استان اردبیل

Millet fodder plant is one of the important plants in Iran and the world, and due to its abundance of nutrients and its resistance to drought, it has a special advantage over other forages.The purpose of this research is to identify the areas prone to millet fodder cultivation in Ardabil province with multi-criteria methods and using the data of climatic elements and factors; Rainfall, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth.AHP, ANP, DEMATEL, Shannon Antropy and WLC methods were used to determine the weights of criteria and options.By using the weighted linear combination method in the GIS environment, information layers were integrated and the final map of millet fodder cultivation was prepared.The results showed that about 25% are very suitable, 36% are suitable, 30% are slightly suitable and 4.05% are unsuitable for millet fodder cultivation in Ardabil province.The results of AHP, ANP, DEMATE models showed that rainfall and temperature criteria, and in the Shannon Antropy model, height and slope have the most influence during the growth period of millet fodder.The output classification of two WLC and Antropy Shanon models about options showed that millet fodder cultivation areas overlap in both methods and the northern and central regions of the province have suitable conditions for millet fodder cultivation.

Today, the tourism industry, as one of the most important and profitable industries in the world, accounts for a huge part of the foreign exchange earnings of the countries, and in addition to creating jobs, it earns foreign currency, provides peace, fair distribution of wealth, and exchange of cultures. But despite the many benefits that can be attributed to tourism, if proper planning is not done in this field, the development of tourism will cause negative environmental, cultural, social and economic effects. For example, the negative effects in the economic sphere are the increase in property taxes, the cost of goods and services, and the price of land. The negative social effects are increased traffic congestion, crime and other social problems. Negative cultural effects are destructive effects on traditional cultures, and finally, negative environmental effects are increased air pollution, reduced natural resources, and pressure on wildlife. These negative effects and problems usually arise when development (tourism) is carried out in a hurry and the life cycle of the product or the environment is not considered. Due to the emergence of such issues in the environment sector, governments have given increasing importance to environmental issues and have become stricter in environmental regulations, which has caused more and more companies to include environmental protection as part of their corporate social responsibility, which directly causes the formation of a new concept. It is called "Green Corporate Social Responsibility".Based on this and since there was no research on the effect of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, it is expected that the results of the present research will increase theat tention of tourism companies to the concept of green social responsibility and lead to the sustainable development of tourism. along with maintaining the health of the environment and local culture of tourist destinations.Based on this, the main question of the current research is whether the green corporate social responsibility has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism?

The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism in Ardabil province. Ardabil province with the capital of Ardabil city is one of the northwestern provinces of Iran. This province is bordered by Republic of Azerbaijan from the north, East Azerbaijan province from the west, Gilan province from the east, and Zanjan province from the south. One of the characteristics of this province is the pleasant and cool weather of this region in spring and summer. Other cities of this province include Ardabil, Beilehsavar, Parsabad, Sareyn, Nir, Khalkhal, Meshgin shahr and Namin. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of method. The statistical population of the study was the employees of service organizations related to tourism in Ardabil province. Simple random sampling method was used for sampling and Krejcie & Morgan table was used to select the sample size. Considering the existence of about 315 hotels, guesthouses and apartment hotels in the province, which have a total of about 3500 employees, the sample size was 346 people. Collection of required data using two standard questionnaires, effective factors in the development of tourism in the region and corporate environmental responsibility questionnaire was performed and all questions are graded on a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree). Validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling approach using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3 software.

The research results indicate that the green corporate social responsibility variable explains the tourism variance. Since the path coefficient of the effect of the green corporate social responsibility variable on tourism has been calculated equal to 0.181 and considering that the t-value is equal to 3.012 and it is significant at the 0.05 level, with 95% confidence It can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism, and if the green social responsibility is strengthened in companies and organizations related to tourism, tourism will also develop. Therefore, considering that t-value is greater than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level, the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism.

According to the presented results, it can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. Therefore, if companies, organizations and businesses related to tourism, such as hotels, travel agencies and tourism transport companies, etc., fulfill their green social responsibility, in such a way that they use sustainable and renewable energy sources in their activities, materials use recyclables in their products and packaging and be committed to protecting the environment, while they can help improve their company's image and attract more customers (tourists) to them (especially customers who are in favor of protecting the environment), finally, in this way, they can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in a region and prevent the negative effects of tourism, such as air and environmental pollution, destructive effects on local culture, etc. Based on this, practical suggestions are presented as follows:- In the first place, the culture of implementing green social responsibility should be institutionalized in companies and organizations related to tourism.
- Tourist transportation companies should modernize their vehicles or use clean fuels in their vehicles.
- Travel agencies and tours use renewable and recyclable materials in their products and packaging.
- Increase the use of clean energy such as solar and wind energy in the tourism industry (however, this requires huge government investment).
Finally, it should be mentioned that one of the limitations of this research was the lack of a similar research on the impact of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, as a result of which it was not possible to compare the results of the current research with previous researches.

Temperature is one of the fundamental elements of the climate of an area, whose transformation can transform the climate structure of any place, for this reason, the study of the temperature trend in different temporal and spatial rules occupies a large part of climatology researches. Most of what is referred to as global warming or climate change includes mostly warming changes and the upward trend of the three components (average, minimum and maximum) of air temperature. Currently, climate threshold phenomena are in the center of researchers' attention because the risk of increasing the frequency, duration and sensitivity of climate thresholds has increased due to the increase of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. The LARS-WG model is a model that downscales the output of GCM models.Researches that focus on the temperature parameter; It is increasing day by day, among them is the research related to the increase in frequency, intensity, recorded global warm periods and the continuity of heat waves, which was done by Perkins et al. (2012). Yu et al. (2019), in their study investigated the temperature changes in the world and the results showed that the temperature anomaly is higher in the oceans and southern latitudes compared to the land and northern latitudes. Hu and Huang (2020) investigated the high temperature anomaly and its relationship with the general circulation of the atmosphere, and the results of their research showed that the highest temperature anomaly occurred in the Arabian Peninsula. Rohbakhsh Sigaroudi et al. (2017) investigated the anomaly of the average minimum and maximum temperature of the warm period of Iran in the period (1951-2010) and concluded that the western half of the country had the largest decrease in the average minimum and maximum temperature. Karmi-Mirazizi et al. (2018) investigated the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies and thermal changes in the western and northwestern regions during the statistical period (1989-2018). Rababi Sabzevari et al. (1401), in the west and northwest of Iran, analyzed the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies for 1989 to 2018, and the results indicate the existence of the mid-latitude meridional current as the main cause of temperature anomalies.

Ardabil province is located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau with an area of 17,953 square kilometers and has the coordinates of 37 degrees 7 minutes to 39 degrees 43 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees 19 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes east longitude. In this research, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the long-term statistics of the minimum, maximum and daily temperature averages of the selected synoptic stations of Ardabil province (Ardabil, Pars Abad and Meshginshahr) were analyzed. For this purpose, first, the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the stations were calculated based on the data of 1980-2020 using the Z index. Then, to generate the data of each station under the conditions of climate change, after the preparation and quality control of the data, the variables of minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours were entered into the LARS-WG model on a daily basis and following the evaluation of the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in these stations, the data of the future period (2021-2021) of these stations was produced, and the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in the synoptic stations of Ardabil province was evaluated. This process is divided into three stages, which include spatial analysis, model validation, and generation of synthetic weather data. The model used is CanESM2 under RCP scenarios. The daily minimum, maximum and average temperature data of synoptic stations during the past statistical period (from 1980, 1985 and 1995 to 2020, respectively) were used to evaluate temperature changes and anomalies in the coming decades (2021-2100) And the frequency of each of the temperature anomaly intensity ranges of the three studied variables was counted and their percentage was calculated. Temperature anomalies were calculated using Z index.

The comparative graphs between minimum and maximum temperature observation data values and their values produced by LARS-WG model for selected stations of Ardabil province confirm the existence of a small difference between these two data and show the high efficiency of this model in simulating Creating the studied variables and producing synthetic air data. The evaluation of the frequency of anomalies of the three components of temperature in this province under three RCP scenarios showed that in the hot months of the coming period, warm anomalies are predominant (more than 50%) and normal conditions are second (30 percent) and cold anomalies have the lowest percentage.The predicted frequency of temperature anomalies using the CanESM2 model fine-tuning under the average scenario (RCP4.5) is higher than the optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) and under the pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) is higher than the average scenario. The difference between the estimates of the RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios and the maximum difference between the two hot and cold anomalies reaches its maximum in August. The highest and the lowest percentage of average warm anomaly frequency belong to Pars-Abad and Meshkin-Shahr, respectively. The highest percentage of cold anomaly was calculated in Ardabil and the lowest in Pars-Abad.The order of the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the three studied components in Ardabil province under the RCP4.5 scenario, from the highest to the lowest percentage, is: normal conditions (31%), moderate heat (29.4%), weak heat (21.4 percent), very hot (6.5 percent), slightly cold (6.1 percent), moderately cold (4.2 percent), very cold, extremely hot and extremely cold (about 1.5 percent)). It can be observed that among the types of temperature anomaly intensities, there is a predominance of moderate heat and weak heat, and extremely hot and extremely cold anomalies are rare and include about 1%. In the other two scenarios, the percentage of warm anomaly prevails over normal conditions and cold anomaly.In the RCP2.6 scenario, the warm anomaly has the highest frequency in August and the lowest frequency in October, and the cold anomaly has the lowest frequency in August and the highest frequency in September. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the warm anomaly is more frequent in August and July and the cold anomaly is more frequent in May and June.

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Germi, Parsabad, Meshgin shahr). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted as a field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that, firstly, the selected areas have geotouristic features and are also among the key areas in Ardabil province. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the geotourism potential of the regions is Hudzik model and Pavolova model for analyzing the competitiveness of geotouristic regions. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, the competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated using the model of Pavolova et al.

A: The results of evaluating the scientific value of geotourism in the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of warm scientific value in terms of, the indicator index of geomorphological processes with a value of 4.75 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.35 has the lowest score. In terms of visitors, Garmi region has the highest score in terms of diversity index in geomorphological forms with a value of 0.80 compared to other indicators and also in terms of educational benefits with a score of 0.39 with the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Pars Abad scientific sub-indices show that diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.60 and sub-indices of rarity at the national level with a value of 1.44 has the lowest score. According to Pars Abad visitors, in terms of diversity of geomorphological forms with a score of 0.70, it has the highest score compared to other indicators and also in terms of scientific index for educational conditions with a score of 0.21 has the lowest value. The results of the evaluation of scientific geotourist values by the experts of Meshkinshahr region show that it has obtained the highest score in terms of integrity with a value of 4.85 and has obtained the lowest score with the sub-indicators of educational benefits with a value of 2.11. Visitors' opinion in Meshkinshahr region has the highest score in terms of Gonaconi sub-index of geomorphological processes with a value of 0.90 and the lowest rank in terms of scientific knowledge sub-index with a value of 0.26. The results of experts' evaluation of the Garmi area surplus value sub-indices show that the access sub-index with the value of 4.95 has the highest score. And interpretive value sub-indices with a value of 1.32 are in low grades. According to the visitors of this region, the index has the possibility of organizing with a rate of 0.90 has the highest score compared to other indicators and in terms of interpretive value with a value of 0.27 has obtained the lowest score. Abad shows that the sub-index of natural elements and cultural heritage with a value of 3.72 has the highest score and the interpretive value with a value of 1.29 has the lowest score. According to the visitors in Pars Abad region, being below the destination index with the value of 0.95 has the highest rank and the degree of relationship with development with the value of 0.13 has the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Meshkinshahr geotourism scientific indicators show that the surplus scientific sub-index has the highest score in terms of access with a value of 4.96 compared to other indicators. And interpretive value sub-indices with the value of 2.63 has the lowest score. Also, in terms of visitors, the access index with a score of 0.97 has the highest rank compared to other indicators and the sub-index has the lowest score with some value of some works of art with a value of 0.46 (Table 5).B: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of hot springs and medical facilities in the Garmi region with a value of 7.44 and also in Meshkinshahr region with a natural value of 7.44. They have gained competitiveness compared to other factors. In the next ranks of Parsabad geotouristic region, it has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Parsabad and Meshkinshahr areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa factor and medical facilities, which indicates the lack of spa in these geotourist areas. The warm region in terms of the factor of fossil sites with a value of 0.46 indicates that this region is not in a good condition in terms of fossils. The highest heat potential in competition with other geotourist areas is in spa factors and medical facilities and natural value, which has provided the best conditions in this geotouristic area to compete with other tourist areas. Parsabad region in terms of positive competitiveness factors such as the existence of numerous caves and pristine and untouched nature has more points to compete with other geotourist areas in Ardabil province. The results show the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotouristic region in general in terms of natural value and hydrological sites has the highest score for competitiveness with Garmi and Parsabad geotourist regions, which indicates a tourist and natural region in Ardabil province (Table 6) Conclusios In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Garmi,

As a developing system, the river always changes its location and morphological characteristics according to the time period, geomorphic factors, geology, water currents and sometimes due to human interventions (Rezai Moghadam et al., 2013). In fact, normally, the landscape is adjusted by internal management factors such as slope, direction of slope, topography and type of sediments and external management factors such as climate change, sediment change and vegetation changes. The form of erosion or sedimentation in the bed, removing the walls, changing the flow bed, changing and moving the rivers and changing the form of the river is revealed. (Schumm, 2005). In other words, these changes cause many changes around the river and create natural problems and human and financial losses. (Gregory, 2006) Khiauchai river is considered one of the most important rivers of Ardabil province, Khiauchai river from the junction point The rivers above the villages of Dizo and Moyil started in the south of Meshgin Shahr, and the streams flowing in the village of Moyil are one of the most important branches of Khiauchai. This river passes through a path about fifteen kilometers east of the tourist town of Meshginshahr. Many branches connect to Khiauchai River Simulation of Khiauchai riverbed changes using CAESAR In order to investigate the capability of cellular automation in simulating the morphological changes of the river system in the Khiauchai river basin, the Caesar model was chosen. Among the cellular models of landscape evolution, the Caesar model is a two-dimensional model of water and sediment transport, which is one of the most recent cellular river models. In this model, daily discharge is used as input for the hydrological model based on TOPMODEL. The size of the particles used in the model is 1 to 256 mm. After entering the data including: daily discharge and sediment size, the height model of the cells is updated simultaneously; Therefore, despite the complexity in practice, the Caesar model in interval mode only requires simple input data of topographyHEC-RAS hydrological model was used for the zoning of Khiauchai river flood channel. The HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model is a model developed and developed by the United States Army. In 1964, HEC developed a computer model, HEC-2, in order to provide appropriate solutions to increase efficiency and improve by helping hydraulic engineers in analyzing river channels and determining flood zones. HEC-2 was a model that quickly evolved into a full-featured program for analytical river calculations. Finally, its power and potentials were expanded in the following years to apply things such as bridge and embankment analyses. Due to the increasing popularity and efficiency of personal Windows-based analysis software, in the early 1990s, HECintroduced a Windows-compatible counterpart of HEC-2 called the River Analysis System (RAS).Combined results of cellular automaton model (CAESAR) and hydrological model (HEC-RAS)Based on this, first, the results of the cellular automaton model before and after the simulation were extracted, and then the amount of flood zones was extracted with the hydraulic model (HEC-RAS).Calculating the return period of flood probability using Hyfran softwareFloods cause many risks to human societies and human facilities, which cause significant geomorphological changes. Based on this, the data related to Khiauchai hydrometric station was prepared from the regional water company of Ardabil province. After preparing the annual maximum instantaneous discharge, Pearson type 3 distribution was fitted to the base 10 logarithm of the peak discharges using Hyfran software, and the maximum instantaneous discharge was calculated for different return periods. The flow of flood flow with return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 1000 years of Khiauchai River is shown in table (1), graph (1). Based on the results obtained from table (1), the lowest probability of flooding with a return period of 2 years is about 50%, and the highest probability of flooding with a return period of 1000 and 200 years is 99.9% and 99.5%, respectively.The results before and after the simulation of the cellular automaton model (CAESAR)According to the measurements that were done in the first section of the first interval and by drawing the transverse profile of the main channel (before simulation and after simulation), the changes of the two profiles were compared. These changes are both in the width of the channel and in the average height and in the geometric shape of the river. According to the transverse profiles, the changes of the channel were investigated. The average depth and width of the channel before the simulation is 1339 and 7 meters, respectively, and after the simulation, it is 1339.56 and 11 meters, respectively, diagram (2).Figure (2) shows the values of the flood zone with a return period of 2 years. Based on the map obtained from the output of HEC-RAS software and referring to table (4) and the river bed changes before and after being simulated in the cellular automation model (CAESAR), the area of the Khiauchai river flood zone with a return period of 2 years is about It is 3.8 hectares. These floodplains mostly correspond to the morphologic changes of the river bed, which locally include the edge of the river channel. The width of the areas exposed to floods with a return period of 2 years is about 153 meters. In other words, with the return period of 2 years, the morphological bed of the Khiauchai River will not undergo such changes, and the floods created will not pose significant risks to urban and rural areas.Finally, the largest flood zone with a return period of 2 years includes a part of the lower reaches of the Khiauchai River. However, due to their periodicity and high potential for forming the planform of the channel, these floods are of great importance in the formation of multiple forms and erosion and slow sedimentation and morphological changes of the Khiauchai river channel.According to the flood zoning map (Figure 3), the effect range of floods with a return period of 50 years along the Khiauchai River increases by about 12.8 hectares. Also, the average flood width of 50-year floods reaches about 277 meters. Flood zones with a return period of 50 years include return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 25 years. These floods have flooded the agricultural lands around the Khiauchai river and even some residential areas have suffered damage and danger. Based on the results obtained from the output of CAESAR and HEC-RAS models, these floods rarely go out of their channels and lead to damage. Such floods lead to erosion and sediment production.Based on form (4), the section containing floods with a return period of 1000 years along the Khiauchai river will increase by about 13.8 hectares. The average flood width of 1000-year floods reaches about 345 meters. These floods include all thefloodplains studied in this research with different return periods. As a result of this increase in area and width, it can be seen in all the upstream, middle and downstream parts of Khiauchai River. In other words, during the return period of 1000 years, the floodplain of the Khiauchai River covers all parts of the river. Such floods can affect a major part of the area of the river flood plain due to the high discharge and participation of the discharges of different branches, and in addition to human and financial losses and destruction of agricultural lands, they have many morphological consequences such as changing short routes, shortcuts, etc. . Floods with a return period of more than 1000 years have affected the residential areas of the villages around the Khiauchai river and changed the height of the river bed in different periods and finally led to changes in the river bed and the amount of erosion, sedimentation and finally the changes in the shape of the river in be long-term Conclusion According to the simulation of Khiauchai River bed and flood changes using HEC-RAS hydraulic model and CAESAR cellular automation model, these results were obtained, which shows the very high spatial variability of flood risk and Khiauchai River bed changes. This variability originates from the variable geomorphological conditions along the river. The results of CAESAR model show that the simulation of the river changes before and after the simulation in section number 22 in the second period varied from 1518 to 1520, which shows the changes of the river bed in about 2 meters. In the simulation of cross-section number 44 of the third interval, the amount of changes in the river bed was about 1442.5 to 1443.5 meters, which shows the amount of changes of 1 meter. Transverse section No. 60 also shows about 2 meters, which in the third period accounted for the most changes in the river bed. The results of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model showed that the flood zone with a return period of 2 years covers about 8.3 hectares, a return period of 50 years covers 12.8 hectares, and a return period of 1000 years covers about 13.8 hectares of the area around Khiauchai River.

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, using the model of Pavolova et al., The competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated.

 A: The results of the dynamic model (Hadzic): The results of evaluating the scientific geotouristic value of the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of scientific value in terms of hair, the index showing geomorphological processes with a value of 4.15 and diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.36 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.69 has the lowest score. In other words, hair is less important in terms of rarity at the national level. B: Results of competitiveness of tourist areas: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of spas and medical facilities in Hir region with a value of 7.44 and also in Sarein region with a natural value factor of 7.44 with the highest competitiveness. Compared to other factors. In the next ranks, Khalkhal geotouristic region has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Khalkhal and Sarein areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa and medical facilities, which indicates that there is no spa in these geotouristic areas.

In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein) have been evaluated. Therefore, it is concluded that Sarein tourism region in terms of geotourism potential and competitiveness compared to other studied tourism areas has suitable potentials to attract tourists to Ardabil province. Based on the models used in this study, the views of tourists and experts on the use of tourism potentials in the study areas were evaluated and tourism areas were identified in terms of competitiveness, so Sarein tourism area in terms of competitiveness compared to other study areas suitable potentials To attract tourists to Ardabil province. Finally, the studied geotourist areas due to restrictions such as communication routes, housing and lack of amenities have led to a decrease in tourists in the areas of Hir and Khalkhal. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to increase the necessary awareness to attract domestic and foreign tourists, first infrastructure facilities should be provided and then, using media advertisements, the conditions for attracting tourists to the study areas can be provided.

This research with the aim of study the species composition, characteristics and diversity under the effect of different grazing intensity with distance from three villages of Alvares, Lateran and Vargesaran was conducted. Plant speciments were collected, and then species identified based on the checklists and literature of Sabalan. Overall, 78 identified plant species were belonging to 22 families and 62 genera. The Asteraceae family with 13 genus and 16 species, the Poaceae family with 7 genus and 11 species and the Fabaceae family with 5 genus and 10 species have the most plant species. Moreover, according to the Rankaier's system the identified species, which are grown in the study area, are belong, 69% hemicryptophytes, 18% therophytes, 12% chamaephytes and 1% geophytes, respectively. In point of view of geographic distribution, 54% belong to Iran-Toranian, 19% are belonging to Iran-Toranian and Euro-Siberian, 3% belong to Euro-Siberian, and 24% are belonging to the other regions. Results of the numerical diversity (Simpson and Shannon-Wiener) and evenness (Camargo and Smith-Wilson) indices in each crisis center according to the increase of distance showed that in each sites (9 transects) with the increase of distance from crisis center, there is no significant relationships in species diversity and evenness. Thus, these indices are not suitable for the study of grazing intensity on vegetation in the base of village crisis center on the Sabalan rangelands.

The importance of the study of the flora of the country of Iran as a platform for a variety of ecological, environmental, range management, forestry, watershed management, agriculture and so is undeniable. The study forest habitat is located in 24 km east and north east of Ardabil, and 9 km south eastern of Namin on the area about 913 ha. From this area, 252 ha is forest habitat and study of flora was conducted only at these areas. Forty three families, 108 genera and 128 species were identified. Rosaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae families have the highest frequency in these areas. Hemicryptophytes with 47% (61 species) and Phanerophytes with 22% (28 species) are with the highest frequency life forms at the study area. Choryotypes identification show that most of the species belongs to Euro Siberian (Hyrcanian) and Irano Turanean regions.

The Lizards on the network to life, food chain and ecosystems are outstanding dry place. Zoology around the world to identify these animals has done many studies. The results lead to new species by mapping their geographical distribution has been. Ardabil Province, including areas in which considerable research has been done on reptiles. Therefore, this study tried to limit the power and possibilities in the province and the study adhered to the sample. This study was done in 2009. The materials of the study were collected during spring, summer, fall and late winter. This reserch were collected 21 specimens at the Darevskia Genus, and Morphologic, morphometric and meristic characteristics have shown that 4 specimens collected are Darevskia chlorogaster. Furthermore, in this study the Darevskia chlorogaster was collected from East Ardabil province for the first time, however, its distribution map wasnt included in East Ardabil province.

A large number of amphibians were collected and identified from river and ranway is from April to March 2008­_2009 all of hem belong to the order Anura including 4 speciesPelophylax ridibunda ridibunda and Rana camerani from he family Ranidae andPseudepidalae viridis viridis from he family Bufinidae and 1 specimen tree frog from the family Hylidae. the tree frog is reported for the first time in area.in this research 40 adult specimens were ecologically studied in terms of morphology and behavior. also was used to valid species summary for this region site with many samples is scattered vnmuvdar.the best identification factor between frogs and toads is the presence of paratoid glands on the back of head in toad. and of the all species there in males pineal body and intensified sound.64 percent of collected specimens areP.ridibunda ridibunda and18 percent are Rana camerani and15percent are. Pseudepidalae viridis viridis and 3 percent are Hyla savignyi.