رنگیزه

Improper use of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of various crops has caused numerous damages in various fields .The international community is moving towards the use of fertilizers and bio stimulants in the form of organic agriculture in order to reduce the risks and harms caused by the use of chemical fertilizers and at the same time maintain crop yields. In order to investigate the effect of urea chemical fertilizer and foliar application of Ulva fasciata Delile seaweed extract on growth factors of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), A Split plot study was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Shavour Agricultural Research Station and Plant Physiology Laboratory of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 1399-1400. The treatments for this experiment included different concentrations of 4 levels urea fertilizer (0, 40, 70 and 100% of the usual amount of urea fertilizer) and different concentrations of 4 levels ulva seaweed extract (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Different concentrations of urea chemical fertilizer were used as soil application and different concentrations of ulva seaweed extract were used as foliar application. The treated plants were examined in the beginning of reproductive phase. The results were statistically analyzed by MSTAT-C software. Comparison of the mean interaction of urea fertilizer and seaweed extract showed that the application of 15% ulva seaweed extract along with 70% of the usual amount of urea chemical fertilizer leads to an increase in the desired factors compared to other treatments. In addition, malondialdehyde a level in plants treated with ulva seaweed extract were decreased. Based on this, it can be said that foliar application of 15% seaweed extract has an effect almost similar to half of the usual application of urea chemical fertilizer.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belong to the Asteraceae family. It contains flavonoids such as contains kinocalcone pigments and these compounds shown to exhibit medicinal properties. These pigments are abundantly found in flower of this plant, but it has been seen that the roots of this plant have been able to produce these pigments in vitro. One of the ways to increase the production of secondary metabolites in tissue culture is to use different elicitors. In this study, jujube fruit extract and salicylic acid were used as an elicitor. Grown roots were first cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for mass production, in static condition. The roots were then sub-cultured with jujube fruit extract (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) and salicylic acid (0, 500 μm). After 20 days of culture the growth was determined and the yellow pigments of root and medium were measured by spectrophotometer and the results showed that jujube fruit extract have protected root tissues against lipid peroxidation and this fact have triggered their growth. In this condition there was an increase in yellow pigments but these pigments were not released in the culture medium. Conversely, the SA treatment that further increases the production of pigments affected the integrity of cell membranes which lead to a fall of growth and a release of pigments in the culture medium.

The increased effects of UV radiation are observed as a result of the reduced ozone layer with increasing atmospheric pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV radiations on growth and some physiological and biochemical parameters of Portulaca oleracea L. Experiments were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with three replications. Purslane plants were treated with UV rays (UV-A at three times 20, 40 and 60 minutes, UV-B at three times 20, 40 and 60 minutes, and UV-C at five times 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 minutes). The results indicated that changes in root growth were not significant, but shoot length, wet and dry weight of plant increased compared to control in the three groups treated with 60 min UV-A, 60 min UV-B and 10 min UV-C. the treatment with 60 min UV-B increased the activity of defense enzymes, phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents significantly more than the other UV treatments. In general, the results indicate that the purslane plant is sensitive to UV radiation. However, applying controlled UV light can provide a new alternative strategy to increase crop productivity, that is the same application of 60 min UV-B as a novel plant growth booster, in comparison with UV-A and UV-C treatment.

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles has attracted the attention of scientists in various fields, particularly in the chemical, physical, biological and medical sciences. Using extract of plant for nanoparticle synthesis can be advantageous over other biological processes because it eliminates the elaborate process of maintaining cell cultures and can also be suitably scaled up for large-scale nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from ZnNO3 using Olive (Olea europaea).  Nanoparticles were characterized with the help of Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Visibe absorption spectroscopy. To study the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (0, 200, 400 ppm) on growth, proline and Malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenol, flavonoid, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorophylls and anthocyanin content in plant of Borago officinalis, experiment was carried out at shahid bahonar university of Kerman University in 2014. Synthesised ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by the absorption maxima at the wavelength of 370 nm. TEM image revealed that ZnO nanoparticles were spherical with average size 41 nm. Results showed the plants that treated with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, increased root and shoot length. But soluble suger, anthocyanin and CAT activity in the plants that treated with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles had no significant effect. On the other hand, Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles decreased proline and chlorophyll content. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles treatment at 400 ppm increased phenol content, H2O2, lipid peroxidation and APX, GPX, PAL activity. Reactive oxygen species generation was a toxicological mechanisms of nanoparticles that increased H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation in plants. ZnO nanoparticles causing increased production of reactive oxygen species and decreased proline and chlorophyll content in Borago officinalis.

Light is one of the main limiting factors, specialy in warm regions, for growth and development in plants and shade levels play an important role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of shade levels (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to find the best environmental option with maximum flowering in Rosa damascena. The plants were evaluated after eight mounths of treatments for morphological characteristics, macroelements contents, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, peroxidase activity and flower numbers. The results showed that 0% shade induced stress on plant growth and reduced morphology parameters including plant height, fresh and dry weight; chlorophyll content; nitrogen content; soluble carbohydrates and flower numbers were decreased compared to those grown in shade levels. Root length, ion lekage, cartenoides content, potassium and phosphorus contents and peroxidase activity were highest in Rosa damascena under 0% shade after 8 months of growth cycle. Numbers of flower was greatest in Rosa damascena grown under 50% shade. In conclusion, Rosa damascena is a semi shade loving plant suitable to grow under 50% shading forhigh yield, in warm regions.

Mangrove ecosystems of Iran, located in the shores of the Persian Gulf, near one of the busiest oil shipping routes, are exposed to petroleum pollution. To assess the effects of petroleum contamination of sediments on morphophysiological characteristics of mangrove (Avecennia marina) seedlings, a randomized block factorial experiment was conducted with three replicates. Biomass and pigment contents (including chlorophyll a, b, protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, protochlorophyllide and total carotenoids) of leaves were assessed in 4-month old seedlings grown on pots containing 500 g of soil exposed to different amounts of Iranian crude oil (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% w/w) under ambient conditions. Results showed that the biomass and leaves pigment contents of treated plants, especially chlorophyll b were reduced compared to non-treated control plants and the initiation of new leaves ceased. In addition, elemental composition of leaves and roots including Ca, K, Mg and Fe in plants grown on 5% oil-contaminated soil were changed compared to control plants.. Our study indicated negative effect of crude oil contamination on growth, development, photosynthesis and nutrition of mangroves.

Salicylic acid is an antioxidant which has been used in recent years to increases the resistance of plants to deal with stresses. In this study different concentrations (0.1, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 mM) of salicylic acid were investigated on the quantity of fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid, malon di aldehyde, flavonoids, rutin and quercetin in pepper (Capsicum annuum). After 5 weeks, plants were treated with different concentrations (zero, 0.1, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 mM) of salicylic acid. The results showed that concentrations of 0.7, 1.5 and 3 mM of SA increased fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid content, but concentrations 6 and 9 mM of SA decreased fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid content. Concentrations of 1.5 and 3 mM of SA decreased malon dialdehyd and other aldehyde content, but concentrations 6 and 9 mM of SA increased malon dialdehyd and other aldehyde content. Concentrations of 0.1, 0.7, 1.5 and 3 mM SA caused significant increase in total flavonoids in treated leaf. The results showed that under our experimental conditions different concentrations (0.7, 1.5 and 3mM) of salicylic acid increased rutin and quercetin content. In general, according to the results, treatment of salicylic acid in low concentrations has positive effects and high concentrations has negative effects on the growth of the pepper plant.

This study evaluated the effects of calcium chloride as alleviator agent in salinity stress on Catharanthus roseus. 49- day- old plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 35, 70 and 100 mM) alone and in combination of various CaCl2 concentration (0, 5 and 10 Mm) for 21 days. Then, percent of Inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (I%), activity of antioxidant enzymes, contents of photosynthetic pigments, leaf number and area were measured. The results indicated that pigments contents, leaf area and number were significantly decreased by salinity. Addition of CaCl2 to salinity-stressed plants increased of pigments contents, leaf area, the activitiy of antioxidant enzymes and I% in compared to plants grown with NaCl alone. The maximum enhancement was observed with the combined treatments (100mM NaCl 5mM CaCl2). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of calcium supply on the growth of vinca under saline conditions.

Drought is one of the environmental stresses that have been recognized as the most important limiting factor for plant growth and production in most parts of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on morpho-physiological indicators of Cucurbita maxima L. in two forms independently and with spraying Kinetin at two concentrations on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble sugars in leaves and roots. To achieve this aim, a pot experiment in a natural environment based on a factorial randomized complete block design was carried out in the form of 9 treatments with four replications. Three levels of drought stress in vegetative phase consisting of 2/3 and 1/3 of field capacity equivalent to mild and severe drought stress were applied with two concentrations of Kinetin including 2 and 4 mg per liter in the form of shoot spraying. The results showed that drought stress reduced the growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and starch and application of kinetin increased them significantly. On the other hand, drought stress increased soluble sugars while kinetin application decreased them. Overall results showed that the use of Kinetin in this study could significantly reduce the negative effects of drought on Cucurbita maxima L.

Michauxia laevigata belongs to the Campanulaceae family and grows on Iran and some parts of Armenia. This study was conducted to introduce the plant and to investigate ecophysiological characteristics such as altitude، pH، EC، percent of humidity، soil phosphatase، and measurement of some trace elements in soil. In addition، we evaluated some physiological parameters of M. laevigata including photosynthetic pigments and prolin content in different organs at both vegetative and generative stages. Soil investigations revealed that the region had the extra amounts of some heavy metals such as Cr+2، Pb+2، As+2، Zn+2 and Cu+2 and its pH was about 8. The soil phosphatase was approximately 1571 µmol min-1. There was a positive correlation between the soil pH and the activity of soil phosphatase، while the negative one with the amount of EC. Also، the results exhibited that there was significant (P≤0. 05) difference only in Mg amount between generative and vegetative stages. It seems that M. laevigata grows in sandy soils with nearly high amount of pH and is capable to grow under high concentrations of heavy metals.

Aim and Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) has a high economic value and many countries such as Iran and Mediterranean countries use its oil and canned fruits. Conventional propagation programs are time consuming. Tissue culture technique allows producing high quality and rapid growing plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chelated iron and nano-chelated iron on the growth rate of in vitro microshoots. Uninodal explants of young shoots from a mature olive Oleaeuropaea L((cv. Dezful), were cultured in DKW medium supplemented with 2ip (4m〖g.L〗^(-1)). Sterile microshoots were subcultured in DKW medium supplemented with different concentrations of nano-Fe and Fe chelate (60, 120,180, 240 µM). Forty-five days after subculture, growth parameters were investigated. Results indicated that the growth parameters (number of nodes, microshoots, leaves and stem length) significantly decreased in the presence of nano Fe. The maximum level of leaves number and stem length was achieved in the high concentration of Fe (180 µM). Upon increasing the Fe or nano Fe content in the medium, the chlorophyll b and carotenoid levels were significantly increased. Fe chelate was more effective than nano Fe. Microshoots couldnt survive in the highest concentration of nano Fe and Fe (240 µM). The best results were obtained in the presence of Fe (120, 180 µM)

In this study، okra plants were exposed to different ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 12 days. After treatment، leaf surface، root and stem length، fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments، protein and sugar content were evaluated and the results showed that their contents were significantly decreased under UV radiation specially in UV-B and UV-C. The anatomical studies indicated that thickness in the different organs was decreased. Also، it was observed that stomatal density، index contents and stomatal length were increased under UV radiation in UV-B and UV-C. Because of the effects of UV radiation on epidermal cells of stem، leaf and petiole were observed to have decreased epidermal length but epidermal breadth was increased specially in UV-B and UV-C. The results of this study showed that UV-B and UV-C had serious effects on okra plant، but UV-A wasn’t harmful to okra plants.

Remediation of petroleum polluted soil and water is very important. One of the pathways of oil remediation is usage of microalgae and cyanobacteria. In this research the effects of oiled based drilling mud waste (including 70% gasoline) on survival, growth and pigments of three cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria+Calothrix, Nostoc, Calothrix) in mix and unialgal forms were investigated. These cyanobacteria were isolated from soil of Arvand-rood in Abadan city. Results indicated that biomass of first sample was three fold of other samples. Growth rate in first sample was increasingly. In second and third samples, growths were decreased and reach to stationary phase after one week. All samples survived in treated experiments and oil compound did not have any toxic effects of them. Chlorophyll contents were similar to biomass and in first sample were three fold of others. Totally, results showed the resistance and potential of these species to degradation of oil pollution. Also these results are the first report from oil polluted fields of Iran.