آلودگی پساب

Over the past few years, due to the shortage of forest resources as well as the increasing consumption of paper and paperboard, many pulp and paper manufacturers have developed the use of different sources of recycled (secondary) fibers. Therefore, recycling of paper is an effective and eco-friendly way to preserve forest resources, which eventually save the natural diversity and energy. The use of biotechnology in various sectors of the cellulosic products industries such as bio-pulping, bio-bleaching, bio-deinking, bio-wastewater treatment, etc. has been considered and good achievements have been obtained in this field. One of the most important applications of biotechnology in the cellulosic industries is the use of enzymes in the processing of recycled fibers. The use of enzymatic technologies, as environmental friendly process, has led to changes in industrial processes as much as possible and indicated great potential in solving many problems of recycled fibers, especially problems related to waste paper deinking, pulp drainage rate, fiber hornification, refining and stickies materials. In general, deinking with enzymes under acidic or neutral conditions declines the chemicals usage and reduces the yellowing of recycled paper under conventional alkaline deinking conditions. Today, the use of cellulosic enzymes (cellulase and hemicellulase) and oxidative enzymes (such as laccase) as well as amylase and pectinase have shown acceptable results for deinking different types of waste paper and most experiments in semi-industrial as well as industrial units have shown that deinking with them can reduce the cost of chemicals, increase the separation of ink particles

 In the Indian Ocean, there are two monsoon winds, summer and winter, which blow in opposite directions and with different intensity and weakness over the area of the North Indian Ocean and the Sea of Oman, which can affect the circulation pattern of the currents of the Sea of Oman. One of these effects is the mutual effect of eddies formed by these winds on the distribution of wastewater from desalination facilities on the shores of the Oman Sea. In this research, the effect of a large-scale winter cyclone on the climate of the Oman Sea, which is caused by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean, was investigated on the distribution of the effluent of an industrial desalination plant in the Makran coast.

3D numerical modeling was used in this study to investigate the marine phenomena of the Sea of Oman. This modeling was done based on the hydrodynamic data of the Oman Sea region, which was taken from the scientific data centers, and based on the monitoring of the changes in the pressure parameter at the sea level caused by the presence of monsoon low pressure and high pressure fronts, it was used to investigate the circulation of pollution. Effluent on the shores of the sea.

The output of the model shows the effectiveness of the movement of wastewater from desalination facilities from regional large-scale impellers due to the collision of the rotational force with the shear force resulting from the outflow of wastewater in such a way that a part of the wastewater accumulates in the outlet area for a long time and a part From there, it goes towards the center of the Oman Sea.

Under normal conditions and without the presence of large-scale seasonal flows, usually the design of the wastewater outlet is such that it does not accumulate at the outlet and leaves the area in a short period of time, but in this case, with the long-term persistence of the concentrated wastewater in the area, it is possible The damage to the environment is far greater than in normal situations, although the movement of that part of the sewage that goes towards the center of the Oman Sea can leave the region without hitting the coasts of Iran, which is bad for the environment, especially in the coastlines. Iran is very useful, but in order to achieve more general results, the need for a long-term study of the region in order to see swirls with different intensity and scale and how it affects the concentrated wastewater should be considered.