رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی

Soil salinity often hinders the productivity of plants in natural and agricultural environments. The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biological fertilizer can increase the salinity tolerance of plants. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress in Iranian violets. Evaluation of the interaction effect of AMF symbiosis at three levels (without symbiosis, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) and salinity stress treatment at four levels (control, 50, 100 and 200 mM) on the growth and physiological responses of Iranian violets as a factorial layout based on a complete randomized design with three repetitions were performed. Inoculation plants had higher shoot and root biomass, carotenoid and colonization in the presence of different salinity levels. The highest amounts of total chlorophyll (1.70 mg/g fresh weight), antioxidant activity (66.56 mg/g fresh weight), flavonoid (244.05 mg/g fresh weight), phenol (28.46 mg/g of fresh weight), and ascorbate peroxidase activity (103.16 units) were observed in the treatment inoculated with G. mosseae fungus at 200 mM salinity concentration. The lowest amount of electrolyte leakage was obtained in the treatment with G. mosseae fungus in the condition without salt (18.04%). The results of the research showed that the inoculation of host plants with mycorrhizal fungi, especially G. mosseae species, had an effect on plant growth and physiology, and the positive effect of inoculating plants with fungi was significant in the conditions of plant salinity stress.

Planting date, nitrogen biofertilizer and weed control are three factors affecting biochemical traits of wheet in dryland condition, so an experiment was carried out as a split-factorel design with three replications on Kohdasht variety at Kamalvand research station in Khorramabad in two crop years 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Planting date factor (6 and 21 November) was in main plots and nitrogen biofertilizer (control, urea, nitrogen biofertilizer, and combined fertilizer) and weed control (weeding and weed interference) factors were hn sub plots in factorial arrange. The results showed that the amount of phosphorus and potassium of shoots and seed potassium was significantly higher on the first planting date than on the second planting date, but the amount of proline and seed starch increased on the second planting date. Among the fertilizer levels, the highest amount of peroxidase and seed starch were observed from no application of fertilizer and the highest amount of seed nitrogen was observed from the application of combined fertilizer. The amount of peroxidase activity, seed phosphorus and seed starch in the weed interference treatment was significantly higher than in the weeding treatment, but on the contrary, the amount of shoot zinc, seed zinc and seed protein in the weeding treatment was more than the interference treatment. The highest amount of seed protein from the first planting date of combined and chemical fertilizer application (12.84% and 12.73%, respectively) and the lowest amount were observed from the second planting date and no application of fertilizer and application Chemical fertilizers (10.83 and 10.85%). The highest amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (5.51, 4.48 and 10.0 mg/g FW, respectively) and shoot phosphorus (0.49 percent) was observed from the application of combined fertilizer and weeding, the highest amount of proline and potassium of shoot was observed from the absence of application of fertilizer and weeding (8.3 mg/g FW and 2.96%, respectively) and the highest amount of seed potassium was observed from the application of combined fertilizer and interference (0.55 mg/kg). On the first planting date, the highest amount of shoot nitrogen was observed from the application of combined fertilizer and weeding (2.32%) and the highest amount of grain iron was observed from the pure or combined application of biological fertilizer and weeding (72.96 mg/kg); However, on the second planting date, the highest amount of aerial organ nitrogen was observed from the application of combined fertilizer and weeding (2.91%) and the highest amount of grain iron was observed from the application of biological fertilizer and weeding or interference (63.5 mg/kg).

Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that diminishes the growth and yield of crop plants. Application of biological fertilizers, especially amino acids, is important to overcome this issue in order to improve the growth, quantity and quality of the products. In order to investigate the effect of amino acids on some morphophysiological characteristics of the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica grown under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the greenhouse of the University of Zanjan, during Autumn of 2022. The experimental treatments included three levels of salinity (0, 40 and 80 mM NaCl) as the main plots and phenylalanine (2 and 4 mM), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA 5 and 10 mM) plus control were used as subplots. The results showed that with increasing salinity, some morphological and physiological parameters of the plant decreased, but the anthocyanin content of the flower increased. The use of 2 mM phenylalanine significantly increased the FW and DW of the plant, and the use of 4 mM led to a significant increase in the number of leaves, cell membrane stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoid at 0 mM and anthocyanin in the condition of 80 mM sodium chloride. Also, 5 and 10 mM GABA in non-stress conditions and 2 mM phenylalanine in 40 and 80 mM salinity conditions led to an increase in stem diameter. Although the application of 4 mM phenylalanine had the greatest effect in non-stress conditions, GABA 10 mM in salt stress conditions had a more effective role in increasing the FW and DW of the plant, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content, and as a result, increasing the stability of the cell membrane. Therefore, the use of different levels of the amino acids 4 mM phenylalanine and 10 mM GABA is recommended to improve the growth and development pattern and physiological characteristics of the Dracocephalum moldavica L. plant.

Selection of cultivars adapted to drought stress conditions in each region plays an important role in achieving production potential in that region. For this purpose, the effect of drought stress through the irrigation cycle after 80 (control), 110 (mild stress), 140 (relatively severe stress) and 170 (severe stress) mm of evaporation from the class A evaporation pan on four grain sorghum cultivars, Sepideh, Kimia, Payam and KGS32, was investigated in summer cultivation in Khorramabad, Lorestan. The results showed that the amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, ratio of chlorophyll a/b, carotene and xanthophyll) and the amount of starch, protein, sodium and the ratio of sodium to potassium decreased with the intensification of drought stress, but the amount of nitrate, proline and potassium increased in the sorghum shoot. Intensification of drought stress was accompanied by the suppression of catalase, which caused the antioxidant defense mechanism to work through increasing peroxidase production. The highest amounts of non-structural soluble sugars, peroxidase and proline in the aerial part were obtained from KGS23 and Payam cultivars under severe drought stress conditions, while the highest amount of starch under normal irrigation conditions was obtained from the Sepideh variety, as were the highest amounts of catalase and total protein in the aerial part under normal conditions. Watering was observed in Payam and KGS23 cultivars. The trend of grain yield changes of all grain sorghum cultivars under the influence of drought stress followed a significant and negative linear relationship, but the changes of peroxidase and proline with increasing drought stress had a significant and positive linear relationship. In general, grain sorghum cultivars KGS23 and Sepideh have different drought stress tolerance mechanisms and can be recommended for normal and stressful conditions in the temperate region of Khorramabad.

Over the past few decades, human industrial activities have significantly reduced the blocking effect of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. As a consequence, there has been an increase in the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to the Earth's surface. This amplified exposure to UV rays poses a serious threat to living organisms, particularly plants. In our study, we investigated the impact of UV-A and UV-B radiation on some morpho-physiological traits as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. UV radiation treatments were applied at three levels: control (no UV radiation), UV-A radiation, and UV-B radiation. The UV radiation was administered using broadband lamps manufactured by Q-Lab in the USA. These 40-watt lamps were employed for a duration of four hours per day. Our findings reveal that exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in a decrease in leaf dry weight, plant height, and the levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll by 29.57%, 13.44%, 17.7%, 33.77%, and 22.51%, respectively, compared to the control. Conversely, UV-B radiation led to an increase in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids, phenols, and total flavonoids. Additionally, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, including peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, as well as the levels of proline and malondialdehyde, exhibited significant increases of 23.45%, 37.54%, 41.59%, 82.75%, 412.5%, 100%, 87.5%, and 359.32%, respectively, compared to the control. Regarding UV-A treatment, the levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll decreased. However, there was an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, proline, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase. Overall, the rosemary plants exposed to UV-B radiation exhibited higher quality in terms of medicinal and biological properties due to the increased presence of UV-absorbing compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. However, it is worth noting that the yield of the plant decreased under UV-B treatment.

Japanese barberry or ornamental barberry (Berberis thunbergii) belongs to the Berberidaceae family. This family have several properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The healing properties of barberry have been known and studied for thousands of years. In order to study the changes in the physiological-biochemical characteristics of Japanese barberry under the influence of abiotic elicitors, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Imam Khomeini International University in 2018-2019. The treatments included methyl jasmonate elicitors, salicylic acid, titanium dioxide and no elicitor (control) in four replications. In this research, the amount of leaf photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes of leaf and root tissues of Japanese barberry plant were extracted and measured. The results showed that the effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of photosynthetic leaf pigments and antioxidant enzymes in the two studied tissues was significant at the 1% probability level. Comparison of the means showed that salicylic acid treatment increased the amount of chlorophyll a and total leaf chlorophyll compared to the control by 20.9% and 21.3%, respectively. Salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate increased 29.9 and 19.1 percent of carotenoid content in leaves, respectively, compared to the control. The highest protein content of the root was produced with the use of salicylic acid, which increased by 38.6% compared to the control. The activity of catalase enzyme in the root increased by salicylic acid and titanium dioxide elicitors by 76.8 and 52.2%, respectively, compared to the control. In leaves, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitors increased catalase enzyme activity by 104.1% and 57.1%, respectively. From this research, it was concluded that salicylic acid had the greatest effect in increasing the amount of pigments and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of the Japanese barberry plant, which can be used for medicinal products.

In this study, the effects of drought stress and paclobutrazol on Anethum graveolans L. were investigated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse. Some growth and biochemical characteristics of dill under drought stress (irrigation-based) at three levels (30%, 50% and 70% field capacity) and paclobutrazol at two concentrations (20 and 40 mg/L) were investigated. Drought stress caused a significant reduction in the fresh and dry weight and length of both stem and root, as well as the contents of photosynthetic pigments and proteins, whereas this stress induced reduced sugar and proline content and catalase activity. Although fresh and dry weight and length of stem decreased in plants treated with paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol treatment significantly increased the root growth parameters and the contents of pigments and proteins in relation to drought stress and paclobutrazol treatment. In plants treated with paclobutrazol, the content of sugars, proline and catalase activity were significantly higher compared to non-treated plants and controls (P≤0/05). Moreover, the patterns of protein expression were different. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a protein with a molecular weight of 11 KD under severe stress conditions and treatment with 40 mg/L paclobutrazol. This protein probably has a major role in dill resistance to drought and the stress amelioration effect of paclobutrazol.

Narcissus, with a unique fragrance, is one of the most beautiful and oldest ornamental plants in Iran and all over the world. Considering the development of nanotechnology applications in various sciences and the increasing role of nanotechnology in the field of plant breeding, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of nano compounds on the morphological and physiological characteristics of narcissus in field cultivation in Behbahan city. In the present study, the effect of foliar spraying of plants with distilled water (control), silicon, nanosilicon, chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-nanosilicon on the performance of narcissus was studied in the form of a randomized complete block design. The 14-day-old plants were sprayed once every five days for a month. The results showed that the silicon, nanosilicon, chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-nanosilicon treatments improved the morphological characteristics of the plants by an average of 32% flowering percentage, 9% rate of flowering, 8% flower diameter, 9% flower fresh weight and 26% the number of flowers per flowering stem compared to control plants. According to the physiological aspect, an increase was achieved in the chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, water soluble carbohydrates and proteins contents, and catalase activity in the leaves of plants under silicon, nanosilicon, chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-nanosilicon treatments, while the hydrogen peroxide content decreased. The most effective treatment was nanochitosan-nanosilicon, which increased chlorophyll a (33%), chlorophyll b (58%), carotenoids (11%), soluble sugars (49%), proteins (14%), and catalase enzyme activity (42%), compared to control plants. Foliar spraying of plants had no effect on the amount of malondialdehyde, total antioxidant activity based on the FRAP method, and the proline content. Silicon, nanosilicon, chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-nanosilicon treatments increased the amounts of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the petals and leaves of plants. An increase of 22 and 20% phenol, 57 and 52% flavonoids, and 10 and 13% anthocyanins was observed in petals and leaves, respectively, under nanochitosan-nanosilica treatment. Based on the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and the absence of peroxidation of membrane lipids, it can be concluded that the treatments improved the growth and flowering process of narcissus due to an improvement in the physiological performance of plants without causing stress, and the most effective treatment was foliar spraying with nanochitosan-nanosilicon.

Heavy metal contamination in the soil is a widespread global problem, and to reduce the accumulation and negative effects of heavy metals in plants, using different growing substrates is an effective and economical solution. In order to investigate the improvement of the growth and physiological characteristics of cumin with different growing substrates under the stress of heavy metals, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in 2020–2021. The first factor includes four levels of heavy metals (control, cadmium, lead, and nickel) with a concentration of 50 mg/kg of soil, and the second factor includes different growing substrates at four levels (control, animal manure, compost and vermicompost). The results showed that heavy metals in the soil caused absorption and transfer to aerial organs. On the other hand, the use of organic fertilizer treatments caused a significant reduction of cadmium, lead and nickel in aerial parts compared to control. Heavy metals decreased shoot dry weight and seed yield by increasing ion leakage and decreasing the content of photosynthetic pigments. Animal manure and vermicompost significantly increased the chlorophyll content and the relative water content of leaves compared to the absence of organic fertilizers. Also, the enzyme catalase and ascorbate peroxidase of cumin leaves showed an increasing trend with the use of heavy metals. In total, the results of this research showed that the application of vermicompost and animal manure provides the best conditions for the growth of cumin under the stress of heavy metals.

Chitosan is a nitrogen containing polysaccharide synthesized naturally by deacetylation reaction of chitin, which is confirmed as an efficient bio-stimulant to improve production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. In the present study, the effects of chitosan (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, secondary metabolites, antioxidant capacity, activity of antioxidant enzymes, quantity and quality of protein, and the expression of HMGS and HMGR genes were examined in Andrographis paniculata L. The results showed that application of chitosan significantly increased the chlorophyll and carotenoids and, as a result, increased plant growth and biomass. Chitosan treatments (300 and 400 mg/L) increased the expression of HMGS and HMGR genes in plant leaves, which was associated with a significant increase in the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids. Also, chitosan improved the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes and increased the antioxidant capacity of A. paniculata leaves. Examination of the quantity and quality of proteins showed that the intensity of protein bands with the molecular weight of 60 kD under 300 and 400 mg/L chitosan treatment and also the intensity of protein bands with the molecular weights of 35 and 20 kD under 300 mg/L chitosan treatment increased compared to the other concentrations. Therefore, these results revealed that application of chitosan can increase accumulation of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant capacity in the medicinal plant A. paniculata.

It is very important to find ways to increase the tolerance of plants under drought stress conditions. In order to study the effect of drought stress levels and types of humic fertilizers, amino acid and organic supplements on quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower (Goldasht cultivar), an experiment was conducted as split plots base on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Zabol University (Chah Nimeh). The main factor of irrigation cut-off levels based on plant growth stages: control (full irrigation), irrigation up to the main stem formation stage and irrigation up to the stage of flowering completion and the secondary factor of five levels of fertilizer treatment: Control (not applicable), amino micropower fertilizer, humic acid, humica and organic supplements in amounts of two per thousand. Maximum plant height (69.76 cm), number of leaves per plant (78.43), number of branches (6.2), oil content (34.2), chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (11.51, 3.37, 2.40 mg/g fresh weight respectively) was obtained from foliar application treatment with humic acid and complete irrigation. Percentage of changes in plant height (27.7), number of leaves (19.5), number of branches (35.5), petal weight (50), oil content (48), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids (respectively 33, 38 and 27) under complete irrigation and foliar application of humic acid due to severe stress and non-application of fertilizers. Catalase enzyme activity (97%), peroxidase (99%) and Protein content (62%) increased due to stress and foliar application of humic acid. In general, it seems that foliar application of humic acid compared to other organic fertilizers used in this study can achieve better results under drought stress conditions.

Plant nutrition from different sources of fertilizers is one of the most critical factors for crop improvement under stress conditions. The purpose of this research was to study the morpho-physiological responses of the lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) medicinal plant to the application of different fertilizer sources (control, NPK, nitroxin, mycorrhizal fungi, and biosulfur) under irrigation water salinity stress (0, 100, and 200 mM) in two climates (Fars and Tehran), implemented as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications during 2020-2021. Growth and yield attributes and also physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments, proline content, and qualitative characteristics (essential oil percentage and yield) were measured. Results showed that high salinity concentration (200 mM) negatively affected growth and yield parameters (root dry weight and volume, plant height, number of leaves, and plant yield). The highest plant yield was obtained at 0 and 100 mM salinity with an average of 4183.1 and 4191.9 kg.ha-1, respectively in Fars. Among the fertilizer treatments, there was no difference in terms of plant yield, and all of them led to an increase in yield compared to the control treatment. Using nitroxin biofertilizer under non-stress conditions in Fars region led to the highest total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, which showed an increase by 51.3% and 47.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Salinity stress (200 mM) and the use of biosulfur in Tehran climate led to an increase in proline content. The use of NPK fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi under severe salinity stress in Fars led to increases by 2.3 and 2.4 times in essential oil percentage. The lowest average essential oil was also observed in the application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Tehran. The highest essential oil yield was obtained in the application of mycorrhizal fungi under moderate salinity stress in Fars, which was 2.7 times higher compared to the control. All fertilizer treatments at 200 mM level in Fars also had the highest essential oil yield. In general, the lemongrass plant had a good tolerance against the salinity stress of irrigation water and the use of NPK, nitroxin, and mycorrhiza fertilizers while increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield led to the adjustment of the adverse effects caused by the salinity stress.

The most important stresses in the world's agricultural lands, especially in Iran, are drought and salinity stresses, which are increasing in these days. In this study, the independent and combined effects of salinity and drought stresses were studied on different agronomic and biochemical traits of the medicinal plant of Ammi visnaga .The experimental design was performed as split plot based in a completely randomized block design with three replication. Drought stress treatments  based on soil depletion rate (normal 50%, moderate stress 60% and severe stress 85%) and  three salinity stress levels (normal, average stress: 80 mM and severe stress :100 mM were applied. The results of the present study showed that different levels of independent stresses and the combination of salinity and drought both caused a significant decrease in seed yield, seed weight and plant height and a significant increase in malondialdehyde content compared to the control treatment. In combined treatments, the changes in chlorophyll content did not show the same trend compared to the control treatment. In both drought and salinity stresses,there was a significant increase in the contents of total phenolics, total flavonols, total flavonoids, carotenoids, proline and antioxidant activity, compared to the control, in order to compensate  the negative effects of tensions. The lowest values for seed yield, plant height and the highest antioxidant activity were observed in the combined stress of severe drought and severe salinity.The highest content for total flavonols and carotenoid and the lowest value for malondialdehyde were observed in the combined stress of moderate drought and non salinity (D2S1). The highest contents of total phenolics (228.64 mg of gallic acid per gram of fresh leaves) and total flavonoids (120.62 mg of quercetin per gram of fresh leaves) were obtained in the combined stress of moderate salinity and severe drought (D3S2). The highest content of anthocyanin (0.12 μmol/g FW) in severe combined stress of salinity and drought (D3S3). These results showed the stimulating effects of these combined levels in the highest production of phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins compounds in this plant. Considering the significant increase of phenolic compounds in moderate and severe levels of drought and salinity stresses, its cultivation in lands affected by drought and salinity stress can be considered.

Past studies have already determined that selenium is very effective in alleviating oxidative damage caused by various abiotic stresses in plants. This study investigated the effects of selenium on the growth and physiological traits of basil under arsenic toxicity. The results showed that growth parameters including root and shoot length and root and shoot weight under arsenic toxicity, especially at high concentrations, were significantly reduced compared to the control plants. Also, in severe arsenic toxicity, the content of photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein concentrations decreased and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased compared to the basil plants without stress. Selenium foliar spray, especially at a concentration of 5 mg/l on plants, both under stress and without stress, led to increased growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein content. In addition, the use of sodium selenate at low concentrations reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and at high concentrations increased their activity under arsenic toxicity compared to control plants. In general, it seems that selenium has reduced the toxic effects of arsenic in basil by enhancing its antioxidant activity and improving plant growth.

With the dramatic increase in nanotechnologies, it has become probable that biological systems will be exposed to an excess of nanoparticles (NPs). Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual grassy plant that has some pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, analgesic, wound healing, skeletal muscle-relaxant, anti-inflammatory and a radical scavenger. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/L) on the growth and biomass production, photosynthetic pigments, proline, flavonoid and phenolic compounds, gas exchange capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were investigated in purslane plants. The results showed that AgNPs treatments significantly inhibited biomass production and the growth of root and shoot, and decreased the content of chlorophylls a and b at high concentrations (20, 40 and 80 mg/L), while, the AgNPs treatments increased the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds compared to control treatment. By increasing the concentration of AgNPs, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry declined. The measurements of Chl a fluorescence showed that strong evidence of inhibitory effects on energy transfer from light-harvesting complexes to reaction centres, the deterioration of the PSII water splitting system and the inactivation of PSII reaction centres at high concentrations of AgNPs. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that AgNPs induced an inhibitory mechanism on photosynthetic processes and biomass of purslane plants.

Considering the increasing trend of salinity development and the lack of suitable arable lands for agriculture in the world, the use of saline resistant species that reduce the effects of salinity stress in plants is very important. The aim of the present study was, investigation and comparison of morphophysiological and biochemical traits in leaf tissue of two barley cultivars (Aklyl and Zahak) under Salinity stress (0 (control), 150 and 300 mm NaCl). This experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications, conducted at the Institute for Biotechnological Research in the University of Zabol in 2021. According to the results of interactions, it was found that salinity stress in both barley cultivars reduced morphophysiological traits such as fresh weight (68%) and dry weight (69%), height (43%), Chlorophyll a (74%), b (78%), total (76%), relative water content of leaves (35%), protein (49%) but increased in soluble carbohydrates (58%), proline (8%), carotenoids (62%) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (73%), polyphenol oxidase (24%) and ascorbate peroxidase (78%) compared with the control treatment. In normal conditions and salt stress (300 mM), Aklyl cultivar compared to Zahak cultivar had the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids, relative content of leaf water, carbohydrates, proline and catalase, while the highest amount of protein and activity of antioxidant enzymes of ascorbate, polyphenol oxidase was related to Zahak cultivar at salinity of 300 mM. As a result, based on the results of the present study, it can be stated that Aklyl cultivar was less affected by salinity stress and had a better reaction than Zahak cultivar.

To investigate trunk injection treatment effects on eliminating chlorosis disorder and improving the growth of plane trees (Platanus orientalis L.), an experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design at Lavark Reasrch Farm, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, with three replications and four treatments. Treatments consisted of different sources of iron (iron aminolate, iron gluconate, iron citrate, iron sulfate) at six concentrations (0 as control, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) for each treatments. The measured traits included photosynthetic pigments, iron content, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf protein content, appearance quality index, relative leaf water content, and electrolyte leakage of tree leaves. The results indicated that trunk injection of iron aminochlate and iron gluconate at 0.75 and 1% concentration had the most significant positive effect on the most of the measured traits compared to the other treatments. Therefore, the use of iron aminochlate and iron gluconate treatments improved the visual appearance of plant trees by increasing the concentration of photosynthetic pigments. The results showed that iron aminochlate and iron gluconate treatments at the level of 0.75% and 1% had the most significant positive effect on the most measured traits compared to the other experimental treatments. Iron aminochlate and iron gluconate treatments improved the appearance of the sycamore tree by increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments. Also, increasing the concentration of iron used in each treatment in most traits improved the measured characteristics. Based on the results, the interactions of iron aminochlate treatment with a concentration of 1% showed the most significant positive effect compared to the control treatment in the most traits. Therefore, the trunk injection method using aminochlate treatments is recommended to improve different traits in sycamore trees.

To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid and nano iron chelate on the mucilage and carbohydrate values as well as some morpho-physiological traits of Viola aodorata L. species, a factorial experiment was defined based on randomized complete block design with three replications. After planting the seeds in pots, experimental treatments included foliar application of salicylic acid at three levels (0, 0.75 and 1.5 mg / L) as well as nano iron chelate at two levels (0 and 1 g / L) was applied at seedling stage. According to the results, the highest amounts of carotenoid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b as well as the total chlorophyll, protein and catalase were observed in specimen treated with 1.5 mg / L salicylic acid. Moreover, the highest amounts of sodium, copper, mucilage and fresh plant weight were detected in specimen treated with 1g / L iron nano chelate. The results also demonstrated that the highest amount of carbohydrate was found  in specimen treated with 1.5 mg / L salicylic acid and 1 g / L nano-iron chelate. In this investigation, the foliar application of salicylic acid (1.5 mg / L) and iron nano chelate (1 g / L) led to a 12 and 19 percent increase in the plant height compared to the untreated sample, respectively. Therefore, treatment with salicylic acid and nano-iron chelate could be recommended to increase the growth and medicinal properties of this plant species.

Lack of water is one of the limiting factors for growth, and oxidative stress is a secondary stress resulting from drought and dehydration. In order to study the levels of potassium nanoclat fertilizers, potassium sulfate and salicylic acid in reducing water effects on a number of physiological indicators of evergreen plants, experimental spring was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 1398 in the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch. Factors involved included irrigation at two levels, consumption of potassium fertilizer at two levels of potassium nanocat and potassium sulfate, and salicylic acid at three levels of zero, one and two milliliters. Physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments, proline, phenol total, superoxide dismutase, catalase enzyme, soluble sugar, protein and glycine betaine were evaluated. Based on the results of this study, dehydration stress significantly increased the levels of proline, the enzyme peroxidase, the enzyme catalase, glycine betaine and sugar, and reduced the levels of chlorophyll a, b, whole leaves and total protein. The use of salicylic acid leaf in conditions of dehydration stress in concentrations significantly increased sugar, total protein, glycine betaine and total phenol. The use of potassium nanocatalysts and potassium sulfate improved plant tolerance in drought stress conditions and increased physiological traits compared to control.