تمرین هوازی

Electromagnetic fields have a detrimental effect on the human heart and liver system. Considering the impact of physical activity on human health, the present study aims to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic training on liver enzymes, heart weight, body weight, and the heart weight-to-body weight ratio in rats exposed to electromagnetic waves.

In this experimental study, 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control group without any intervention, (2) a control group exposed to wireless electromagnetic radiation, (3) an aerobic exercise group exposed to wireless electromagnetic radiation, and (4) an aerobic exercise group without electromagnetic radiation (each group has 8 rats). Groups 2 and 3 were exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 1 hour a day over eight weeks. The samples from groups 3 and 4 underwent treadmill exercise three times a week for the same duration. Serum levels of were measured, and the groups were compared. alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase

Exposure to wireless radiation had no significant effect on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, but it resulted in increased weight, heart weight, and the heart weight-to-body weight ratio in rats (P<0.05). Aerobic exercises led to decreased weight, heart weight, and the heart weight-to-body weight ratio in rats exposed to wireless radiation (P<0.05). Additionally, aerobic exercise increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in rats under wireless radiation (P<0.05). Notably, aspartate aminotransferase levels in the aerobic exercise group were significantly higher than those in the aerobic exercise group exposed to wireless radiation (P<0.05).

It seems that electromagnetic radiation has no effect on liver enzymes, while it increases the levels of weight, heart weight and the ratio of heart weight to body weight in rats. Performing aerobic exercises reduces the weight, heart weight and ratio of heart weight to body weight of rats exposed to wireless radiation and has a positive effect on liver enzymes.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training and cinnamon supplementation on the expression of the resistin gene in the slow twitch muscle tissue of male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet. The statistical sample of the research consists of 50 two-month-old male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into five groups, and each group consisted of ten rats. The mice had daily access to 20 grams of pellets and 10-12 ml of water per 100 grams of body weight. The groups receiving high-fat food used high-fat food emulsion daily of 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight. The aerobic exercise group participated in the aerobic exercise program on the electronic treadmill five days a week for six weeks. The cinnamon extract group received 200 mg per kilogram of body weight for 6 weeks. To analyze the data, dependent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance and, Tukey's follow-up were used. The results showed that the effects of a high-fat diet, combination of high-fat diet and aerobic exercise, the combination of high-fat diet and cinnamon, and a combination of high-fat diet, aerobic exercise and cinnamon on resistin gene variables in slow-twitch muscle tissue are significant (p ≥ 0.05). As a result, considering the optimal and favorable effects of taking cinnamon extract along with performing aerobic exercise on body weight and resistance gene expression and adjusting the adverse effects of consuming a high-fat diet, it is recommended to use cinnamon extract along with performing aerobic exercise.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the metabolism of sugar or blood glucose. This disease is caused by insulin resistance in the body. Diabetes can lead to various complications in the body, including liver damage. Berberine reduces the amount of damage caused by oxidative stress on mitochondria and increases the antioxidant capacity of liver tissue. exercise training causes mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with different doses of berberine chloride on the apoptosis of liver cells in diabetic male rats with streptozotocin.

In this experimental study, 64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 8. The groups include the control group, diabetic, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic and taking berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise, taking berberine chloride with a dose of 15 mg/kg, diabetic with aerobic exercise and the consumption of berberine chloride with a dose of 30 mg/kg, diabetics with aerobic exercise and the control group with aerobic exercise were divided. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60mg/kg was used to make diabetic groups diabetic. Berberine chloride (15 and 30 mg/Kg) was taken orally by gavage once a day. The exercise groups performed aerobic exercise for 6 weeks with an intensity of 50-55% of maximum oxygen consumption. 48 hours after the last training session, the liver tissue was extracted to check the changes of caspase3 protein. Using the TUNEL method, the amount of apoptosis in the liver tissue was evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up test.

In the present study, diabetic rats showed a significant increase in liver tissue apoptosis and caspase3 protein expression. Treatment of diabetic animals with berberine in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg led to a significant reduction of apoptotic cells in diabetic rats. The expression of caspase3 protein in the diabetic group with aerobic exercise and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 30 mg/kg was significantly decreased compared to the diabetic group and berberine chloride consumption at a dose of 15 mg/kg.

It seems that the treatment of diabetic rats with berberine chloride together with exercise activity was able to prevent the occurrence of apoptosis in the liver tissue and improve the liver damage caused by diabetes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on the CT and TT genotypes of the rs2070744 polymorphism of the NOS3 gene and the changes in aerobic performance of untrained women. For this purpose, 29 inactive women aged 30 to 45 were randomly selected from volunteer women in Shahriar city. The subjects did 8 weeks of aerobic training with a frequency of 5 sessions per week and each session lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 55 to 75% of the reserve heart rate, so that in the first two weeks with 55 to 65% of the maximum heart rate, in two weeks Second, they trained with 60 to 65% of the maximum heart rate and the last 4 weeks with 65 to 75% of the maximum heart rate. 10 minutes for warming up and 10 minutes for cooling down were considered in each training session. Bruce's 7-step test was used to determine VO2max before and after training.Then, among the subjects who were able to perform the desired test based on the researcher's expectation, saliva sampling was done for DNA sequencing to determine the genotypes. The RFLP method was used to determine the genotype. The results of the data analysis were analyzed using the dependent t-test and the results showed that the VO2max level in women with CT genotype was not significant before and after the exercise intervention (p = 0.015), the amount of VO2max in women who had the TT genotype was not significant before and after the exercise intervention (p = 0.110). In this research, it was shown that the significant improvement of Vo2max did not depend on their genotypic differences, and no significant relationship was observed between the CT and TT genotypes of the rs2070744 polymorphism of the NOS3 gene and the changes in aerobic performance of obese untrained women after 8 weeks of aerobic training.

New studies show that inhibiting the growth of tumorsby reducing the expression of angiogenesis factors in various ways, including sports activity, can be a valuable method in controlling the progress of cancer. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 play a vital role in inducing and maintaining tumor angiogenesis. The present research aimed to compare the effect of two selected exercise programs on the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 genes in the tumor tissue of female balb-c mice with breast cancer.

Twenty-four female balb-c mice were infected with breast tumor by injection of MC4L2 estrogen receptor dependent cancer cells. Then, they were divided into three groups of eight: tumor (T), tumor +aerobic exercise (T+AE), and tumor + high intensity interval training (T+HIIT). The T+AE group performed an aerobic exercise protocol for six weeks, five days a week, and each session lasted 60 minutes. The T+HIIT group performed high intensity interval training protocol three days a week for six weeks, and each session lasted 60 minutes. Finally, mice were anesthetized by injecting ketamine and xylazine, the tumor tissue was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 was measured by Real Time-PCR method, and the results were expressed as fold change at a significant level (P<0.05) with GENEX software.

The results showed that the aerobic exercise protocol had no significant effect on the expression of galectin-1 in the T+AE group, compared to the T group, while it decreased the expression of galectin-3 by 1.70 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T group, the expression of galectin- 1 decreased 3.04 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 6.57 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T+ group, AE, the expression of galectin-1, decreased 2.58 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 3.86 times (P=0.00).

Aerobic exercise by reducing the expression of galectin-3 and high intensity interval training by reducing the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 are effective in preventing the progression of breast cancer.

Diabetes is considered as one of the most developed diseases in the world and one of the main causes of death. One of the ways to prevent diabetes and its complications is to exercise in different ways. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 12 weeks of continuous and interval training on fetuin b, fetuin a and glypican 4 plasma and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic rats.For this purpose, 40 type 1 diabetic mice were divided into 4 groups: healthy control, diabetes control, continuous diabetes, and diabetes interval. The interval group performed six repetitions per session by running on the treadmill in 3-minute intervals at a speed of 20 meters per minute and active recovery at a speed of 10 meters per minute with a 0% incline for 3 minutes on the treadmill (total duration of 36 minutes). The continuous training group also ran at a speed of 15 meters per minute for 36 minutes with a slope of 0%. Rats were killed 48 hours after the last training session and blood sampling was done. To compare between groups, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. Examining changes between groups showed that there is a significant difference between groups for insulin resistance, fetuin b, fetuin a and glypican 4 plasma (P<0.001). Examination of between groups changes showed that insulin resistance, fetuin b, fetuin a, and glypican 4 plasma had a significant decrease in the healthy group compared to the diabetic group (P<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the diabetes control group and the continues and interval groups in all indicators (P<0.001). The results of the present study showed that interval and continuous exercise can reduce plasma fetuin b, fetuin a and glypican 4 in type 1 diabetic rats. These improvements were better in the interval training group than in the continuous training group.

Adiponectin is a peptide hormone that is secreted from adipose tissue in humans and is effective on fat and glucose metabolism. Interleukin-6 also has the main role in various types of host defense mechanisms, including immune reactions and acute phase reactions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the short-term effects of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet and curcumin extract on the expression of adiponectin and interleukin genes in six muscle tissues of male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 50 two-month-old male rats were prepared and divided into five control groups, high-fat diet, curcumin and high-fat diet, exercise and high-fat diet, curcumin + exercise + high-fat diet. Data analysis was compared using one-way analysis of variance. The mean of intra-group differences was also compared using the one-way statistical test. The results showed that the average expression of the adiponectin gene of the subjects showed a significant difference among the 5 groups. The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test also showed a significant difference between the control group and other groups. Also, the expression of interleukin 6 gene increased in two groups - high-fat diet and high-fat + curcumin diet group compared to the control group. But in two groups of high-fat diet + exercise and high-fat diet + exercise + curcumin group, there was a significant decrease.

Statement of the problem: 

The liver is the main organ responsible for metabolic control and metabolic detoxification, which significantly contributes to the clearance of beta-amyloid plaques. 

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with a supplement of vitamin C on liver enzymes and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values in rats with Alzheimer's disease.

This was an experimental and fundamental research with a post-test and a control group conducted on 35 aged male Sprague-Dawley rats. The samples were randomly assigned to five groups (7 cases in each group), including 1) Alzheimer, 2) the healthy, 3) the exercise group, 4) the vitamin C, and 5) the exercise+vitamin C group. Aerobic exercise was continued for eight weeks, Total protein in liver tissue was measured to assess TAC, Malondialdehyde (MDA, alanine aminotransferase (AST), alkane phosphatase (AST), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels.

The values of AST, ALT and ALP, MDA, and TAC in the control group with Alzheimer's disease were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (P<0.05). After the intervention, AST, ALT, and ALP in the exercise and vitamin C supplement groups were significantly lower than in the non-exercise groups (P=0.001).

Aerobic exercise and vitamin C supplementation are effective in improving liver factors in rats with Alzheimer's disease; however, they have no therapeutic effect on MDA and TAC levels in rats with Alzheimer's.

Diabetes is one of the main causes of death in developing countries. One of the ways to prevent diabetes and its complications is to do physical activity and use antioxidant supplements. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and stevia on fetuin b, pentraxin 3 and GDF-15 in plasma and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic rats. For this purpose, 25 type 1 diabetic mice were divided into 5 groups: healthy control, diabetes control, supplemental diabetes, training diabetes, and training-supplement diabetes. The training program of the rats was for a period of 65 days, with a speed of 20 to 30 m/min and an intensity of 10-25 m/min. Stevia dosage was 250 mg per kilogram of body weight by gavage. Mice were killed 48 hours after the last training session and blood sampling was done. To compare between groups, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. Examining the changes between groups showed that there is a significant difference between the groups for fetoin b, pentraxin 3 and plasma GDF-15 (p < 0.001). Examining the changes between groups showed that fetoin B and GDF-15 had a significant increase and pentraxin had a significant decrease in the healthy group compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the diabetes control group and the supplement and exercise groups in all indicators (p < 0.001. The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise and stevia supplementation can decrease fetoin b and GDF-15 and increase pentraxin 3 in type 1 diabetic rats. These improvements were better in the group that took exercise and supplementation at the same time.

Doxorubicin is a pervasive drug in cancer treatment, but its consumption is restricted due to various side effects in the body tissues. Therefore, this research aimed to reduce the side effects of this drug through the impact of a period of aerobic training along with the consumption of curcumin nano micelles on the expression level of CAS3, CAS9, BCL2, and BAX genes in cardiac tissues of Balb C mice with breast cancer induced by 4T1 cell line.

24 female Balb/C mice were randomly assigned to four control groups:  treated with doxorubicin, treated with doxorubicin and aerobic exercise training, treated with doxorubicin and nanocurcumin and bimardoxorubicin supplement, aerobic exercise training, and supplement. The 4T1 cell line, arising mouse mammary tumor, was used in this study. Doxorubicin (2mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously six times on days 28, 21, 14, 7, 1, and 35.

Aerobic exercise training significantly decreased the expression level of CAS3, CAS9 and BAX genes, while it had no significant effect on the level of BCL2 (P≤ 0/05). Nanomicelle curcumin supplement caused a significant decrease in the expression of CAS3 and CAS9 genes, but it had no significant effect on the BAX gene expression. However, it caused a significant increase in BCL2 gene expression (P≤ 0/05).

It can be concluded that aerobic exercise training and consumption of Nano micelles containing curcumin as a therapeutic supplement alone or simultaneously reduced sensitivity to cardiac apoptosis and protected non-target tissues in the heart during doxorubicin therapy. Doxorubicin (DOX) inhibits the growth of tumor cells and improves the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

Chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer has many side effects on the liver tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on oxidative stress indices in the liver of mice with cancer treated with doxorubicin.

The present study is basic and experimental. Thirty-six female BALB/c mice weighing 20 ± 2 g were randomly divided into 6 groups: healthy, patient, patient + treatment (doxorubicin), patient + treatment + training, patient + treatment + supplement, and patient + treatment + supplement + aerobic exercise. Cancer was induced by the injection of the 4T1 cell line. Doxorubicin was injected subcutaneously on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and curcumin was given orally. Aerobic exercise consisted of 30 minutes of running at an intensity of 40%-60% of the maximum speed, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks. The training started at 14 m/min in the first week and finally reached 18 m/min. Two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the interactive effect of exercise and supplementation on the expression of target genes.

The interactive effect of curcumin and aerobic exercise on the expression of GSH (P = 0.054), SOD (P = 0.145), and CAT (P = 1.000) genes and concentration of MDA (P = 0.087) was not statistically significant.

It seems that aerobic exercise with curcumin may not have protective effects on the liver against oxidative stress caused by the drug; however, more studies are needed in this area.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the AT and TT genotypes of the VEGFR gene polymorphism rs1870377 and the changes in aerobic performance of untrained women. For this purpose, 29 inactive women aged 30 to 45 were randomly selected from volunteer women in Shahriar, Tehran Province. The Subjects did 8 weeks of aerobic training in 5 sessions per week and each session lasted 30 minutes with an intensity of 55 to 75% of reserve heart rate. In the first two weeks, they trained with 55-65% of the maximum heart rate, and in the second two weeks with 60-65% of the maximum heart rate, and in the last 4 weeks with 65-75% of the maximum heart rate. 10 minutes for warming up and 10 minutes for cooling down were considered in each training session. Bruce's seven-step test was used to determine the VO2max before and after the exercises. The test started with a slope equal to 10% and a speed of 2.7 km/min on the treadmill, and each stage was completed in three minutes, so that in the seventh stage, the slope was 22% and the speed was 9.6. Then, among the subjects who were able to perform the desired test based on the researcher's expectation, saliva sampling was done for DNA sequencing to determine the genotypes. The RFLP method was used to determine the gene genotype. Enzymatic digestion at 65 degrees Celsius overnight, including one microliter of enzyme, 3 microliters of PCR product, 2 microliters of special buffer and 15 microliters of deionized water was used. The results of data analysis were analyzed using the dependent t test. The results showed that VO2max in women with AT genotype was not significant before and after exercise intervention (p = 0.840). The amount of VO2max in women with AT genotype was not significant on average before and after exercise intervention (p = 0.633). Also, the amount of VO2max in women with AT genotype, after exercise intervention, was not significant compared to TT genotype. In this research, it was shown that the significant improvement of Vo2max did not depend on their genotypic differences, and between AT and TT genotypes, the rs1870377 polymorphism of the VEGFR gene and the changes in aerobic performance of obese untrained women after eight weeks of aerobic training no significant relationship was observed.

The lung is one of the important tissues of the body and is constantly in contact with the highest oxygen pressure and air pollution, which is very sensitive to the production of free radicals due to the low capacity of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the present study was to evaluateeffects of aerobic exercise and ethanolic extract of purslane seed on ATP, O-6-MethylguanineDNA methyltransferase (MGMT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and prooxidant-antioxidant balance(PAB) levels in the lung tissue of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

In this experimental trial, 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups: (1) control + H2O2 , (2) aerobic exercise, (3) aerobic exercise and 50 mg/kg purslane seed extract, (4) aerobic exercise and 200 mg/kg purslane seed extract, (5) aerobic exercise and 400 mg/kg purslane seed extract, (6) 50 mg/kg purslane seed extract, (7) 200 mg/kg purslane seed extract, (8) 400 mg/kg purslane seed extract, and (9) healthy control. Oxidative stress was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 mmol/kg hydrogen peroxide three times a week for eight weeks. Aerobic exercise was performed three sessions a week for eight weeks, and the purslane seed extract was intraperitoneally injected daily at the mentioned doses.

Aerobic exercise and purslane seed extract alone or combined significantly increased ATP, MGMT and significantly reduced MDA and PAB levels in lung tissue of rats exposed to hydrogen peroxide (P<0.05). Moreover, the effect of purslane seed extract was dose dependent.

It seems that aerobic exercise together with consumption of purslane seeds each alone and in combination have interactive effects in reducing oxidative stress, repairing DNA and improving mitochondrial function in the lung tissue of rats poisoned with H2O2.

Aging causes structural changes in the heart that are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a period of aerobic and resistance training on some metalloproteins that affect heart fibrosis in elderly mice.

For the present experimental study, 27 male Wistar rats with an average age of 24 months were prepared from the center of Pasteur Institute and after weighing were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, resistance training and low intensity aerobic training. Then, the aerobic training group started training for 12 minutes with an intensity of 12 meters per minute in the first week, and at the end of the eighth week, the time reached 52 minutes and the intensity was constant. The resistance training group did 8 repetitions in the first week with 5% of body weight and in the eighth week the intensity reached 40% of body weight. Sampling was performed 48 hours after the last training session.

results showed that there was a significant difference between the effect of aerobic and resistance training methods on MMP-2 and the percentage of collagen deposition in the heart tissue of elderly mice. But there is no significant difference between the effect of two training methods on MMP-9.

According to the results, the use of aerobic and resistance training on heart fibrosis is recommended in consultation with a physician, which is more recommended on the use of resistance training.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that leads to loss of nerve cells and impaired memory and learning. This study aims at investigating the effect of an aerobic exercise course before and after Alzheimer's disease induction on memory and learning of amyloid beta-infected Alzheimer's disease rats. Sixty Wistar rats with a mean weight of 195±17.20 g were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran in the pre-Alzheimer's disease induction stage. After two weeks, the rats were randomly divided into two equal groups of control (30 heads) and experiment (30 heads). After four weeks of training, the rats in each group were divided into three subgroups: 1. Amyloid beta injection 2. Placebo injection 3. No injection. The rats in the Alzheimer's disease groups got Alzheimer's disease by injecting Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus. The aerobic exercise protocol was five days a week for four weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rats' memory and learning were assessed by using the Morris water maze test. Data was analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA. Significance between variables was considered at the level of P ≤ 0.05.The results of studying the learning and memory in different groups revealed that exercise groups showed better results than other groups in both Alzheimer's disease rats and healthy rats after a training period before and after Alzheimer's disease induction (P ≤ 0.05). Many studies have shown that physical activity and exercise may improve cognitive function and delay the onset of AD and other diseases associated with dementia. These results are supported by several studies that have shown that physical activity reduces the levels of AD-related factors.
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In addition to their therapeutic purposes, steroids have been abused a lot and have had many side effects. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on structural and biochemical changes in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats receiving therapeutic dosages and abuse of Boldenone steroid. Therefore, 49 male rats with 12 weeks of age and 190 g mean weight were divided into 7 groups: control group, sham, therapeutic dosage (2 mg / kg), abuse dosage (5 mg / kg), aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise + therapeutic dosage and aerobic exercise + abuse dosage. Injections were given in the same day of the week on the back of rats with a graduated insulin syringe and placebo was used. The aerobic protocol included running five days a week for eight weeks on a rodent treadmill at a speed of 30 meters per minute and 60 minutes training. The samples were first anesthetized and blood and tissue samples were transferred to the relevant laboratories. The results were also analyzed by SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in final weight gain and cardiac troponin (p <0.05). Also, plasma testosterone levels in steroid-receiving rats decreased significantly in both therapeutic and abusive dosages compared to the exercise groups (p <0.05). On the other hand, the amount of running distance in rodent aerobic function test in steroid and exercise groups was significantly higher than other groups (p <0.05). Generally, data showed that aerobic exercise can prevent the reduction of endogenous testosterone but it has no effect on cardiac troponin levels and rat weight. In addition, Boldenone steroid appears to be effective on increasing the aerobic function of rats.

Cardiotoxicity is an unavoidable complication after chemotherapy. The present study investigated the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise (high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training) with and without blood flow restriction on some anthropometric indices in women with breast cancer who had chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.

Twenty breast cancer patients with cardiotoxicity participated in this study (age: 21-34 years and body mass index: 26-57 kg/m2). Patients were randomly divided into groups of high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training with limited blood flow, and moderate-intensity aerobic training with limited blood flow. Patients then received the interventions for 12 weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after the intervention, data related to patients’ anthropometric indices were collected using a body composition analyzer (X-CONTACT 356) and analyzed using a MANCOVA test.

Weight, body mass index and final score of the body analyzer in the high-intensity interval training group with restricted blood flow improved significantly compared with the groups without restricting blood flow (P < 0.05). High-intensity interval training and restriction of blood flow reduced the percentage of body fat and age-appropriate body, increased muscle tissue, and the waist to hip ratio compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (P<0.05). Basal metabolic rate was not affected by exercise type but increased with blood flow restriction (P < 0.05).

The present study suggests the use of a combination of physical activity and restriction of blood flow as a solution for the recovery of breast cancer patients with treatment‑related cardiotoxicity (in the case of the components of the present study).

In recent decades, the significant role of angiogenesis in the growth and metastasis of cancer has led to much research in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of 6 weeks of continuous aerobic training and quercetin on TIE-2 and VEGF-A expression in female mice with breast cancer.

Twenty-four female BALB/c mice with breast cancer were randomly divided into 3 groups: tumor (T), tumor+aerobic exercise (T+AE), and tumor+aerobic exercise+quercetin (T+AE+Q). The T+AE group and the T+AE+Q group performed endurance running exercise on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, 60 minutes per session, with a gradual increase in intensity over the training period. The T+AE +Q group was injected with 110 mg.kg-1 of quercetin solution for 6 weeks, /3 days per week/ in addition to exercise. Eventually, the mice were killed, and the tumor tissues were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of TIE-2 and VEGF-A genes was measured using real-time PCR. ΔCt, ΔΔCt, and the fold change were calculated, and one-way analyses of variance with Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Data analysis was conducted using the GenEx software.

The results showed that T+AE+Q interaction significantly reduced VEGF-A expression (4.09 times decrease) compared with the T group (P< 0.05). Quercetin consumption in the T+AE+Q group significantly reduced VEGF-A expression (2.72 times) compared with the T+AE group (P< 0.05)., However, aerobic exercise alone had no effect on VEGF-A expression. Also, aerobic exercise alone or in combination with quercetin had no effect on TIE-2 expression.

The interaction of aerobic exercise and quercetin supplementation may be effective in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and oral consumption of Iranian saffron flower on Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four people from the research community were randomly selected and divided into four groups (11 people in each group) 1. supplement + exercise, 2. exercise + placebo, 3. placebo and 4. supplement. The training protocol in the first session included 20 minutes of activity with an intensity of 40 to 45% of the maximum heart rate, increased by 5 minutes every week for 9 weeks and 5% of the intensity of activity every two weeks. Due to the lack of regular physical activity and low physical fitness of these people, aerobic exercise started with a heart rate of 40-45% of the maximum heart rate and the intensity and duration of exercise increased gradually and continuously every week. The placebo and saffron supplement groups were asked not to exercise during this period. The amount of 200 mg of powdered saffron flower in capsules of the same color and shape with placebo capsules containing 200 mg of wheat flour was prepared. The results within the group indicated a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in all groups except the placebo group (P≤0.05). Besides, the comparison of the results between groups in the variables of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 showed a significant difference between all groups receiving the intervention in the post-test phase with the placebo group (P=0.0001). Although exercise has benefits in improving diabetics, but according to the results of the present study, supplementation with saffron extract can lead to a further increase in omentin-1 and nesfatin-1.

Obesity has become a global problem today. Obesity can be caused by sedentary lifestyle and a high-cholesterol diet. This condition increases oxidative stress and decreases the activity of oxidative enzymes, resulting in many complications, including cardiovascular disorders. Aerobic exercise and avoidance of high-fat diets are used as a non-pharmacological intervention to increase antioxidant capacity; however, the exact mechanisms of this on the cardiovascular system have not yet been fully identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on cardiac antioxidant enzymes in mice fed high cholesterol diet. Thirty-two laboratory Wistar rats (191.2 ± 19 g), age 6-8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups after the hypercholesterolemia induction of half of the rats (adding 1% cholesterol to the food of the rats and sampling the tails of the rats). These four groups comprised of the aerobic exercise-normal nutrition group (n=8), hypercholesterolemic group (n=8), aerobic exercise- hypercholesterolemic group (n=8) and normal nutrition group (n=8). Each endurance exercise training session was held five days a week for 12 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the rats were killed and the cardiomyocytes were removed. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes was evaluated by specific kits. The results showed that increasing blood cholesterol had a statistically significant effect on reducing SOD, CAT, and GPX in heart tissue (p=0.001). Furthermore, it was found that aerobic exercise significantly increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes (p=0.001). The highest decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes was related to the hypercholesterolemic group and the highest increase was related to the aerobic exercise-normal nutrition group. Cholesterol-rich diets reduce the activity of antioxidants in the heart. Although aerobic exercise increases the heart’s antioxidant activity, it seems that avoiding a high-cholesterol diet can play a more effective role.