تحلیل فضایی

For a long time, the fire incident has been the main problem of urban management and sustainable urban development. In addition to human and social factors, the occurrence of fires is largely influenced by the urban physical environment. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The available information on fire incidents (during the five-year period of 2014-2018) was mapped and analyzed in terms of space and time using the spatial analysis available in GIS. Then, using spatial analysis of hot spots, the pattern of spatial distribution of fire incidents in Ardabil city was determined. Also, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low fire incidents in Ardabil city. According to the results of the research, the density of incidents is higher in the central parts and in spots from the outskirts of the city. About (40%) of the city's area are located in areas with a high and very high risk of vulnerability. The degree of vulnerability is high in the central part of the city and neighborhoods that have unfavorable socio-economic and environmental conditions.

The present study was conducted to geographically evaluate the epidemiology of respiratory diseases in the regions of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of the research is 1918 respiratory patients in Tehran metropolis. Data analysis was done in ArcGIS software. To show the distribution of patients in the period of 2018-2021, the point density method was used, and then the spatial distribution of patients was checked by using Moran's coefficient, and also by using spatial autocorrelation, the spread of respiratory diseases was analyzed among the regions of Tehran. Finally, by using the local Moran's coefficient of the single-variable Moran's spatial linkage, the spatial clustering of 22 districts of Tehran was formed based on respiratory disease sufferers. The findings show that the spread of respiratory diseases in Tehran in the years 2020, 2019, and 2018 is towards the semi-eastern regions, and the highest spatial spread has occurred in regions 13 and 14 as the center of the disease, and in 2021 Most areas, especially the north of the city, have been affected by the disease. In the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, the spread of the disease has an upward trend up to a distance of 2.75 km between the city areas, and from then on, due to the increase in distance and decrease in population density, its spread has decreased. The spatial pattern of respiratory diseases in Tehran is of a cluster type, with areas 13 and 14 in the HH part of the Moran scatter diagram with positive spatial autocorrelation as the main focus of disease spread, areas 9, 10, 11, 15, 21 and 22 in The HL part of the Moran scatter diagram with negative spatial autocorrelation and the existence of spatial heterogeneity in the number of patients and in the LL cluster of region 17 and the LH cluster of regions 1, 3, 6, 7, 18, 19 and 20 are located with negative spatial autocorrelation.

Respiratory diseases are one of the most important diseases that have involved the world community (Kermani et al., 2015). According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, one-fifth of people in the world are suffering from these diseases, and in 2005, the ranking of chronic respiratory diseases was 13, and in 2016, the ranking of this disease reached 5. Also, chronic respiratory diseases ranked 11th in terms of the occurrence of physical disabilities in 2020 (World Health Center website, 2021). Respiratory disease, which is generally related to lung disease, includes a group of diseases that cause lung dysfunction by involving parts or parts of the respiratory system. Sometimes respiratory disease is caused by damage to the pleural membrane (pleura), pleural cavity, or respiratory muscles and nerves. Every year, lung diseases affect many people in society, which reduce the level of performance of a person in daily activities. Respiratory system diseases in England are the most common cause of referral to general practitioners (Etamidi et al., 2018). Respiratory diseases are classified into two types, infectious and non-infectious (Khoshdel et al., 2013), infectious respiratory diseases are widely distributed at the community level and are transmitted from person to person, often in the form of lung infection or the same essence. Pneumonia occurs (Gunathilakaabc, R., et al, 2018), and its non-infectious type is often caused by exposure to environmental and biological pollutants (Kimberly, A, 2017). Iran's respiratory diseases are always a major challenge. According to a four-year study, the rate of asthma in the adult population of the country is 9%, and in children and adolescents, it is 11%. In Iran, chronic respiratory diseases are the third cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and road accidents (Ethmarian et al., 2012).On average, 200 people die in Kalansehr, Tehran, due to respiratory diseases per year (Kermani et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to identify and plan for the reduction and prevention of these diseases in the city of Tehran. In order to make correct preventive plans, we must know how the diseases are distributed in the place, so that the influence of environmental factors on the increase or decrease of the affected people is necessary. to be able to measure specific diseases (Ghadami et al., 2012). In recent years, due to the spread of Corona, the number of respiratory diseases has increased significantly in the country, especially in Tehran. Most respiratory diseases lead to severe lung or pleural infections (pneumonia).Geographical epidemiology is a part of descriptive epidemiology in the style of spatial analysis that examines the geographical distribution of morbidity and mortality rates (Rivero, A, et al, 2015). For the prevention, management, and control of diseases, various information technology methods such as geographic information systems (GIS) are used. Based on this, a geographic information system will be used in this study. The aim of this research is to analyze the spatiotemporal respiratory diseases in Tehran using the Kernel density estimation model using Geographical Information System (GIS).

The current research was done based on the purpose, applied, and based on the descriptive-analytical method. In order to identify and understand the spatial patterns of respiratory diseases at the level of 22 districts of the Tehran metropolis, statistical and graphic models have been used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. At first, to identify the foci of concentration of respiratory diseases, the analyzed data were considered as points, and mapping of the disease was done. Then, by using statistical tests, the general patterns of respiratory diseases were determined at the level of the regions of Tehran, and finally, disease maps were extracted using the kernel density method, and based on this, other analyzes were performed. The most important statistical tests used in this research are the mean center, standard deviation ellipse, clustering tests, and kernel density estimation methods. The statistical population of the research is the number of people suffering from respiratory disease (1995 people) within the legal limits of the city of Tehran, which is between the years 1397 and 1400.

Identifying and analyzing the ranges of diseases at the city level using the GIS geographic information system makes it possible for the health organization of any country to identify pathogenic factors and reduce its growth rate and apply preventive policies. Using the results of the analysis of this research in relation to respiratory diseases at the level of the regions of Tehran, it is possible to provide preventive measures. According to the analysis of the central mean and ellipse of standard deviation, District 12, as one of the central districts of the city, is the center of respiratory diseases in Tehran. The findings of the research showed that by using the closest neighborhood index in the clustering test, the distribution pattern of respiratory diseases data in Tehran city is uniform. Most of the respiratory diseases that spread in an infectious manner due to their contagious nature spread quickly in all areas of the city, and this is also true in the case of Tehran. According to the results of the ellipse of the standard deviation, the areas with the highest incidence of respiratory diseases in the city of Tehran are located in the northeast and southwest sides of the city. According to the findings of the research using the kernel density estimation model in the period of 1397-1400, in 1397 the areas that are in the neighborhood of District 12 are known as centers of respiratory disease in Tehran. In 2018, region 17 was introduced as the second main center of respiratory diseases in Tehran. In 2019, with preventive measures, region 17 moved away from the center of diseases, and after that, the neighboring areas of this region were not affected by the disease. Respiratory tracts stay away. In the year 1400, the northern areas of Tehran were introduced as new foci of the spread of respiratory diseases. The areas that are most affected by respiratory diseases are often the areas that are at a lower level in terms of social and environmental factors and generally have a low quality of living.

With the emergence of neighborhoods as spots of urban life, the realization of sustainable development was pursued only in the form of neighborhood development and on a local scale, and in continuation of the global thinking, think locally and act locally. The ultimate goal of sustainable neighborhood development is the connection between social and physical capital. This means that social processes are used for the purpose of identity and physical structure and creating capacity for future development. In other words, planning with the people and not for them is the key element of neighborhood development.The purpose of this study is to investigate Spatial analysis of the effects of land use distribution in sustainable development of the city of Tabriz. The purpose of this study is applied research and in terms of method is descriptive - analytical and to collect data, documentary and field studies (observation, interviews and questionnaires) have been used. The population consisted of urban households in urban areas of Tabriz, which according to the census of 1395 had 1558693 households and 497898 households, and a population of 396 households was selected as research sample using the Cochran formula. The reliability of the research tool was calculated by cronbach’s alpha coefficient which showed good reliability. To analyze the data, the mean, structural equation and saw decision making technique were used. The results showed that, in terms of sustainable development, region 8 with 0.115 grade, region 2 with grade 0.110 and region 1 with 0.108 scores were ranked first to third.Examining the condition of the neighborhoods in the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis showed that the neighborhoods in District 8, District 2, and District 1 have good sustainable neighborhood development compared to other urban areas and access to all types of urban uses (educational, health and medical) , sports, recreation, commercial-commercial, suitable housing, infrastructure and basic services, etc.) are easily possible and these components have a positive effect on the economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions and ultimately the stability of the neighborhood. has had in these areas. In addition to these, in these areas, the social identity of the citizens, social participation, connection and belonging, the existence of personal and social security at the local level, the level of employment and productive income, quick access to urban public transportation, the presence of green and open spaces, the amount Low pollution caused by industries and urban transportation, the existence of a suitable landscape, access to educational services, recreation and leisure, health services, access to suitable housing, and the existence of infrastructure facilities and services have a favorable status compared to other urban areas. And the research respondents in these areas were fully satisfied with the existence of different urban land uses and citizens' access to itIn terms of the impact of land use in the development of neighborhood sustainability, indexes of entertainment and leisure with 3.91 test value have the highest impact on the fulfillment of sustainable development of urban neighborhoods in the study area, and generally in sustainable development of urban localities in Tabriz metropolis, physical indices and infrastructure are more intelligible.Also, the spatial analysis of the effects of urban land use distribution at the level of urban areas and its impact on the sustainable development of neighborhoods in the studied area from the point of view of the citizens showed that, in this area of citizenship identity indicators with a T value of 2.56, the existence of citizens' social participation With a T value of 2.42, the existence of green and open spaces in the city neighborhoods with a T value of 2.78, the presence of recreational and leisure places with a T value of 3.91, access to health and treatment with a T value of 3.33. , infrastructural facilities and services with T value of 3.03 and... have had the greatest impact on realizing the sustainability of the development of urban neighborhoods in the ten regions of Tabriz metropolis. However, among these indicators, "the presence of places of recreation and leisure time and access to health and treatment" has received more attention from the citizens due to the spread of the Covid-19 disease (Corona) in the last one year in the whole world. So that the spread of corona virus has created an unprecedented stress among the citizens, and the citizens and the communities in general are aware of the importance of the existence of health and treatment facilities and places of recreation and leisure in different parts of the cities. have taken and even believe that with this structural change that happened with the spread of this infectious disease in the world and especially in big cities, access to health and treatment facilities (such as: hospitals, clinics, doctors' offices, laboratories, etc.) is very important for the stability of urban areas Also, with the spread of the corona virus and the increase in the number of people infected with this virus in the city of Tabriz, many small-scale businesses were closed, and people who, without employment insurance, do not have access to medical services and care systems, people who work in informal sectors, or work as workers in private, semi-private companies, etc., have faced the risk of poverty and deprivation more And for this reason, in order to prevent these disasters, the existence of health and treatment uses in order to deal with this disaster is one of the necessities of neighborhood development. Also, the results showed that the structural model developed in this research to investigate the impact of land use distribution on the sustainability of urban areas has a desirable and acceptable quality.According to the results of the research, suggestions are presented as follows to be considered by planners in the direction of neighborhood sustainability; 1) Development of health and treatment uses in order to prevent all kinds of infectious diseases and reduce the stress of citizens, 2) Increasing the use of sports, leisure, parks, etc. for the use of citizens and reducing the effects of staying at home during During the period of Covid-19 disease and 3) increasing the participation of citizens in development programs and accompanying them in various stages of formulation, implementation and monitoring of urban development programs, etc.

Metropolises are emerging phenomena that affect a wide range of surrounding space. This effect over time leads to the expansion of the metropolitan area. The current research has been compiled with a general descriptive-analytical approach and using available documentary data and statistical data. Excel and Spss statistical software and ArcGis spatial processing and description software were used in database preparation and data analysis, and ANN nearest neighbor index was used to determine the activity distribution pattern, and Moran's Spatial Autocorrelation Model was used to check the distribution rate. Is. Based on the results of the research and investigations of the Qazvin metropolitan area in terms of activity, it can be said that the Qazvin metropolitan area has a dominant linear structure with a trend and development towards the formation of a radial-annular structure in its southern half. Also, the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Qazvin has been made in connection with the expansion of relations and economic connections with cities and rural areas, especially in the southern part of the area.

The role of culture in development issues is one of the axes of attention of experts. Development experts consider culture and life to be inseparable; Because understanding the needs of society requires attention to cultural factors (Sorkh Kamal et al., 2011: 96). Today, achieving comprehensive and sustainable development is the main concern of countries and their governments. Since man is a cultural being, the foundation of true and sustainable development is the achievement of cultural development (Vasosuqi et al., 2012: 82). No development and evolution is desirable and possible without cultural development and evolution (Salehi Amiri, 2007: 75). Cultural development leads to the self-confidence of the society, and flourishes the potential and creative abilities of humans in the cultural context (Habibi, 2015: 23), Iran as a country on the path of development, has a very high diversity of cultural, social, economic and Also, with many financial, natural and environmental opportunities, along with issues such as special and strategic geographical location, unique natural and human opportunities, etc., it demands special attention to the category of development (Bazazzadeh et al., 2014: 80). The necessity and importance of research comes from the fact that cultural spaces are one of the main pillars of cultural development. On the other hand, one of the most important goals of spatial planning, considering the limited resources, is the optimal and balanced distribution of facilities and services between different settlements (Mohammadi and Izadi, 2013: 40), hence the recognition of cultural values and The facilities of the different cities of the provinces and their level of cultural development can lead the officials and workers to adopt new policies to strengthen the cultural foundations and form cultural engineering and planning. to deal with future cultural threats (Meshkini and Ghasemi, 2012: 3-4). The main goal of the current research is the spatial analysis of cultural development in Kermanshah province, which determines the cultural development status of fourteen cities in the province in terms of cultural development indicators, so that by identifying the status of the rich and deprived cities, planning and strategies to improve the situation of the deprived cities provide according to the purpose; The research seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of having a cultural index.

The method of this research is based on practical purpose and on the basis of descriptive-analytical nature and it tries to determine the level of prosperity of 14 cities of Kermanshah province by using multi-criteria decision making models. In order to compare and rank them, 24 variables of the cultural sector extracted from the census results of Iran Statistics Center and the statistical yearbook of Kermanshah province were used, and the weight of each criterion was determined using Shannon's entropy method and from the models SAR, ARAS and WASPAS multi-criteria decision-making and the integration of their results with the Kanderst method have been used to determine the level of enjoyment and ranking of the cities of the province. CV method was used to determine which index has the most difference and inequality. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to draw the maps.

According to the results, it was found that the biggest difference in inequality is related to the number of cinemas, the number of cinema halls, the number of cinema seats and the number of cinema spectators with (3.742) and the lowest inequality is related to the number of government printing houses with (0.000). After unscaling the variables and weighting with entropy method, three techniques (SAR, ARAS and WASPAS) have been used to categorize the cities of the province. The findings based on the SAR model show that there is no deprived city.The cities of Qasr Shirin, Paveh and Dalaho are rich, Sahne, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are relatively rich and 50% of the cities (Harsin, Gilangharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islamabad Gharb, Javanrood and Sarpol Zahab) are semi-rich. The stratification of the ARAS technique shows that, like the SAR model, there are no deprived cities, three cities Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin and Paveh are blessed, six cities are Salas-Babajani, Songhor, Gilangharb, Sahne. , Harsin and Ravansar are relatively prosperous and five cities, Sarpol-Zahab, Kangavar, Kermanshah, Islamabad-Gharb and Javanrood are semi-prosperous. In the WASPAS technique, there are no relatively prosperous cities, four cities, Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin, Paveh and Salas-Babajani, respectively, are ranked one to four and semi-efficient, and the rest of the cities are Songor, Sahneh, Gilangharb, Harsin, Ravansar, Sarpol-Zahab, Islamabad-Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar and Javanrood are among the deprived cities of the province, although the development coefficient of the cities of the province is not much different. Finally, based on the contrast technique that integrates the results of three models (SAR, ARAS, WASPAS) and provides a single result, According to the results of the Kandrst model, 21.43% of the cities are privileged, 21.43% of the cities are relatively well-off, 28.57%. The percentage of the cities is semi-provided and 28.57 percent of the cities are deprived, which shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultural indicators at the province level. Kermanshah city, as the capital of the province, ranks first to second and is among the cities with the most benefits, but according to the results obtained from the Kandrst method, it is ranked 10th and in the group of semi-sufficient cities.One of the reasons for this is the high population of this city and the low per capita of each of the mentioned variables in Kermanshah city. Although the facilities and the amount of cultural variables in this city may be more than other cities, but the population of this city is much more than other cities and when it is per capita, it is less per capita than other cities. A city may have a smaller population, but when it is made per capita, it causes more per capita than the cities with a larger population, and when it is leveled and ranked, except for the cities with the status and Better rank.

Today, due to the expansion of urban life as well as the industrial development of cities, we are witnessing the occurrence of various physical and mental illnesses. Accordingly, the significant importance of tourism, especially in the physical and mental sector at the global level and from various aspects, especially health tourism, has been revealed to everyone. Health tourism is a type of tourism that is done to maintain, improve and regain physical and mental health. Factors such as changes in consumer values, construction changes, aging population and the needs of the health care system can be considered as the main factors in the emergence of health tourism. The combination of these factors has made health tourism one of the most growing types of tourism. In general, health tourism is divided into three categories: health tourism; Medical tourism and medical tourism are divided. In the meantime, medical tourism is a type of health tourism, the patient may need to use medical tourism spaces and services after treatment. Medical tourism is linked through hotels, airlines and transportation, leisure activities, and all infrastructure related to the tourism industry, and is coordinated with other institutions such as hospitals, insurance companies, and travel agencies. Finds. Medical tourism includes not only essential and elective medical treatments (surgical and non-surgical), but also health treatments with services for accommodation, entertainment, hospitality, tours or attractions. According to global statistics, Iran does not have a special place among the top countries attracting medical tourists, but in terms of value in medical tourism is reported as the tenth top country. The city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule. Because this city has a special position in the country and has countless potentials and tourist attractions and has numerous capacities and potentials of national and international tourism. Today, medical tourism in Ardabil has become one of the growing sectors in the tourism industry. This city, due to its limitations in various dimensions, has a very high potential in the development of tourism, especially medical tourism for Azeri citizens. This city is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the field of health tourism in the country and even in the region in terms of geographical and climatic conditions, access to natural resources and attractions, proximity to hot and mineral waters that are known as paradise springs. The river and the market worth 400 billion tomans per year indicate the large presence of tourists in this city. But achieving these benefits will be possible only with proper and focused planning. Therefore, what is needed is to first review and analyze the current situation and, in fact, the analysis of health (medical) tourism spaces, in order to provide a basis for future planning by determining the distribution pattern of tourism spaces. It should be noted that each of these tourism services occupy a specific space of society, especially cities. Urban tourism space is a space in which there are tourism resources and the pattern of behavior of tourists is a function of its tourism resources such as attractions, accommodation, facilities and services. Also, scattering patterns can be classified into four groups: 1- point pattern 2- network or linear pattern 2- surface pattern and 2- regional pattern. In this regard, the present study has been conducted with the aim of answering the question: What model does health tourism (medical) spaces in Ardabil follow?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection and information has been done in two ways: library / documentary and field (observation). In the field section, spatial data were updated during field visits and observations. In this regard, to analyze the tourism spaces of Ardabil city, the Vicor multivariate decision model in the form of Arc GIS software has been used. It should be noted that in order to weigh the indicators, the opinions of 10 experts were used by the snowball method and the network analysis model (ANP) in the form of Super Decision software.

One of the stages related to the research was the stage of weighting the indicators, in which the network analysis model (ANP) was used in the form of Super Decision software, which is more scientific than other models. In this regard, the opinions of experts were used and the results showed that the distance from clinics, hospitals and clinics, the distance from the water spaces (Lake Shurabil and Balghli Chay river) are the most important and the distance from the amusement park, respectively. They are the least important in terms of weight. The results also showed that the central core of Ardabil and the areas adjacent to the Balgholi River, due to the concentration of recreational and service tourist attractions in these areas, is very desirable. By moving away from the central core of the city and approaching the surrounding areas, the degree of desirability of areas in terms of health tourist attractions decreases. In fact, the central areas of Ardabil, with the focus on the Balghili River, tea and the dispersion of medical and accommodation centers can be named as the health tourism space of Ardabil. A space marked by the extraordinary focus of these attractions. In fact, it can be said that the health tourism environment of Ardabil city and areas with high ability to attract tourists is a function of the central and historical core of Ardabil city and Balghalychai river and then Shurabil lake.

Tourism is one of the industries that can have a special distribution, i.e., some areas and urban areas have a high potential and actual potential for tourism. Like the central part of Ardabil city, where both service and recreational indicators have been established in this part of the city and around the Balighli Chay River to provide the ground for the formation of Ardabil health tourism core as a regional model. In other words, health tourism services are more easily available in the central areas of Ardabil. And the farther we go from this area, the less desirable other urban areas become.

In spatial statistics predicting an unknown amount of random field in concrete situation based on observations, constitutes the best linear forecasting method. In some applications, in every spatial position, in addition to the variable under investigation, other auxiliary variables may be available for increasing the forecasting accuracy. In this study some physical parameters of the Chabahar Bay were measured by CTD sampling in different layers of water. These included the temperature, salinity, and density of the waters. The general goals of this study include the following: finding out the water density distributions under the influence of other physical parameters of the Bay, the application of new statistical methods such as kriging, co-kriging and inverse-distant weighted, and the forecasting of the aforementioned parameters and density distribution for the whole of the Bay. The statistical methods have been compared in terms of accuracy. Results of density cross-validation analysis showed that the co-kriging method is more accurate than the other methods and that this method is suitable for studying environmental phenomena. The spatial distribution of density has shown that this parameter decreases towards the shore in the winter monsoon of 2006-2007.