رشد

This study aimed to investigate inter-population variation in the population dynamics of the Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii) based on catch data from the coastal waters of Golestan Province (southeast Caspian Sea) over 26 years (1991-2016). The biometric data of 20,438 kutum samples were analyzed, with sizes ranging from 18 to 70 cm. The average values of L∞ and k were 59.83 cm and 0.44 per year, respectively. The weight infinity (W∞) ranged from 1,738.97 to 6,380.03 grams, with an average of 2,867.96 grams. Cohort analysis revealed five distinct cohorts in the exploited population. The natural mortality rates varied between 0.60 and 0.84, with an average total mortality (Z) of 1.35. The exploitation rate (E) ranged from 0.13 to 0.73, exceeding 0.5 in 8 years. The results indicate significant temporal variability in the kutum population over the study period.

To investigate growth and carcass characteristics in fattening conditions, 96 Lori sheep at the ages of 3.5, 6.5, 9.5, and 12.5 months were studied over two years after leaving the pasture and being fed. Fattening lambs were fed milk (plus clover ad libitum from one month of age). Lambs in the second group were fed pasture from 3.5 to 6.5 months of age with the addition of supplementary feed. Lambs at 9.5 and 12.5 months of age were fed only by hand feeding. Daily weight gain in males was 228, 143, 136, and 144 grams, and in females 192, 127, 103, and 101 grams, respectively (p < 0.01). Slaughter weight showed a significant difference between males and females and in different age groups (p < 0.01). The lowest carcass percentage was observed in 6.5-month-old male and female lambs, and the highest carcass percentage was observed in 12.5-month-old male lambs (p < 0.01). The highest percentage of carcass meat was 62.03% at the age of 9.5 months in the second year (p < 0.01). The highest percentage of carcass bone was 27.83% in 6.5-month-old females and the lowest was in 12.5-month-old females (p < 0.01). The highest carcass fat percentage was observed in 12.5-month-old males in the first year at 30.25% and the lowest was observed in 6.5-month-old males at 13.75% (p < 0.01). The internal fat weight, tail, head, skin, liver, heart, empty stomach, and intestines of the carcass showed a significant difference in both genders and age groups (p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between the live weight of the animal and meat percentage and bone percentage (p < 0.01). The best slaughter age of fattening lambs of Lary sheep was 9.5 months and in males. Continuing fattening increased carcass fat. If lambs are slaughtered immediately after leaving the pasture, the slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and meat are less than the ultimate limit of the real capacity of this breed

Levonorgestrel is considered as an effective compound in contraceptive pills and a lipophilic-hydrophobic substance with the ability to bind to suspended organic matters.In this study,the inclusion effects of levels of levonorgestrel at 0 (control), 0.7, 7, 70, 100 and 150 ng/g of diet and a control-solvent treatment were evaluated on growth indices of gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) during 45 days.Females (n=210;initial weight and length of 4.6 g and 63.2 mm, respectively) were randomly distributed in 21 aquariums with density of ten fish per aquarium;and fed daily at the rate of 3% of body weight.Results showed that body height, condition factor and survival rate of females were not affected by levonorgestrel levels.Females fed with levonorgestrel showed significant differences in terms of final weight and length, increment percentage in weight and body length, weight and length specific growth rate compared to the control(and control-solvent treatment). Nevertheless, the growth indices and maximum abdominal diameter of females fed with 150 ng/g showed no significant differences with lower levels (up to 7 ng/g) (P>0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of levonorgestrel in the diet of gourami females led to developmental disorders, especially at a level higher than 7 ng/g. Due to the binding ability of levonorgestrel to organic substances and the possibility of accidental feeding of these particles in the natural diet of fish, growth disorders and changes in the population dynamic of this species and probably other groups of aquatic animals can be expected in natural environments.

Artemia is the most important live food in aquaculture. Considering its mass cultivation, easy usability, and nutritional value in fish farming, the effect of Spirulina platensis and Dunaliella salina algae on the growth, survival, and total protein of Artemia franciscana were evaluated. For this purpose, Artemia was cultured in laboratory conditions with a combination of yeast and Spirulina powder in five different treatments (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% Spirulina powder and yeast) compared to the control treatment (100% Dunaliella algae and yeast). The results showed that there were significant differences in growth in treatments with 40, 60, 80 and 100% Spirulina powder, and survival in the 100% Spirulina powder treatment, compared to the control (P<0.05). The investigation of the first molt in each treatment revealed that the 100% Spirulina powder treatment had the earliest molting time, which was consistent with the total protein content of the treatments. According to the results, the best treatment in terms of growth, survival, time to first molt and total protein content was the 100% Spirulina powder treatment. Therefore, Artemia cultivation with Spirulina is scientifically and economically justified.

Improper use of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of various crops has caused numerous damages in various fields .The international community is moving towards the use of fertilizers and bio stimulants in the form of organic agriculture in order to reduce the risks and harms caused by the use of chemical fertilizers and at the same time maintain crop yields. In order to investigate the effect of urea chemical fertilizer and foliar application of Ulva fasciata Delile seaweed extract on growth factors of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), A Split plot study was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Shavour Agricultural Research Station and Plant Physiology Laboratory of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1399-1400. The treatments for this experiment included different concentrations of 4 levels urea fertilizer (0, 40, 70 and 100% of the usual amount of urea fertilizer) and different concentrations of 4 levels ulva seaweed extract (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Different concentrations of urea chemical fertilizer were used as soil application and different concentrations of ulva seaweed extract were used as foliar application. The treated plants were examined in the beginning of reproductive phase. The results were statistically analyzed by MSTAT-C software. Comparison of the mean interaction of urea fertilizer and seaweed extract showed that the application of 15% ulva seaweed extract along with 70% of the usual amount of urea chemical fertilizer leads to an increase in the desired factors compared to other treatments. In addition, malondialdehyde a level in plants treated with ulva seaweed extract were decreased. Based on this, it can be said that foliar application of 15% seaweed extract has an effect almost similar to half of the usual application of urea chemical fertilizer.

The present study investigates the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth indices, chlorophyll content, protein of the aerial parts, and the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the roots and aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucali. Plants obtained from seven-month cuttings, spent a period of four months in soil without fertilizer (control) or in twelve treatments including biofertilizer containing Azotobacter crococum, urea fertilizer and four common types of NPK fertilizer in two concentrations of 2 and 4 g / l in complete randomized blocks in the greenhouse of the Islamic Azad University of Gorgan from the beginning of March 2019.The growth indices including the dry and fresh weight of the plant, roots and shoots as well as the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the root to the plant have been studied.The results of the present study showed that, contrary to expectations, chemical fertilizers, especially urea, mostly reduced the growth indices and especially the growth of the root system. Biofertilizer also did not improve growth indices compared to the control. Also, the use of these fertilizers did not increase the protein content of the aerial parts. Despite the increase in root potassium in some treatments or the increase in phosphorus transfer from root to shoot in most treatments, the correlation study showed that changes in root potassium or shoot phosphorus content were not correlated with growth changes. However, increase in shoot phosphorus showed a significant positive or negative correlation with shoot chlorophyll a and b content, respectively. Changes in chlorophyll content also had a negative correlation with root system development. The need to reconsider the cost of nitrogen fertilizer for this plant is a practical result of the present work.

There are widespread concerns about the potential toxic effects of microplastics as emerging pollutants. The current research investigated the impact of polystyrene nanoplastics on the growth performance, survival rate, liver enzymes activity and the immune gene expression of IL1 and IL8 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were divided into four treatments and fed with diets containing 0 (control), 100 (treatment 1), 500 (treatment 2) and 1000 (treatment 3) mg/kg diet for one month. The present study results showed that weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were affected by the experimental treatments, and with increasing concentration of polystyrene nanoplastic, they decreased significantly (P<0.05). The best food conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained in control and treatment 1 (P<0.05). No mortality was observed through different treatments. The highest activity of alanine aminotransferase) ALT(, alkaline phosphatase) ALP(, and aspartate aminotransferase )AST( was observed in treatment 3 (P<0.05). The highest level of IL1 and IL8 gene expression were measured in treatment 3 and the lowest level was seen in control (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this research showed that a diet containing polystyrene nanoplastics had a negative effect on the growth (WG and SGR) and health indicators of the fish and the greatest disturbance in the growth and health of fish were observed in high concentrations.

Sweet basil is a popular culinary herb used in food and oral care products and medical herb. Today it has become important to increase crop production to feed the growing world population. A cold atmosphere or low-pressure plasma is a potential tool to increase crop production The number of potential applications of cold plasma in agriculture has grown significantly in recent years. Cold plasma treatment is thought to be a fast, economic and pollution-free method to improve seed performance, plant growth and ultimately plant production . This study exposed plant seeds to DBD cold plasma for 45 (P1) and 90 (P2) seconds. The amount of fresh and dry weight of the plant increased significantly in the P1 treatment compared to the control, decreasing in the P2 treatment. Germination percentage remained unchanged compared to the control. Total chlorophyll increased in P1 treatment and decreased in P2 treatment. The protein contents increased by 37% and 42%, respectively, in P1 and P2 treated plants compared to the control. The soluble sugar contents in the P2-treated plants increased by 6% compared to the control, while its amount remained unchanged in the P1-treated plants compared to the control. The proline content in the P2-treated plants increased two times compared to the control, while its amount remained unchanged in the P1-treated plants compared to the control. Catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity increased in p1 and p2 treatments compared to the control. Cold plasma technology has a significant potential to increase seed and plant growth.

Snapdragon flower is one of the beautiful ornamental plants that are also cultivated for medicinal purposes. The use of chemical fertilizers and their negative effects on human health have led to the advancement of the use of biological and organic fertilizers in agricultural products. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the application of fertilizers and mycorrhizal traits of two varieties of snapdragon flower in 2021–2022 in the greenhouse of Agriculture Research at the Research Institute of Zabol. The experiment was conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The investigated factors included the varieties (yellow and red flowers) and fertilizer treatment (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossaea, supermycoplus and control). The results of this study showed the effect of variety was significant on all phonological traits, except in the time of four-leaf formation. Fertilizer treatment also had a significant effect on all phenology traits, while the interaction of variety and fertilizer treatment was significant only on two phenology traits: time of first leaf formation and four-leaf formation time. The red variety led to the occurrence of phonological traits earlier than the yellow one, in most of the phonological traits. The results showed that the yellow variety was superior to the red variety in all the physiological traits except for the phenol of the leaf and the flavonoid of the flower. Supermycoplus was better than the control and the mycorrhizal fungi, in the traits of: The phenolic, flavonoid and DPPH of the leaves and the flavonoid of the root, among the fertilizer treatments. In general, the use of biofertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi is recommended due to their positive effects on the physiological traits of snapdragon flowers.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and immune system of broiler chickens feed with eucalyptus and myrtle essential oil. Number of 250 one-day-old broiler chickens (mixed of two sexes) of Ras 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions and 10 chickens in each repetition for 42 days. The treatments include 1- basic ration (control) 2- basic ration with 250 mg/kg of eucalyptus essential oil 3- basic ration with 250 mg/kg of essential oil myrtle, 4- basic ration with 125 mg/kg of essential oil Eucalyptus and 125 mg/kg essential oil of myrtle, 5- The basic diet was supplemented with 250 mg/kg of eucalyptus essential oil and 250 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil. The results showed that the treatments had no significant effect on feed consumption. But they caused a decrease in body weight and an increase in the feed conversion ratio compared to the control treatment. The treatments caused a decrease in the relative weight of the breast and an increase in abdominal fat compared to the control treatment (p 0.05). These findings showed that the addition of eucalyptus essence and the myrtle caused a decrease in performance, a decrease in the relative weight of the breast, an increase in abdominal cavity fat, and an increase in the antibody level against sheep red blood cells.

The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the biometric factors, length and weight relationship, frequency percentage of length and weight groups, and identification of food groups consumed in Alepes djedaba fish caught from the coast of Makkoran. For this purpose, 120 samples of Alepes djedaba were collected from the three catchment areas of Ramin, Haft Tir and Tis in Makkoran coast located in Sistan and Baluochistan province seasonally from autumn 2019 to summer 2020. The prepared fishes were caught by traditional fishing boats. After the fishes were prepared and transferred to the laboratory, the biometric characteristics, including the total length and body weight, were measured and the pattern of growth was determined. In the next step, in order to identify the food items, the contents of the digestive system were separated and identified. The results of the present study showed that the Alepes djedaba caught in the Makkoran coast in different seasons have different length and weight ranges. The average total length and weight of the fish were 28.00±4.68 cm and 311.18±12.00 gr, respectively. Based on the results, the value of b in the length-weight relationship to determine the growth pattern did not show a significant difference with the number 3 (p>0.05), which indicates isometric growth in this species. Food items identified in the stomach contents of this species included fish and crustaceans. According to the food items identified in the digestive system of the studied fish, it seems that this species is an advanced predator that is at the top of the food chain. Therefore, despite the differences in the composition of the population of food items in each environment, this fish feeds on a relatively constant diet including various types of fish and small crustaceans. From the obtained results, it can be stated that this species is carnivorous and its growth is isometric, and in different seasons of the year, different length and weight groups of this fish are caught in the Makkoran coast.

Sweet pepper is a rich source of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds, vitamin C and carotenoids. Environmental factors such as nutrition affect the growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality of pepper. This study was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications and four fertilizer treatments. Fertilizer treatments include NPK 20:20:20 chemical fertilizer at the rate of 6 grams per 6 square meters, Arghavan biofertilizer at the rate of 72 ml per 6 square meters, and combined treatment of NPK chemical fertilizer and Arghavan biofertilizer at the rate of half of each two fertilizers and the control treatment. The obtained results showed that the combination of Arghavan biological fertilizer and NPK chemical fertilizer significantly increased the average values of vegetative growth traits such as plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of stem, fresh and dry weight of roots, relative water content, Leaf chlorophyll index, total leaf chlorophyll content, leaf carotenoid content, single fruit weight, and fruit yield compared to the control treatment and in many traits such as stem diameter, stem fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, single fruit weight, length And fruit diameter, fruit yield, chlorophyll index, carotenoid content were equal to chemical fertilizer treatment. By using the combination of Arghavan biofertilizer and chemical NPK, the physiomorphological indicators of bell pepper increased. Also, by using Arghavan biofertilizer, you can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer, which is a move in the direction of sustainable agriculture, releasing blocked food in the soil and reducing the environmental pollution.

Polianthes tuberosa L. is one of the ornamental plants and is one of the important cut flowers in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Vitamins in small amounts are necessary for the normal growth and development of tissues in the plant. The existence of this group of materials for plant growth has been proven in tissue culture and some of them in greenhouse plants. For this purpose, in the present study, the effect of vitamins A, B, C and E on the morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of tuberosa flower was investigated. The vitamins used in this study included vitamin B,, C ,, E (alpha tocopherol) and A at three levels of 50, 100 and 150 mg/liter and during three stages ( 30, 40 and 50 days after planting) and were applied to the plants as a foliar spray. The results of comparing the average data showed that the highest length of inflorescence, diameter of flower and wet weight of shoot organ were related to the treatment of ascorbic acid (100 mg/liter). The highest amount of root length of bulbs and essential oil was obtained in the concentration of 50 mg/liter of ascorbic acid, and the highest amount of leaf protein and life expectancy was obtained in the concentration of 150 mg/liter of ascorbic acid. Also, the highest number of florets and reducing sugars were related to the concentration of 100 mg/liter of thiamine and the highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme was related to the concentration of 150 mg/liter of thiamine.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the use of lysophospholipid (LPL) supplement on performance, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens fed with different levels of threonine (Thr) amino acid. In this experiment, 400 male broilers of ROSS 308 strain were used with 8 treatments and 5 repetitions in a period of 35 days. The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 4x2 including two levels of LPL in the diet (0 and 0.1%) and four levels of Thr (100, 105, 110 and 115% of requirement). Experimental diets were used for starter (0 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 35 days) phases. The results of this research showed that during the 35-day period, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in broiler chickens fed with LPL supplement (p < 0.05). However, the use of LPL supplement did not have a significant effect on feed intake in broilers. In addition, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in broilers fed with 100% Thr level compared to higher amounts of Thr requirements (p < 0.05). The use of levels higher than 100% of Thr requirements and LPL supplement in the diet increased the digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in broiler chickens (p < 0.05). The use of LPL supplement increased the serum concentration glucose (p < 0.05). While the level of 105% Thr in the diet caused a significant decrease in serum triglyceride concentration (P < 0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the use of LPL supplement and levels higher than 100% of Thr requirements in the broiler chicken diet increased the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.

Dunaliella salina is a carotenoid-producing microalgae that is important for its extraordinary ability to accumulate ß-carotene. Therefore, an experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on growth, accumulation of chlorophyll pigments, carotenoid content, and dry biomass of D. salina in f/2 medium. Experimental treatments included different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3): 0 (control), 0.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L. The measured traits in this experiment included growth rate and doubling time, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, dry biomass, total lipid content, and endogenous gibberellic acid. The analysis of variance showed that the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on all studied traits in D. salina was significant at the statistical level ρ)≤ 0.05). Gibberellic acid (GA3) at a concentration of 10 mg/l increased growth rate, chlorophyll a and b content, total chlorophyll content, dry biomass and total lipid content in the studied microalgae. While the highest amount of total carotenoid accumulation was recorded for 5 mg/L GA3 treatment. According to our findings, it is suggested that 5 mg/L GA3 concentration can be effective, if the purpose of cultivating this microalgae species is to produce carotenoid, but if the aim of production are dry biomass and total lipid content, the use of 10 mg/L GA3 concentration will stimulate and increase the production of microalgae total lipid and dry biomass.

his study aimed to investigate the effect of selenium and magnesium nanoparticles and their composition on growth performance, nutritional indices, survival rate and hepatic accumulation of nano selenium and nano-magnesium in Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcalifer) with mean weight: 32.78 ± 1.16 g for 42 days. After four weeks of acclimation to the experimental conditions, 96 fish were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass 300-liter tanks in equal numbers. Four treatments including nano-selenium and nano-magnesium free as control group, 4 mg nano-selenium treatment, 0.5 g nano-magnesium treatment and combination of 4 mg nano-selenium and 0.5 g nano-magnesium were investigated in this study. The fish were fed daily in two times based on station. Fish biometry was performed in all treatments at the end of the experiment. Samples needed to measure liver accumulation were collected at the end of the period. The results of this study showed that the final weight in the treatment of selenium nanoparticles was significantly different (P <0.05), percentage of body weight gain and specific growth rate in selenium + magnesium nanoparticles treatment was significantly different compared to the control group (P <0.05). Nutritional indices of protein yield coefficient, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The results showed that the survival rate was not significantly different among experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The highest levels of selenium and magnesium accumulation in liver were related to selenium nanoparticles and selenium + magnesium nanoparticles, respectively, which were significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05).

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with a benzene ring are petroleum compounds and are known as the most important cause of environmental pollution. Phenanthrene and anthracene are PAHs found in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the effect of these two substances on a freshwater algae, Spirulina platensis, was investigated at biochemical levels. Algae mass cultivation was performed in laboratory conditions in nine treatments and 27 repetitions of anthracene (5, 25, 50, 250 mg/l) and phenanthrene (10, 50, 100, 500 mg/l) for 72 h. A control treatment with no anthracene and phenanthrene was also considered. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the treatment of phenanthrene and anthracene increased compared to the control treatment, which was significant at the 5% level, but the amount of MDA in the treatment of phenanthrene at a concentration of 10 mg/L did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). Sugar content showed a significant difference except in the concentration of 10 mg/liter of phenanthrene (P<0.05). Proline content increased significantly in response to both hydrocarbons (P<0.05), There was a significant increase in proline in both anthracene and phenanthrene treatments compared to the control group at a probability level of 5%. Catalase activity showed significant changes between the treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). The amount of total protein significantly increased in phenanthrene stress and significantly decreased in anthracene stress in all concentrations compared to the control group (P<0.05). The results showed that both hydrocarbon substances at different concentrations had significant effects on the biochemical characteristics of spirulina algae.

Amending biochar alone or with microbial inoculation, as a soil amendment, helps to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals in contaminated agricultural soils. On the other hand, the interaction of inoculation with microorganisms and the application of biochar on the absorption of lead and zinc and the growth and yield of plants are somewhat unclear. The objective of this greenhouse experiment was to explore the influences of the application of biochars (obtained from peanut shells and carrot pulps) and conidial suspension of Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai-T22) on seedling growth and some physiological characteristics of sainfoin grown in the soil polluted with heavy metals Pb and Zn. The application of biochars and inoculation with Trichoderma fungus improved the growth parameters of sainfoin seedlings such as root length, plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight. Also, the synergy of these treatments caused an increase in the total protein content, the soluble sugars, the total flavonoids in roots and leaves, catalase and peroxidase activity and also the rate of seedling germination compared to the control treatment (no use of biochar and conidial suspension). Overall, the application of biochar and Trichoderma in soils contaminated with heavy metals caused enhanced growth of sainfoin seedlings by improving some physiological parameters in the leaves, increasing root growth, alleviating the oxidative stress-induced damage and thus possible improvement in water and nutrient uptake.