تنظیم کننده رشد

Drought stress as a non-biological stress in nature has several dimensions and affects plants at different levels. During prolonged drought stress, the amount of water in the plant cells decreases and causes thorogenesis, which eventually leads to plant death. The concentration of solutions in the cytosol and extracellular matrices increases due to drought stress in plants and cell development decreases as a result, which leads to growth inhibition and failure to reproduce. Subsequently, the plant withers with the accumulation of abscisic acid and compatible osmolytes such as proline. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and formation of scavenging compounds of radicals such as ascorbate and glutathione take place at this stage. Drought stress also affects stomatal closure, physiological traits, gas exchange, reduced transpiration, and reduced carbon assimilation (photosynthesis). Drought stress also affects stomatal closure, physiological traits, gas exchange, transpiration reduction, and carbon assimilation reduction (photosynthesis). Negative effects on mineral metabolism and nutrition (absorption and transport of nutrients) reduce leaf area and change the distribution of assimilates between organs.
Organic matter is essential for fertility and preservation of soil biological, chemical and physical properties. Recently, much attention has been paid to the possibility of using organic matter to improve plant growth. Humic substances (humic acid and folic acid) are among the organic substances that are used as growth regulators under suitable irrigation conditions and drought.
In recent years, the number of studies on melatonin in plants has increased significantly. The wide range of functions in different organisms indicates the potential of this substance in plant physiology. Its role as an anti-stress agent against stressors such as water, salinity, low temperature and high temperature, UV and toxic chemicals has been analyzed. The antioxidant role and growth promoter (among other melatonin functions in the plant) is very important. Melatonin is a polar molecule with diverse physiological and cellular functions. Melatonin has received a great deal of attention in recent years, as research has shown that melatonin is widely found in the leaves, roots, stems, fruits, and seeds of all plant species.
To date, numerous applications of fulvic acid and melatonin in agriculture, food industry and animal sciences have been proposed, but unfortunately few studies have been conducted on the simultaneous use of fulvic acid and melatonin in agriculture, which necessitates research in this area. Therefore, considering the economic importance and increasing demand for small fruits, especially strawberries, in this study, the effect of fulvic acid and melatonin on the biochemical properties of strawberries under water stress was investigated.

This experiment was performed in Bostanabad city (East Azerbaijan province) in Iran. Strawberry seedlings (Kamarosa cultivar) were obtained from a commercial strawberry growing greenhouse in Urmia in October and transferred to the greenhouse in cultivation trays. Laboratory studies were performed in the laboratories of the Department of Horticulture and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University. This experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 factors in 4 replications. Factors include water stress at three levels of 100 (full irrigation (control), 25 and 50%, maintainable water drain), fulvic acid at three levels (control, 200 and 400 mg/l) and melatonin at three levels (control, 75 and 150 μM). After complete establishment and cooling of plants, melatonin and fulvic acid were applied to the treatments in three stages through foliar application. The first stage was performed after complete establishment of the plant (15 days after planting), the second stage was performed 10 days after the initial time of treatment and the third stage was performed 10 days after the second stage of foliar application. It should be noted that distilled water was used to treat the plants in the control group.
In order to apply water stress to the plants, at first the soil is completely dried (to decrease the effect of moisture on the weight of the soil in the pot), then the same amount of coarse sand was poured on the floor after weighing to create sufficient drainage in the pots. The pots were then placed on a scale (accurate to one tenth of a gram) and the soil mixture was poured into all of them. Then one of the pots was selected randomly and the soil inside it was completely submerged and covered with plastic and allowed the gravity water to come out. Because this part of the soil moisture is useless for the plant and must be drained. The pot was weighed and taken daily for a week (until the weight of the pot was fixed) after the soil moisture reached the field capacity. Then the soil inside the pot was emptied in a special container and the mass of the container along with the soil inside it was recorded and dried in an oven at 105 ° C for 24 hours. After removing from the oven, the soil with the container was weighed again and the difference between these two masses (before the oven and after the oven) showed the mass of water (Mw) of the soil in the pot in the last stage of the experiment. The mass of the container was deducted from the mass of the soil sample along with the container after the oven and the mass of dry soil (Ms) was calculated. Finally, the mass moisture content (θm) was obtained using the following equation.
Measurement and amount of Mw according to the relationship between humidity (mass moisture (θm)) at that stage, was obtained after obtaining moisture in the last stage of the experiment and adding the mass difference of the pots in each time period. (Given that the difference in the mass of the pots on each successive day indicates the amount of water evaporated and the amount of dry soil at each stage is constant). By obtaining the mass of the pot and the mass moisture, a linear relationship between them was drawn by Excel software. The moisture content of the pots was calculated by the regression relationship with the mass of the pots at the stress levels.

Analysis of variance of data showed that the effect of drought stress and its interactions with fulvic acid and melatonin treatment on yield, RWC, electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzymes activity were statistically significant. The interactions between treatments (drought stress, fulvic acid and melatonin) were statistically significant and only the triple effects of catalase were not statistically significant. The results showed that the drought satress (25 and 50%, maintainable water drain) without the application of fulvic acid and melatonin ecreased yield, RWC and increased electrolyte leakage. But application of fulvic acid and melatonin increased the yield and RWC under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the application of fulvic acid and melatonin reduced the oxidative damage (electrolyte leakage) in the plants through increased enzymatic activity under drought stress conditions. Generally, the highest and lowest yield was obtained in control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying with melatonin (150 µM) and 50%, maintainable water drain which were 693.54 and 504.78 g, respectively. The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and fulvic acid (400 mg/l) which were 2.929 and 1.426 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest peroxidase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (75 µM) and fulvic acid (200 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying fulvic acid (400 mg/l) which were 2.411 and 0.58 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest superoxide dismutase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying melatonin (150 µM) and fulvic acid (400 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying fulvic acid (200 mg/l) which were 96.93 and 36.18 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively. The highest and lowest level electrolyt leakage leaves also were observed in 50%, maintainable water and control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying melatonin (150 µM) and fulvic acid (200 mg/l) which were 96.93 and 36.18 respectively. The highest and lowest relative water content (RWC) were obtained control plants (full irrigation) with foliar spraying with melatonin (150 µM) and 50%, maintainable water drain which were 95.35 and 53.92%, respectively. The highest and lowest catalase activity was obtained in 50%, maintainable water drain with foliar spraying fulvic acid (400 mg/l) and control plants (full irrigation) which were 0.7108 and 0.4946 µmol min-1 gFW-1, respectively.

Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the use of melatonin and fulvic acid may be an effective approach to improve the yield of strawberry plants under drought stress. Melatonin and fulvic acid helped to strengthen the antioxidant enzymes system of strawberry plants, which reduced the oxidative damage. Also, foliar application of melatonin and fulvic acid had a protective role on strawberry plants grown under drought stress and its optimal concentration will be useful in increasing drought tolerance in many crops.

The hyssop belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine and in the pharmaceutical and food industries. It has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antispasmodic activities and is used effectively in the treatment of cough, bronchitis, severe asthma and other respiratory diseases. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/liter) on callusing, growth and production of secondary metabolites of the studied hyssop plant. The results showed that the use of different concentrations of 2,4-D had a significant effect on the percentage of callusing, seedling and root length, seedling fresh weight, number and ​​leaf surface area, content of rosmarinic acid, folic acid, quercetin, luteolin, flavonoid and antioxidant activity. In general, the highest percentage of callusing (97.40%) was achieved with the application of 3 mg/L 2,4-D. The maximum seedling length (8.92 cm), root length (1.66 cm), seedling fresh weight (0.15 g), leaf surface area (1.44 cm2), and number of leaves (21.80) 2,4-D were obtained under the control condition. The maximum amount of rosmarinic acid (0.64 μg/g dry weight) and luteolin (2.42 μg/g dry weight) was observed in the presence of 2 mg/L 2,4-D. The maximum contents of folic acid (36.65 μg/g dry weight), quercetin (1.72 μg/g dry weight), and flavonoid (2.48 mg quercetin/g dry extract) were obtained with application of 1 mg/L 2,4-D.Also, the maximum antioxidant activity (3.98 μg/mL) was obtained by adding 4 mg/L 2,4-D.

Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing plant yield, and understand the ways to deal with drought stress is very important. This experiment was performed to study the effect of foliar application of organic growth stimulants (Hamoon Green ®) on some physiological traits, yield, and oil content of Goldasht safflower cultivar under different levels of drought stress in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design in the Research Farm No.1 of Zabol University located in Jazinak, Sistan Dam, in Zabol with three replications. The main factor of drought stress at 3 levels included full irrigation, irrigation up to the main stem flowering stage, and irrigation up to full flowering stage. The secondary factor was plant growth regulator at four levels including control, 8, 10, and 12 liters per hectare. Measured characteristics included plant height, number of leaves, number of heads per plant, 1000-seed weight, petal weight, stem diameter, seed protein percentage, grain yield, seed oil percentage, proline, catalase and peroxidase. The interaction of growth stimulant levels and drought stress was significant only on plant height, stem diameter, oil percentage, and proline concentration. The maximum plant height (64 cm) and percentage of oil (32.7%) were obtained from non-stress and foliar application of 12 liters of growth stimulant; the highest proline concentration was recorded under foliar application of 12 liters growth regulator the flowering stage of the main stem (0.38%); the maximum stem grain yield (1127.08 kg ha-1) was recorded with the plants sprayed with 12 liters of growth stimulant. In general, foliar application of growth stimulants moderated the negative effects of drought stress on some traits of safflower plant and improved grain yield by 36.6%. Also, irrigation up to the flowering stage of the main stem can lead to the yield similar to full irrigation.

Deterioration is an irreversible feature of the seed that threatens its viability. Seed priming is one of the methods which improves vigor by modifying the structure and performance of deteriorated seeds. In this regard, at the first step, the best priming combination of different concentrations of salicylic acid, thiourea, and gum arabic was selected by germination and seedling traits in deteriorated seeds of canola var. Okapi. Then, using conventional experimental designs, its effect was tested on germination indices, seedling growth, antioxidant enzymes' catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GP), and alpha-amylase (α-amylase). The results of the Taguchi method introduced a combination of 1 mM salicylic acid and 0.75% gum arabic as the best treatment, and its effectiveness was confirmed by subsequent experiments. The stimulating effect of this treatment on germination rate, root and seedling length, and seedling weight was significant compared to the control treatment (p≤0.01). The length and weight of seedlings increased by 30 and 60%, respectively. Enzymatic results showed that the activity of SOD, APX, and α-amylase enzymes was significantly (p≤0.01) increased by the selected treatment by 14, 22.7, and 5.5%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. In general, priming the seeds with a combination of salicylic acid and gum arabic stimulates the defense system and remobilization of reserves, which is reflected in the improvement of germination and seedling indices. Enhancing these factors provides a suitable condition for the optimal establishment of canola in environmental conditions.

The study of plant death is completed by defining plant cell senescence. Senescence is an inseparable part of plant growth. Like many other plant processes, this is a genetic control program that is regulated by a set of environmental and genetic factors. These factors and their mechanisms respond to the relationship between sources and sinks in which glucose signals and hormonal regulation and cellular genetics play a major role. During senescence, nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and glucose are released from the breakdown of macromolecules in leaf cells, to be assigned to growing organs or storage tissues. Symptoms of leaf senescence include chlorophyll loss, dehydration, and eventually plant death. Recognition of senescence is very necessary because with sufficient knowledge, senescence can be manipulated in the desired direction. For example, current molecular genetic approaches are used for postpone senescence, like blocking ethylene production or increasing cytokinin production. They are based on plant hormone mechanisms. Plant storage products increase their life span. In order to understand leaf senescence, many genetic SAGs, especially transcription factors and encoding components of transmission pathways, various gene functional methods are described.

Cumin (Cumin cyminum L.) the only cumin crop in Iran, which is rich in secondary metabolites has great economic value and is. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of growth stimulant of pluramin and bioxa on this plant, a field study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the research farm of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan in 2017- 2018. Experimental factors included foliar application of pluramin at the concentrations of 0, 2.5 and 5 g.l-1 and bioxa at the levels of 0, 5 and 10 ml.l-1. The essential oil was extracted using hydro-distillation method in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The effect of foliar application of pluramin on 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per umbel and essential oil yield and the effect of foliar application of bioxa on plant height, number of seeds per umbel and content and yield of essential oil were significant. The interaction of experimental factors on the number of seeds per umbel, content and yield of essential oil was significant. Comparison of means showed that the highest content and yield of essential oil with a significant difference belonged to the foliar application of 10 ml.l-1 bioxa; after that, spraying 2.5 g.l-1 of pluramin produced the highest content of essential oil. The major compounds identified in all treatments included 3-carn-10-al, para-cement, p-comic aldehyde, gamma-terpinene, beta-pinene and 2-carn-10-al. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from foliar application of 10 ml.l-1 bioxa, which was significantly different from the other levels of foliar application. That is, simultaneous foliar application increased this compound. The highest amount of para-cymene, gamma-terpinene and beta-pinene was obtained by spraying 10 ml.l-1 bioxa and the lowest amount of these compounds were obtained by spraying 5 g.l-1 pluramin and 5 ml.l-1 bioxa. Overall, the results showed that foliar application of growth stimulants of pluramin and bioxa can improve the yield and composition of cumin essential oil under the rainfed conditions.

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of the most economically important crops which is widely used either as fresh fruit or as processed foods. Apple fruit is usually introduced to the markets after a storage period of several months. This makes it important to protect fruits against the post-harvest diseases specially in organic production. Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) is one of these diseases, which due to spreading very fast in storage and producing a carcinogenic compound, called patulin, is of particular importance. In the present study, the impact of methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, beta-aminobutyric acid, and carbocyclic acid sprayed was investigated on blue mold. Apple fruits of 10 cultivars were surface sterilized and inoculated with spores of fungus, and then were treated with the plant growth regulators. The fruit firmness, softening rate and lesion decay were evaluated. Data were analyzed in a factorial design with two factors i.e., cultivar and plant growth regulator in a completely randomized design in R software package. The impact of hormones was significant on controlling the blue mold, and three plant growth regulators, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and beta-amino butyric acid had the greatest inhibitory impact on the disease. Carboxylic acid and abscisic acid had contradictory impacts on different cultivars, and did not result in significant impacts in some cultivars. The results of this study can be used in the breeding programs in order to help better understand plant disease mechanisms. They can also be applied as a practical method to control blue mold in apple.

In order to investigate the effect of dual phosphorus and Azospirilum solubilizing bacteria on hormonal condition and barley grain yield under different levels of nitrogen, an experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, in 2014. The experiment was based on a factorial split plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included the main factor of the Nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0, 50, 75 and 100%, equivalent to zero, 150, 225 and 300 kg per Hectares respectively) and sub factors including Azospirilum lipophorm bacteria in two levels (application and non-application of bacteria) and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium in two levels (application and non-application of bacteria). The results showed that application of 75% nitrogen and A. lipophorum and the application of the main treatment of P. fluorescens produced the highest amount of auxin hormone. The interactions of urea and A. lipophorum and the dual interactions of A. lipophorum and P. fluorescens produced the highest levels of cytokinin hormone. The levels of hormones showed in the triple treatments of 100% nitrogen, A. lipophorum and P. fluorescens bacteria compared to control treatment (not treatments) had 261.1% difference. The highest grain yield were observed in p. fluorescens (4700 kg ha-1) treatment and using 100% application of urea and A. lipophorum (5500 kg ha-1). As a result, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and the use of both types of biological fertilizers led to an increase in the production of hormones that increased root growth, ultimately, increased water absorption and nutrients from the soil and increased grain yield.

Physalis alkekengi L. is planted in gardens and green spaces because of the beautiful and colorful sepals surrounding the fruit. The species is widely used in traditional medicine and treating a range of diseases. Micropropagation of P. alkekengi was evaluated using the node and internode explants. After sterilization and seed germination, sterile seedlings were transformed to basal MS medium to create sterilized seedlings as a source of explants. Regeneration of nodes and internodes explants was studied at various concentrations of growth regulators of 2, 4-D and BAP as well as in medium lacking growth regulators or control (11 various media). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The internodal explants produced shoot on media 2 (0.2mgl-12, 4-D), 3 (0.2mgl-12, 4-D+0/2mgl-1 BAP ), and 4 (0.5mgl-12, 4-D+0.2mgl-1 BAP ) and then were rooted on these media. The nodal explants in control and different hormonal treatments generated shoots; interestingly, shoots generated in control medium successfully established roots on the same medium after 7 days (70%). The other regenerated shoots in different media (10) were rooted on ½ MS medium containing 1mgl-1IBA. The rooted plants were transplanted into pots containing sand as well as perlite to be well acclimated before transfer to the greenhouse. They grew well later in the greenhouse at a 100% success This study shows high in vitro regeneration capability of this species as an important medicinal and ornamental plant. Therefore, it is suggested to use this species in molecular and genetic studies, somaclonal variation, and the production of herbal medicine.

The mass propagation and breeding new varieties of Ziziphus jujuba Mill as a valuable fruit tree and herb, which is well adapted to dry and semi-arid climate, is very important. The aim of the present research was to optimize direct regeneration method in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. In this experimental study, the explants consisted of leaf cut into 3 parts, leaf cut from 4 sides, and full leaf of in vitro and compared in Murashige and Skoog and woody plant media with different concentrations of Thidiazuron (TDZ; 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20μM) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 0 and 1μM). The effect of 2 and 4 weeks of darkness on regeneration rate was investigated. The experiments were conducted in factorial based on a completely randomized design. The mean of statistical data was compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. SAS 9.3.1 software was used and the difference was considered significant at 1% probability level. Findings: The 2 weeks of darkness treatment with the mean of 1.38 was better than the 4 weeks of darkness treatment. The Maximum number of shoots (2.27) was obtained in leaf cut into 3 parts. The maximum percent of regeneration (75.0%) and highest number of regenerated shoots (4.83) were obtained in the MS medium containing 10μΜ TDZ and 1μΜ NAA. Regeneration rates in Ziziphus jujuba Mill is affected by the type of explant, culture media and plant growth regulators. Maximum rate of regeneration is observed in leaf cut into 3 parts and cultured on MS medium containing 1μM NAA and 10μΜ TDZ. Plantlets are rooted and successfully acclimatized at “in vivo” conditions.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate on some physiological characteristics and antioxidant activity of basil under lead toxicity, based on a factorial and completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Research Greenhouse. The experimental treatments included Pb (NO3)2) at three levels of (0, 200, and 400 mg/kg soil) and foliar application of methyl jasmonate at three concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 mM). Measured traits included chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoids, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, antioxidant activity, soluble carbohydrate, total phenol, and proline. Results showed that in the plants treated with lead, the amount of proline, relative water content, chlorophyll a, antioxidant activity and total phenol reduced in comparison with control plants and application of methyl jasmonate (0.5 mM) under lead stress increased these traits. Furthermore, electrolyte leakage increased significantly under lead stress, while it was decreased by spraying with methyl jasmonate. Therefore, using methyl jasmonate is justified for protecting economic performance of plants under stress. Also, application of 0.5 and 1 mM methyl jasmonate reduced and adjusted the effects of stress in the plants under lead stress through stimulating production of antioxidants.

Salicylic acid is one of growth regulator that has important role in regulation physiologic process in plants. Current investigation for studying effect of salicylic acid spraying on qualitative and quantitative characteristics in Rishbaba grape at grape orchard in 2013- 2014, performing in randomized complete block design with 4 repelication. The treatment in experiment was 150 mg/lit concentration of salicylic acid in 4 growth stages includes: vegetative growth, 50% of flowering, complete sour grapes, and three weeks before harvest. The results shows that applying salicylic acid increased cluster number in tree, cluster length, berries number in cluster, length and width of berries, average weight in 100 berries, juice volume, total sugar in fruit, titratable acidity and single seed weight in Rishbaba cultivar than control. Percentage of total soluble solids did not increase than control. In general, results of this research show that 150 mg/lit concentration of salicylic acid spraying has positive effect on improved growth stages and grape production.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatments of growth regulators on the amount of shooting, rooting, callus production and plant regeneration of hairless catmint (Nepeta nuda), in vitro condition.
Material and The seeds of this plant were cultured in MS/2, and then the plantlets were sub-cultured. The obtained samples were cultured in different levels of BA and Kinetin, either alone or in combination with IBA. Leaves of explants were used for callus induction with BA and NAA treatments in both medium (light and dark). Also, for regeneration, the same calluses were used with BA and NAA treatments.
The results of this study showed that, in proliferation part, the highest fresh weight (2315.9 mg) and shoot number (15.22 per each bush) of each plantlet were obtained in 1 mgL-1 BA and 0.25 mgL-1 IBA. Moreover, the BA treatment with 2 mgL-1 concentration cause to produce the longest branches (50.5 cm) and the highest number of nodes (53.6 per plantlet) in each plantlet.
The highest length, number and percentage of root were obtained at MS/2 medium and 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. In callus formation part, the highest fresh weight of callus was related to application of 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. In addition, the highest percentage of callus formation was observed in dark medium and no significant differences were observed between the growth regulator treatments. Furthermore, the highest percentage of regeneration of callus related to both growth regulators treatments included 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.2 mgL-1 NAA (83.2 %) and 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA (81.66 %) with no significant differences between them.
In total, the most useful growth regulator compound for micro-propagation of hairless catmint, which is endangered extinction species, were 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA and NAA.

Momordica charantia L. (Bitter melon) is a perennial tropical plant belongs to Cucurbitaceae family , in rich of iron, phosphorus , vitamins A and C which has an economic importance, but according to limitations dispersal of this plant in Iran, tissue culture technique is suitable for the mass production of plant seedlings. In this research, the seeds of plant were collected from Zabol area in 2013 and the factorial experiment were done in a completely randomized design at three replications with three factors including explants type (leaves, inter nodes, nodes plus internodes) and phytohormone concentrations (2, 4-D at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5 mg per liter and Benzyl adenine (BA) with concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg per liter), were done in GABIT Tissue culture lab. After three months the length, width, height, percentage of callus, callus color, fresh weight and dry weight were measured, respectively. Variance analysis were showed that, all characteristics in different concentration of BA, 2, 4-D and type of explants and their interaction were observed significant (P

Propagation of wild pistachio as a multipurpose woody species is a hard and tedious task. In this research، an effective in vitro protocol was developed for rapid proliferation of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica ssp. mutica) in MS medium supplemented with B5 vitamins and different growth regulators. Rooting of plantlets was tested by two treatments containing Rhizopon and IBA in ex vitro. With respect to the results، the nodal segments explants، produced the highest shoot frequency، leaf frequency and the tallest shoots. On the other hand، the tallest shoots were generated from shoot tip explant and medium containing of TDZ plus IAA. Both treatments (Rhizopon and IBA) led to a remarkable increase in the number of roots، root length and rooting percentage compared to the control. These results may be applied for rapid proliferation to spread the pistachio trees and shrubs that are difficult and time consuming.

Aim and Background. Ant hurium andreanum is a perennial herbaceous plant, and an economically important genus of Araceae. Tissue culture of Anthurium andreanum offers an alternative tool for rapid multiplication in a short period. Materials and Methods. Leaf plate explants of pink cultivar were used. The leaves were cut into 1×1 cm sections. Segments of leaf were sterilized with 1% NaClO for 20 minutes. Explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with IAA (0.1- 0.4 mg/l) and BA (0.25 -1.5 mg/l), 30 g/l sucrose and 8 g/l Agar for callus induction in dark conditions. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement and 8 replications. Callus was cultured on MS and ½ MS without hormones base media for shoot induction in light condition. The shoots transferred to rooting media after regeneration.Results. Best result for callus induction was obtained from MS medium containing supplement of 0.2 mg/l IAA and 1 mg/l BA. Also the ½ MS media showed the best result for a number of shoots. The Best result for rooting in vitro was in ½ MS medium with 1g/l activated charcoal without hormones.Conclusion. All shoots formed roots after 30 days and Plantlets were transferred into pot with perlite bed and grown in the greenhouse.

The effects of plant growth regulators and type of explants on plant regeneration of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars (Isfahani and Shirazi) under salt stress and without salt stress were studied. Different explants (leaf, stem, hypocotyl and cotyledon) were cultured on media with different hormonal combinations and different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mM). After 40-45 days, callus production and plant regeneration was evaluated. NAA (0.4 mg/L) and IBA(0.2 mg/L) in combination with BAP (2 mg/L) were the best auxins for callus production in cultivars Isfahani and Shirazy respectively. Among 4 explants for callus production, stem was the best explant in two cultivars. Medium with IBA and BAP was the best for plant regeneration from different explants in two cvs too. The potential for of the plant regeneration was as leaf > stem > hypocotyl > cotyledon respectively in cultivars. Isfahani and leaf > stem > cotyledon > hypocotyl in cultivar. Shirazy. With increasing of NaCl callus production decreased and two cultivars showed different plant regeneration ability in NaCl using stem and leaf explants. No somaclonal variation was observed accoding to assessment of morphology and RAPD-PCR analysis on regenerated plants. The difference between cultivars showed on callus production and plant regeneration originated form various genotypes.