulate matter (PM). The World Health Organization reported that ambient air pollution causes 4.2 million deaths from strokes, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Of the various pollutants affecting air quality, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns is the major air pollution problem (Ścibor et al., 2020). As well, there is growing evidence of the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease (DR).Forecasting air pollutants provides an opportunity to determine the intensity of air pollution in different areas and prevent irreversible impacts. In addition, these models also allow decision-makers to make the right decisions and prepare for the prevention or control of the PMs in the future. Some of the models used in air pollution forecasting studies are auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), artificial neural network (ANN), Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM), Fuzzy models, grey model and/or hybrid models. ANN has been used extensively by scientists to provide rapid and parsimonious solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of air pollution worldwide. Neural networks, as an alternative, have been successfully used in air pollution forecasting and have produced accurate results in time series data. Different types of noise and nonlinear structure were present in the data. Hybrid modeling approaches have a wide variety of applications in which numerous methods or attributes are merged to create a more sophisticated model with superior performance in certain scenarios.Urmia is one of Iran's most polluted cities, owing to continuous traffic and traffic congestion, growing CO2 and PM levels, and a lack of knowledge on regulating and locating industrial manufacturing units. Dust from Iraq affects the region, as well as inversion, which occurs 90 days a year, are instances of region-specific air pollution. In addition, the drying of Urmia Lake, which can result in salt storms, is one of the critical concerns that will lead to significant pollution in the near future.In this study, ANN-GA with missing data imputation was used to predict PM2.5 in Urmia, Iran, in the short-term to demonstrate how data-gap filling and preprocessing methods could improve hybrid models' performance.

The concentrations of air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) as well as meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity) were used as inputs in this research to predict PM2.5. Air pollution concentrationsand meteorological data over a two-year period were obtained from Monitoring Station No. 3, Urmia municipality, and Iran's meteorology website (Data.irimo.ir).The data was then preprocessed with the Savitsky-Golay filter before being fed into the ANN and ANN-GA networks. Data gaps and imputed data (KNN/SPLINE method) were used as input in each network, and the results were compared.In this study, a single system contains two hidden layers and one output layer. The time series method was used to introduce the data to the network. The data was divided into three parts. 70% of the data is used for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing. Data import scenarios were defined in two ways. The first scenario used no imputation, while the second used SPLINE and KNN to fill in data gaps. As a transfer function, a sigmoid (logsig) layer was used for hidden layers, and a linear layer (Purelin) was used for the output layer. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was chosen as the learning algorithm based on the type of problem and the speed of convergence. To improve the results, the number of neurons, repetition parameters, number of permitted evaluations, Levenberg algorithm parameters, and reliability were all adjusted through a trial-and-error process.New ANN-GA network was used in this study and GA was used as a training function. After introducing the data as a time series and selecting the amount of data for each episode of learning, evaluation, and testing, the structure and number of networklayers were created with the "newff" function. The main difference is that the genetic learning process was used instead of the "train" function. It's worth noting that the network layer characteristics in both methods were the same. To learn how to complete the process, the new learning function requires several side processes, including cost function creation, selection, intersection, and mutation. Three methods of roulette selection, tournament selection and random were used in the selection process. To introduce the cost function, weights were taken from those created by the "newff" function. Different values were assigned to the initial population variables, maximum mutation number, and selection pressure coefficient by trial-and-error method. Moreover, two data import scenarios were defined.

Forecasting methods have been considered an important tool in research on air pollution. Among the various pollutants that influence air quality, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are one of the key issues in air pollution control management. In this study, a model for predicting future concentrations of PM2.5 was developed by the Hybrid Network (ANN-GA). Two methods of data imputation (KNN and SPLINE) were used to minimize training issues and improve network accuracy. PM10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, oxide, carbon monoxide, and weather data were used for predictions. The results show that multi-line neural networks are relatively efficient for predictive purposes but lack sufficient accuracy to predict. The ANN network produced MSE error of 0.023 and coherence coefficient of R 0.543 only with data gap filling methods. In order to improve R and reduce network errors, a genetic algorithm was used in combination with a multi-layer neural network (ANN-GA). As the results showed, MSE and R for hybrid networks (ANN-GA) were improved (R=0.91 and MSE=0.001). In addition, compared to ANN, the R increased by 40 percent and the MSE improved by 95 percent. Thus, it can be concluded that ANN-GA can be used as a powerful and reliable tool for predicting air pollution.

These days, the most cost-effective and accessible way to monitor air pollutants is the use of bio-monitors. Therefore, this study was conducted to biologically monitor temporal changes in the concentration of heavy metals suspended in the air using the lichen transplant technique. For this purpose, lichens of the genus Ramalina were applied. It was transferred from an uncontaminated area (Tirkan village, Babol city) in Hyrcanian forests to the study area near the transit road in Noor city. After three periods of three, six, and nine months of exposure, concentrations of Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Vanadium, Chromium, Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, Molybdenum, Cobalt in lichen samples (15samples per period) was determined by ICP-MS device. The results showed that Aluminum and Cadmium had the highest and lowest concentrations in all periods, respectively (mean614.06and 0.18 μg / g, respectively). With increasing exposure time, the concentration of metals also increased and this increase showed a significant difference in all metals for the first and Three periods (p <0.05). It was also found that due to the average exposure of control rate (3.37) which was much higher than the severe accumulation limit (1.75), the selected lichen has an acceptable ability to biologically monitor changes in heavy metal concentrations. In addition, using an exposure of control rate to evaluate the rate of change is a better alternative than the evaluation of the concentration of trace elements alone.

As the population around the world increases, the demand for food and other goods increases. This demand is estimated with extensive production and use of natural resources, which leads to more environmental pollution. Along with other factors of production, energy plays a decisive role in the economic growth of countries and its importance continues to increase. Since a large part of the increase in demand for energy consumption is provided by fossil resources and their consumption leads to the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollution, it seems that economic growth in this way causes more environmental pollution. to be Although the emission of carbon dioxide gas has been closely linked with the growth of national income as one of the axes of the Human Development Index (HDI) in recent decades, it has destructive effects on other key measures of human development, such as life expectancy, because the destruction of the environment not only leads to an increase in the death rate, but also reduces the life expectancy in countries. When pollution and destruction cover the environment, the spread of various diseases and as a result the increase in mortality and the decrease in life expectancy will be obvious for that country and even its neighbors. Pollution sometimes produces such destructive effects that the residents of that area suffer from it and bear its effects for generations to come.Asian Productivity Organization (APO) including 18 member countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam), In line with the goal of participating in the socio-economic development of the member countries and improving the quality of life for the people of those countries through the promotion of productivity under the spirit of mutual cooperation among the member countries. Considering the rapid expansion of urban society and the dynamic growth of urbanization and its effect on the production of greenhouse gases as one of the most important factors of environmental pollution in different countries, there is an urgent need to fill the void in the relationship between life expectancy, economic growth, energy consumption and urbanization are revealed in the member countries of this organization. Also, according to the conducted surveys and the absence of similar studies, this study is probably the first to examine the amount of carbon dioxide emissions of APO member countries.

The estimation of the model in this study is based on panel data. The distinctive feature of this model is that it is simultaneously able to collect data in the form of time series and cross section and present their results together. Also, in these models, more statistical methods are available to the researcher and as a result, the estimation efficiency increases. This study has investigated air pollution with energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization and life expectancy by using the autoregression model with panel data distribution breaks (ARDL) during the period of 2000-2016. The advantage of using the ARDL method over other methods is that regardless of whether the variables in the model are of I(0) or I(1) type, it is possible to check the convergence relationship between the variables; Therefore, ARDL estimates are unbiased and efficient due to avoiding problems such as endogeneity and autocorrelation. Also, this method simultaneously estimates the long-term and short-term relationships between the dependent variable and other explanatory variables of the model.

Based on the results, the lowest amount of air pollution is related to Nepal and the highest amount is related to Singapore. Also, the countries of Mongolia and China had the lowest and the highest urban population among the studied countries, respectively. The lowest life expectancy is related to Cambodia and the highest life expectancy is related to Hong Kong. In estimating the model, the best interval is Panel ARDL (1,1,1,1,1). The variables of gross domestic product, energy consumption and urbanization have a positive relationship with air pollution, and the variable of life expectancy has a negative relationship with air pollution, which is in accordance with theoretical expectations. Based on this, a one percent increase in GDP in selected APO member countries leads to a 0.44 percent increase in air pollution;Likewise, a one percent increase in urbanization leads to a 0.38 percent increase in air pollution. Also, the results showed that, in the short term, error correction and energy consumption variables are significant at the level of one percent, and other variables are not significant in the short term. The coefficient of the error correction term indicates a significant long-term relationship between the variables of the model. This coefficient is significant at the probability level of one percent and its sign is negative, so it is expected that in each period, about 30% of the deviation of the short-term relationship will be adjusted towards the long-term coefficients. The results obtained from the long-term estimation of the model show that the increase in economic growth, energy consumption and urbanization leads to an increase in air pollution in APO member countries. Also, most of the investigated countries are less developed and developing countries. In addition, based on the results of life expectancy and air pollution, they have an inverse relationship, which is according to theoretical expectations; Because the increase in air pollution causes an increase in health costs, a decrease in the quality of the environment and, as a result, a decrease in life expectancy. Considering the conditions of climate change and the increase in the temperature of the earth, the increase in population and the economic conditions of the studied countries, it is suggested that the use of environmentally friendly technologies and equipment should be expanded in these countries with the cooperation of developed countries and the resources Renewable energy replaces fossil fuel sources to reduce environmental pollution. Moreover, Considering the positive and significant variable of economic growth in the emission of air pollution and considering that improving economic growth is one of the important goals of the economy, measures should be taken by policymakers so that economic growth causes the least damage to the environment.

Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems in the modern world. Sources of air pollution are various and variable. the share of air pollution resulted from vehicles traffic finds importance increasingly and has become an important environmental and health issue. It has been announced that around 80 percent of air pollution is related to the mobile sources, and to control and reduce air pollution, the priority should be assigned to vehicles, particularly heavy and public vehicles. Despite the many advantages that made diesel engines used in the past for various purposes and in various types of vehicles, their use for passenger car propulsion has faced problems that have prevented their large production in this field. The most important of these problems are: more noise and vibration than gasoline cars, bad smell of diesel when refueling, emission of gas and visible smoke from the exhaust, higher price than gasoline cars, low acceleration and speed, and bad starting in cold weather. Despite these problems, these cars are still very popular due to their economical fuel economy.Researchers have identified a significant relationship between the amount of air pollution, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases, which have a special importance in the admission rate of hospitals in metropolitan cities. Therefore, according to the small number of studies conducted in the field of the effect of emissions caused by diesel cars in the field of air pollution, the purpose of the current study is investigating the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles and the relationship between such amounts and the life of the vehicle, in the city of Mashhad.

In the current study, in order to investigate the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles among all vehicles of this type throughout Mashhad, which were 5861 vehicles, 425 vehicles were selected randomly. The diesel vehicles used in the present study included garbage trucks, buses, minibuses, garbage Nissan Junior, Isuzu garbage truck, Dongfeng irritation truck, HOWO irritation truck, garbage Hyundai truck, irritation Benz truck, sweeper vehicles, irritation Volvo truck, garbage Amico truck, Fh12 irritation truck, Kavian garbage truck.The sampling of the study was carried out continuously from December 6, 2017 through April 29, 2018 (except for 1st to 4th of Farvardin Iranian Month), from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 15 p.m. to 20 p.m.Sampling was conducted by the five-gas detector (NDIR OPTIM7), the model of which was MRU, and it was made in Germany. Sampling was conducted when the engine was idling. Before the experiments, the device was tested and calibrated by the maker. The gases measured by the five-gas detector included HC, CO2, CO, O2 and NOx. The device is connected to the compute by Bluetooth and it includes a software program by which it is possible to run and test the device and observe and record the amount of pollution. The device used in the current study was calibrated by the relevant manufacturing company, before the experiments.Finally, after collecting data, they were analyzed by SPSS (version 20) statistical software. Considering that the variables were not normalized, the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. Given the significance of Kruskal-Wallis Test, the post hoc test relevant to the Kruskal-Wallis Test, meaning the Dunn's Multiple Comparisons Test, was used, which is calculated by the Prism software. Moreover, In order to draw diagrams, the Excel software was used.

A comparison of the average CO emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of CO pollutant emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. The minibuses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO emissions is related to the buses. Considering the post hoc test conducted, there is a difference between semi-heavy vehicles and sweeper vehicles, in terms of CO. considering the obtained results, it might be concluded that the fuel combustion in sweeper vehicles occurs in a more incomplete way compared to the semi-heavy vehicles. A comparison of the average HC emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of HC pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The heavy vehicles are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, buses in the fourth place and the lowest amount of HC emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. The highest amount of HC pollutant is related to the minibuses, which is probably due to the low density or improper spraying of injectors; however, by modifying the geometric shape of the combustion chamber and the piston head at the time of combustion and density, the ratio of the mixture of air and fuel or turbulence increases, the result of which is complete combustion with minimum amount of CO and HC polluting gases. A comparison of the average CO2 emissions among different groups of vehicles:The highest amount of CO2 pollutant emissions is related to the buses. The minibuses are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO2 emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. As seen in the current study, buses, compared to other vehicles, produce the highest amount of CO2 and the lowest amount of CO, which indicates complete combustion in them. A comparison of the average NOX emissions among different groups of vehicles The highest amount of NOX pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The buses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of NOX emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. by using the system of exhaust gas recirculation on the engines with the TIER3 emission standard, the temperature of gases exiting the exhaust becomes normal and as a result, the amount of NOX emissions from the exhaust decreases. However, when the engine runs at a high speed and under high load, the temperature rises at the time of combustion, and as a result, the temperature of the gases exiting the exhaust rises, too, and consequently, the amount of NOX increases.

Study on the citizen satisfaction regarding public services and municipality activities has widely developed. Because the results of such studies are very important in order to identify services for budgeting and planning managers. The use of citizen satisfaction studies to assess the performance of public services has increased significantly in recent years. Studies on citizenship satisfaction are rooted in recent decades later, from 2005 to 2010, many studies were conducted on citizen satisfaction with the increasing development of urbanization. These studies are still ongoing around the world due to the growing population of urban areas and the annual development of cities. Citizens' satisfaction with public services has been a constant concern in public sector innovation innovation in urban management organizations such as municipalities. It has also been clearly proven that there is a significant direct relationship between people's satisfaction with municipal services and their trust in the government. The semantic burden of public service quality varies with satisfaction. Service quality has an objective, measurable and cognitive meaning, while satisfaction is a mental element based on emotions and passivity. The quality of services is measured by the shape, size and manner of access. Citizens' satisfaction with the city environment and the services provided by the municipality, it is an important factor in motivating people to participate in urban development and improve the quality of their housing. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of citizen satisfaction with municipal services with emphasis on the urban environment.

In this regard, first, the indicators and factors for measuring citizen satisfaction were identified using focus group interviews. This research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research method and is quantitative in nature. The theoretical framework was developed using the library method and literature review. Data collection tools were a centralized group interview and a researcher-made semi-structured questionnaire. For this purpose, in order to identify the important factors in measuring citizen satisfaction with the services of Kordkoy Municipality, a focus group interview was conducted with a group of local people as well as experienced experts. 24 factors were finally identified and finalized as factors of citizen satisfaction in 4 indicators. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed with closed and semi-closed items In the first part, the individual characteristics of the respondents such as age, gender, education and occupation were examined, and in the second part, the satisfaction criteria of individuals with very few to very many options were examined. Then, by Yaman method, a number of samples of the population of Kordkoy family were identified. After approval, the questionnaire was completed using Cronbach's alpha test with 30 pre-test questionnaires among citizens. Finally, data analysis was performed in SPSS software. This study showed that among the 24 factors identified in the indicators of aesthetics, urban infrastructure, and environment and educational-cultural, citizens were less satisfied with 21 factors. Also, a significant difference was observed between the group mean of satisfied and unsatisfied citizens (p <0.05). Citizens' personal characteristics had a significant effect on their satisfaction with municipal activities and public services and education and age showed a significant effect (p <0.05). The results of a descriptive test showed the attitude of the citizens of Kordkoy city towards different municipal services The highest satisfaction was found in the factors of "firefighting speed and relief assistance, warnings and provision of safety services" and "cleaning and garbage collection in the city" with a group average of 3.483 and 3.406, respectively. And the lowest level of satisfaction regarding "the situation of eradication of vermin and dealing with stray dogs" and "sanitary services in the city and high-traffic areas" were with group averages of 2.032 and 2.271, respectively. Also, comparing the average of two groups with satisfaction and dissatisfaction with municipal services, the results of the binomial test showed. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding 21 factors in all these disputes, citizens were dissatisfied with the services (P <0.05). People with less than a diploma have the highest level of satisfaction and people with a master's degree or higher have the lowest level of satisfaction with municipal services. There was also a significant difference between classes in terms of satisfaction (p <0.05). As the results of this study show, Citizens of Kordkoy in Golestan province were lowly satisfied with the current situation in the city. The results of the study showed Of the 24 factors studied, only about two factors, the number of citizens were more satisfied than citizens without satisfaction In these cases, too, the percentage of people was very small Citizens were satisfied with 52% of dissatisfied citizens with the factor of "cleaning and garbage collection in the city" (which also had the highest average satisfaction ratings). Numerous studies have shown citizens' dissatisfaction with public services and urban activities. Urban management strategies should be reviewed and determined based on the status of each different and purposeful city. In general, it was found that the individual characteristics of citizens affect their satisfaction with various factors. Urban management strategies should be reviewed and determined based on the status of each different and purposeful city. In general, it was found that the individual characteristics of citizens affect their satisfaction with various factors. The results of his study showed that personal characteristics had an effective role on citizen satisfaction. It was further found that the variables of education and age have a significant role in the level of citizens' satisfaction and a significant negative correlation was observed between citizen satisfaction and education level. Some studies in the world and in Iran have shown similar results to this study. The level of participation, awareness and learning about municipal activities and successes in the field of urban development, it can increase urban satisfaction.

In general it should be stated In order to be aware of the desirability and quality of its activities and performance results in complex and dynamic urban environments, urban management needs to establish appropriate performance appraisal systems to achieve competitive advantage. Because the lack of such a system means not communicating with the internal and external environment of the urban system In that internal part, it can include public services and municipal activities and citizens' satisfaction And ultimately leads to the death of public trust and the dynamism of society One of the main outcomes is migration and lack of belonging to the place of residence. In order to apply the results of this study in order to improve urban management and planning in Kordkoy city, first, citizens who are dissatisfied with municipal services can be identified according to age and educational classes of this study. And then for the target group, determined appropriate strategies to improve the situation of municipal services in the field of higher priority factors.

Particulate matters are among the most important air pollutants in urban environment which cause heart and respiratory diseases. Plants play a major role in aerosol removal. In this study, some of important shrub species of urban green space were investigated for their ability of reducing air particulate matter pollutants.

In present study, effect of five shrub species (including privet, oleander, barberry, cotoneaster, Spindle tree), which most planted in Tehran city and their roles to aerosol sedimentation, was investigated. Therefore, leaf surface pollutants were collected and weighed and evaluated relative to the leaf surface.

The results showed that barberry collects pollutants more than other mentioned plants, while the efficiency of oleander is less than other species.

It seems that the morphology of plant leaves is effective in pollutant absorption. In addition, the amount of aerosol in air can affect the efficiency and absorption of suspended particles.

Considering that conducting studies on the emission and concentration of pollutants in the air is one of the key measures to maintain the quality of the environment and, of course, towards the goals of sustainable development, so it can be said that by studying air pollution in industry Oil, to be able to predict the situation of sensitive areas in the future and to deal with possible adverse events, to provide appropriate ways to prevent, deal with and mitigate the consequences. This complex is located in the main flower path of Ahvaz city and directs the exhaust gases directly from the flares of this complex to the western part of Ahvaz. This is a non-interventional and descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in the summer of 1398 in Ahvaz. Ahvaz city with a population of 1059461 people was located at 31.20 north latitude and 48.40 degrees east longitude. The province is arid and semi-arid in terms of weather conditions and is affected by winds from neighboring countries, especially Iraq, as well as winds originating in the Persian Gulf.

After conducting comprehensive studies on the climatic and geographical situation of Ahvaz city and according to the map of Ahvaz flower garden, the exhaust gases from the flares of oil and gas exploitation complex No. 3 in the west of Ahvaz, were considered as a source of pollutants. This complex consists of an operation section with gas and diesel fuel consumption and 3 long burners, 3 short burners and 70 fuel pits, a desalination section with gas fuel and has 2 short burners and a gas pressure boosting station with gas and diesel fuel. It consists of 2 long burners, 1 cold burner and 1 fuel pit. Concentrations of NO2 and CO2, SO2, CO were measured by Enviro SA and Ecotec analyzes. Monitoring of gases and suspended particles was measured in summer and once a month (3 times in total) at intervals of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 meters in four directions north, south, west and east of the complex. Figure 2 shows the location of the sampling location. In order to calculate the AQI index, the information obtained from the sampling points according to the table of national standards of open air quality and air quality index were converted into the standard mean time concentration. According to these standards, a maximum concentration of 8 hours was used for carbon monoxide, a maximum concentration of 1 hour for nitrogen dioxide, and a mean concentration of 24 hours for suspended particles and sulfur dioxide. The maximum concentration of CO gas was measured during 24 hours. A maximum concentration of 8 hours and a maximum concentration of 1 hour were used for ozone, an average concentration of 24 hours for suspended corn and sulfur dioxide, and a maximum concentration of 1 hour for nitrogen dioxide. The results of the values related to air hygienic quality indicators of O3, NO2, SO2, CO gases in summer along with changes in air hygienic quality are shown in Table 3. Accordingly, in summer, SO2 gas was very unhealthy up to a distance of 50 meters and NO2 and CO gases were unhealthy up to a distance of 500 meters. CO was very unhealthy at 2000 and 3000 meters in the east, NO2 at 1000 meters east and south and So2 at 3000 meters. O3 gas except at a distance of 50 meters south (Golbad route) with a rate of 0.098 ppm and at a distance of 50 meters west with a rate of 0.09 ppm and a distance of 100 meters east of the complex with a rate of 0.082 pm which was unhealthy In other respects, he was clean and healthy. The quality of PM2.5 particles was 50 meters north and south, 2000 meters south, north and east and 3000 meters in four directions of unhealthy pollution. Healthy condition was measured only in the east direction of Feller at distances of 500 and 1000 m and in the west direction at a distance of 1000 m. PM10 particles except at a distance of 50 m in the south (unhealthy for sensitive groups), 2000 m in the east, south and north (unhealthy for sensitive groups) and west (very unhealthy), 3000 m in the east and north (Unhealthy for sensitive groups) and west (dangerous) showed health in other directions and distances. The case of NO2 gas had Ip index in the distances of 50 and 100 areas to the west and south, a distance of 500 to the north and a distance of 1000 meters in the east at a distance of 2000 and 3000 meters in the west and north. O3 gas at the distances of 100, 50, 500 and 1000 meters had the highest value of Ip index in the south and at the distances of 2000 and 3000 meters in the west (Figure 4). So2 at distances of 50 and 1000 meters in the east and at distances of 100 and 500 meters in the south, at distances of 2000 and 3000 meters in the north and west (Figure 5) and CO at distances of 50 meters in the north, at distances of 100, 500 and 1000 Meters in the south and between 2000 and 3000 meters in the west had the highest Ip index. The Ip index was highest for PM2.5 particles at distances of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 m in the south and in the direction of west at 2000 and 3000 m (Figure 7). The Ip index for PM10 particles was highest in the west at distances of 50, 100, 500, 2000 and 3000 m and in the south at a distance of 1000 m (Figure 8). PM2.5 particles in the west direction and PM10 particles mainly in the east direction had the lowest amount of suspended particles, which is indicated by arrows.In terms of air quality index, PM2 .5 particles in healthy to very unhealthy condition and PM10 particles except at one point in the west at a distance of 2000 and 3000 meters, which showed very unhealthy and dangerous condition in most parts of the healthy condition. In the case of PM2 / 5 particles, which can be justified due to the location of Ahvaz in a dry area and the wind from the surrounding dry areas, which is also associated with light dust particles, also in the west direction, high vehicle traffic on the Ahvaz-Dezful road The access road to the industrial town is also the license plate exchange center, and in the south and southwest of Meyvan va Tarbar Square, as well as Al-Ghadir Stadium and the air defense residential areas, the cause of the high degree of air pollution is particles. The point that is determined by the overlapping of the values of the indicators with the sampling location map is the increase in the intensity of pollution according to the existing urban infrastructure at any point in a way that in the west of Feller by distance from Feller to Up to a radius of 1000 meters due to the lack of urban facilities, a decrease in air quality index gases and suspended particles was observed, but in the range of 2000 and 3000 meters with increasing urban activities and vehicle traffic centers such as fruit and vegetable center and highway. Ahvaz - Dezful and license plate replacement center, the level of pollution with CO and NO2 gases increased, and in fact, these infrastructures play the role of a flare with high CO gas emissions. While in the range of 1000 meters in all four directions of Feller and also 500 meters in the east of Feller and the north due to the existence of agricultural lands and limited rural populations, indicators of a better situation compared to points 50 and 100 Meters near the complex. Also, the situation of So2 gas at a distance of 2000 meters was clean and at a distance of 3000 meters, respectively, it became unhealthy twice. The city can reduce the concentration of this gas in the air and reduce its concentration due to the lack of natural barriers in the area and the lack of new sources of pollution, but at a distance of 3,000 meters of roads act as a new source and they increased the load of So2 contamination.

According to the above findings, the presence of oil and gas exploitation complex No. 3, along with the high density of urban service centers such as stadiums, fruit square and central transport of Ahvaz, license plate replacement center, Modares highway and busy road Ahvaz - Dezful and with Paying attention to the direction of Golbad acts as an aggravating factor for the residents of western Ahvaz, which can lead to many health injuries for citizens, even in the short term, including the short-term and acute effects of PM2. 5.2, NO2 and CO were noted for respiratory disease and mortality as well as due to the presence of farms on food crops.

Today, the environment is one of the most important issues in human societies. Environmental pollutants include air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Among them, the issue of air pollution is more important for various reasons. In the metropolis of Tehran, air pollution has become a serious problem for urban management for about 2 decades, but unfortunately, no basic solution has been provided for it. According to the author's experience and field of activity, in this research, the basis of this problem has been discussed. Of course, this data is collected only from available sources. Based on real data, which requires more time and money, it may be possible to provide basic solutions to solve the problem of air pollution in this metropolis. In this study, while presenting data and statistics of different sources, in order to compare these data and express their weaknesses and strengths, the potential of contamination of different sources and neglected in the evaluations of previous authorities should be pointed out.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining and zoning the air quality of Mashhad in 2014 based on air quality index (AQI). In this study, instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants in Mashhad were prepared and AQI was calculated. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level of 5% in SPSSV.23 software. Moreover, Arc GIS was used to zone the air quality of the studied stations. The results showed that the months of September and October have the highest average of AQI with 168 and 156 (unhealthy status) and March with a value of 88 (moderate status) has the lowest amount among the studied months. Based on zoning maps, most stations in Mashhad were assessed as moderate and unhealthy status for sensitive groups. Also, Taghiabad and Khayyam South stations with an average AQI index of 107 (unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) as the most polluted and Machine Abzar station with a value of 37 (good condition) as the cleanest points among the studied stations. PM2.5 was the most important pollutant during the study.

In the present study, first CO, CO2, NOx, HC, H2S, and dust were measured in different parts of Zaveh cement plant and then modeling of pollutants in different stability conditions up to 50 km of the plant in the Screen View software was investigated. The highest concentration of dust in the preheater outlet was 93 mg/m3 (less than the Iranian emission standard). The results of the Screen View model to simulate the emission of preheater gas pollutants indicate that the maximum concentration of NOx pollutant in the unstable state is 58.6 μg/m3 up to a distance of 3.5 km from the source. The maximum output concentration of the preheater (12.7 μg/m3) in unstable weather conditions is less than the standard clean air standard and finally covers a range of 3 to 30 km. Dust from cement silo and mills stack due to the presence of a preheater structure as a barrier and the creation of a downwash zone downstream of these two stack, caused dust pollution around the distance of 200, 220, and 350 meters.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of air pollution and economic growth on health care expenditures in the group of selected OPEC member countries with emphasis on Iran using the PANEL ARDL model during the period 2000-2019. This study was conducted using data from the World Bank, during the period 2000-2019 and the selection of the statistical population selected from OPEC member countries in the form of panel data and using the PANEL ARDL model. The results of this study show that during the study period, the impact of air pollution (PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2) as indicators of air and environmental pollution and the logarithm of GDP per capita (per capita economic growth) on health care expenditures OPEC has a positive and significant impact on selected countries. Countries, including the Iranian government, should consider policies to control the emission of particulate matter and carbon dioxide emissions in different parts of the country in order to reduce air and environmental pollution, and regional and international cooperation to reduce the flow of particulate matter. Suspend to the country through neighboring countries.

Accelerating the process of industrialization has increased energy consumption as the most essential factor of development in societies. Powerplants have a main role in this development. In powerplants, the first step can be prepare fuel.Air pollution from powerplants mainly includes the release of carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides. In this paper, the amount of emissions mentioned in the periods of using gas and mazut fuel during ten years has been studied.CO concentration in both cases was lower than the standard of the Environmental Protection Agency of Iran, NOx concentration in both sections is higher than standard level The concentration of SOx during the use of mazut fuel was significantly different from the use of gas fuel and at the time of use of mazut fuel is 65% higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran. The high consumption of fossil fuels to supply electricity has caused air water and soil pollution, global warming, acid rain and carcinogens. Although the use of gas to generate electricity significantly reduces waste-related problems in the electricity industry and power plants, the use of renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels could bring a brighter future to a cleaner environment.

One of the practical methods with the aim of sustainable development is to make boiler rooms smarter. In this study, for the first time, the boiler room of a residential building with an area of 2250 meters located in Tehran was smartened according to the predicted priorities in how to consume energy in the study area based on two indicators of residents' consumption habits and ambient temperature. According to the obtained results, if this plan is implemented, 34972.8 cubic meters of natural gas consumption of the boiler room will be saved annually, and subsequently 93.96 kg of carbon monoxide and 670.9 kg of carbon dioxide will be prevented from being released into the air. Also, the economic savings of the project from the total reduced costs in natural gas consumption, taking into account 22 cents per cubic meter of the country's natural gas export and the cost of preventing the emission of carbon dioxide, which according to the Kyoto agreement is 6 / 3 cents per kilogram is considered. According to the calculations, if the annual plan is implemented, $ 868.95 will be saved in the considered costs.

In recent decades, environmental pollution, especially the air pollution index, has become one of the most important issues in developing countries؛ While environmental pollution results from the interaction of various factors, the industry sector is one of the most important contributors to pollutants. Due to the inherent complexity of pollutant emission factors, they cannot be analyzed by conventional mathematical modeling tools. In this study, using a soft operations research approach (Strategic Option Development and Analysis), a model including a subsystem of factors influencing the amount of pollutants from the ceramic tile industry was presented, in order to analyze the problem and identify the strategic factors. The purpose of this research is applied and developmental research and the method of implementation is descriptive survey. This research begins by delineating the cognitive map of the expert and leads to the integration of maps and variables analysis. The results show that the most important factor in preventing air pollution in the industry is the air purifier filter which directly affects the emission and intensity of pollutants; The second most important factor is the relevant laws, However, this factor indirectly affects other factors.

The aim of this study is to teach the benefits of using new and renewable energies and familiarize students with how to produce biodiesel through easy and effective experimental design. Biodiesel is one of the types of biofuels, new and clean energy from biomass resources, which can be easily provided in order to compensate for the reduction of fossil energy resources and sustainable development and help the environmental pollution crisis, and can be used without changing diesel engines. This fuel is renewable and biodegradable, with less emissions and greenhouse gases, because of these benefits students should be familiar with this new fuel and how it is made. Considering that the document of fundamental evolution in education has paid special attention to the issue of natural resources and familiarizing students with environmental teaching and environmental education, for this purpose, in this article, while introducing biodiesel, an experiment with simple and available materials to prepare biodiesel design. It is easily implemented by students. The ingredients used are vegetable oil purchased from the store, alcohol and a strong base such as sodium hydroxide. In this experiment, the reaction in different conditions in terms of temperature, process time and the ratio of alcohol to oil was examined in the laboratory to obtain the highest efficiency. In this experiment, biodiesel was obtained in optimal conditions with a yield of 96%.

The cement production activities leads to the release of different pollutants into the environment. This research was conducted to study the effects of dust particles released by Behbahan cement factory on the absorption of some nutrient elements and biochemical parameters in dominant herbaceous species grown in this area, including Bromus tectorum, Malva neglecta and Sinapis arvensis. Plant samples were transferred to the laboratory. Then, the concentrations of some nutrient elements, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Mn, P and N, were assayed in plant and soil samples. Moreover, some biochemical parameters, such as photosynthetic pigments, total protein, soluble carbohydrates, proline, relative water content, leaf pH total ascorbate and air pollution tolerance indexes (APTI), were evaluated. Based on these results, it is supposed that three plant species are tolerant to air pollution with an APTI higher than 16. In addition, it seems that the dust released by the cement factory has not led to a toxic accumulation of the elements in the studied plants. The deficiency of Mn and P was determined for three plant species. On the basis of biochemical analysis, it is supposed that these plant species possibly use different strategies to tolerate the pollutants in this area.