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Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

A non-transgenic plant is a plant whose genetic structure has not been changed and has a significant effect on health. Edible oil is one of the non-transgenic and organic food products, which is very important for consumers in terms of food health and hygiene. Identifying the determining factors of the willingness to pay for non-transgenic products is an important step before identifying the market needs and marketing these products. In fact, examining the factors affecting the willingness to pay and consumers' tendency towards non-genetically modified products and prioritizing these factors can provide a clear and complete picture to the planners and policy makers of the environment in order to have a comprehensive understanding. From the level of demand and the structures affecting it, they need to have complete planning for the implementation of support policies, and in addition, this research helps marketers by providing sufficient information to identify target markets and also identify consumption. and their willingness to pay to improve and increase their performance.

Goods and services that do not have a market, or when the market is unsuccessful in providing information, do not have a certain price, and the necessity of determining prices is to find a criterion of willingness to pay. Willingness to pay is the amount of money a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service and is often used to estimate the value of a good or service (Pitafy and Rumasset, 2003). In fact, willingness to pay is the maximum amount that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service. Willingness to pay is formed based on the consumer's perceived value of the desired product as well as the value and price of competing products. Expressed or expressed preferences can be used to estimate willingness to pay. The expressed preferences are called the data obtained from the survey. In most of the pricing decisions, the basis of stated preferences is used. The reason for using such preferences is because the market has information about the fact that some consumers are willing to pay a higher price than the market price or that some consumers It shows that they are buying the product at a price lower than the market price, and on the other hand, there is not enough and appropriate information available for some new goods and new services. One of the most important valuation methods based on stated preferences is conditional valuation. In conditional valuation, a hypothetical market is created and the willingness of consumers to pay for goods is estimated. There are four methods of playing bid, pay card, double choice and open end in conditional valuation. The double selection method includes two other sub-methods, which include one-dimensional double selection and two-dimensional double selection (Erfanifar et al, 2022). In conditional valuation based on the open-end method, consumers are asked to express their willingness to pay for using a product and service. In this method, people answer the questions easily and easily.In this research, the influencing factors on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil in Zahedan city were investigated using Heckman's two-stage method in 2022, and the statistical sample of this research was 300 citizens of Zahedan. Willingness to pay for transgenic and non-transgenic oil can depend on various reasons, such as individual attitude towards the environment, economic-livelihood, cultural status, household dimension, the volume of oil use, etc. To identify and separate the variables that affect the decision of willingness to pay and the amount of willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil (the action stage after the decision), Heckman's two-stage model was estimated. Thus, the model has one dependent variable and seven independent variables described in table (1).

The results of the ordinary least squares model show that the variables of education, household income, amount of transgenic oil consumption, and consumer's attitude towards health have a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil, but the variable of the household dimension on the willingness to pay non-GMO oil has had a negative and significant effect. The most positive effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil belongs to the consumer's attitude towards the environment, that is, the more the consumer has information and awareness about the benefits of non-GM oil and its impact on the health of the family and the environment. This has led to a change in the individual's choice, and the person replaces the non-transgenic oil in their shopping basket as much as possible with the transgenic oil, and in a way, the consumer is willing to pay a higher price than the transgenic oil. This is because they know that non-GMO oil is produced naturally and cares about the health of the person and does not cause any harm to the environment. After the consumer's attitude, the person's education has the greatest impact on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil. There is a close relationship between education and the consumer's attitude towards the environment, in such a way that with the educational and scientific growth of the person, the person's attitude is affected and with the change of the consumer's attitude towards the environment, the consumer of non-transgenic oil prefers it to GM oil and leads to a change in the individual's choice. Since non-transgenic oil is considered as a normal commodity, there is a direct relationship between income and the willingness to pay for transgenic oil, so that the higher the income of the household, the greater the purchasing power of the household, and due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil, compared to for transgenic, households tend to pay more for the consumption of non-transgenic oil. There is a positive and significant relationship between the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil and the consumption of transgenic oil, which indicates that there is a substitution relationship between transgenic and non-transgenic oil. In such a way that with the increase in the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, the consumption of GM oil increases, and finally, the household size variable has a negative and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, that is, the larger the size and size of the household becomes, due to The increase in household expenses due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil compared to transgenic oil reduces the purchasing power of the household, and as a result, the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil decreases. Therefore, it is suggested that by providing information and increasing awareness about the benefits of using non-genetically modified oil, the consumer's attitude towards the use of non-genetically modified oil should be influenced in order to protect the environment in order to improve the willingness to pay for non-genetically modified oil.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is a step in the direction of controlling and preventing the destruction of places and environmental species. Among environmental resources, forest areas play a very important role in increasing human well-being. On the other hand, forest areas provide products such as fodder and medicinal plants and services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, soil and water protection. On the other hand, recreational uses such as walking and mountain climbing are used and they have existential and heritage values. The aim of the current research is to estimate the economic value of recreational services as well as the conservation value and the use value of Birk Forest Park. The necessary information for valuing recreational services has been obtained by completing a two-dimensional double-choice questionnaire online, and the necessary information for consumption values has been obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire. Probit model has been used to measure people's willingness to pay. Based on the results of the research, about 68% of the surveyed people are willing to pay for the recreational use of the Birak forest area, and the willingness to pay for recreational and conservation use is 8850, respectively. Estimated at 4385 Tomans. The total value of its annual recreational use was estimated at 1397 million Rials. Also, the annual direct and indirect use value of the studied area is equal to 187,247 million rials. The results of the probit model show that the variables of income, education, gender have a positive effect and the variable of age has a negative effect on willingness to pay.

The aim of this reserch is the study of the willingness to pay to decrease the haze in Ahvaz city. For this porpuse, the sampling data of 200 households of Ahvaz city as well as the contingent valuation method were used. The results show the avarage of the monthly willingness to pay for each person is 71323 Rial. Also, the variablies age, offered price, education level have negative effect, and the variablies income level, and illness have positive effect on the willingness to pay. The aim of this reserch is the study of the willingness to pay to decrease the haze in Ahvaz city. For this porpuse, the sampling data of 200 households of Ahvaz city as well as the contingent valuation method were used. The results show the avarage of the monthly willingness to pay for each person is 71323 Rial. Also, the variablies age, offered price, education level have negative effect, and the variablies income level, and illness have positive effect on the willingness to pay.

Establishing the marine protected areas is a solution to reduce pressures on the marine environment. But it can also have some benefits of sustainable tourism. The entrance fee for tourists who are willing to visit these areas is one way to earn money. In Iran، there is some marine parks that there is no cost for visiting them. One of them is Nayband Bay marine national park which is located in two provinces named Bushehr and Hormozgan in the south of Iran. In this regard، Nayband National Park protected area is an important area for protecting biodiversity. But protected areas could create income and benefits of sustainable tourism. In this paper، a contingent valuation approach has been applied to estimate the best entrance fee for visitors. A one-and-one-halfbound approach has been used and the vehicle payment is explained as an entrance fee to visit the Nayband National Park. According to demand function and marginal income، the best price for having maximum income adapted with WTP of visitors is about 40000 Rls ($1. 2) for each visitor for year 2014. It is important to note that this entrance fee should increase according to inflation rate annually.