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In this study, the effects of drought stress and paclobutrazol on Anethum graveolans L. were investigated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse. Some growth and biochemical characteristics of dill under drought stress (irrigation-based) at three levels (30%, 50% and 70% field capacity) and paclobutrazol at two concentrations (20 and 40 mg/L) were investigated. Drought stress caused a significant reduction in the fresh and dry weight and length of both stem and root, as well as the contents of photosynthetic pigments and proteins, whereas this stress induced reduced sugar and proline content and catalase activity. Although fresh and dry weight and length of stem decreased in plants treated with paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol treatment significantly increased the root growth parameters and the contents of pigments and proteins in relation to drought stress and paclobutrazol treatment. In plants treated with paclobutrazol, the content of sugars, proline and catalase activity were significantly higher compared to non-treated plants and controls (P≤0/05). Moreover, the patterns of protein expression were different. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a protein with a molecular weight of 11 KD under severe stress conditions and treatment with 40 mg/L paclobutrazol. This protein probably has a major role in dill resistance to drought and the stress amelioration effect of paclobutrazol.

Potato with the scientific name (Solanum tuberosum. L.) is a plant that is cultivated as an important product in all countries and is known as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins in the human diet. This is a native product of South America and its origin is from Peru. After wheat, rice and corn, potato is the fourth product in people's food basket, which in Iran sometimes takes the place of rice and takes second place, which shows its importance in meeting people's food needs. According to the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under potato cultivation in Iran in 2019 was more than 164 thousand hectares and the harvested product from this area was about 32.5 million tons. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.Since the expectations for food products with appropriate quality and safety standards have increased, it seems necessary to determine the characteristics of food products. In the meantime, in the potato product, quality evaluation after the harvest stage is necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because potatoes, like many other products, have uneven quality and handling in It is the harvesting stage. At the same time, the safety and desirability of food play an important role in the food industry and are directly related to people's health. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, high dry matter and specific weight, high antioxidants, light skin color and no sprouting. Stored potatoes may suffer from sweetening, rotting, water loss and sprout growth during storage. Storage conditions after harvesting can cause changes in the chemical composition and quality of the product. Therefore, the management of potato tubers in all stages of production and storage is very important.The quality of this product and its processed products depends on the variety and environmental conditions (both during the growing season and during the storage period). By analyzing the relationship between chips color, dry solids, sucrose, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, protein and storage temperature data, Meza showed that dry solids, reducing sugar and sucrose in determining the color of fresh potato chips and reducing sugar, tuber temperature and sucrose content are very important in determining the color of stored tuber chips and the relative importance of each of these parameters changes with the type of tuber variety and storage.The amount of potato sugar significantly depends on the variety and storage temperature and it happens quickly in cold weather. In potato tubers during the storage period, starch is gradually hydrolyzed and turned into sugar (glucose). In unripe tubers and potatoes that are stored for a long time at low temperatures, there are more amounts of glucose, this feature is considered an anti-quality feature for the potato product in the industry, why? The increase of regenerating sugars causes the produced chips to turn brown and bitter. Storing potatoes for more than 7 months can cause ageing or old sweetness, and storage at a temperature of fewer than 10 degrees Celsius can cause sweetness caused by cold. Although potato storage at low temperatures can have beneficial results such as reducing respiration rate, reducing physiological ageing, inhibiting germination, reducing evaporative water loss and reducing microbial pathogens. But sugars accumulate when the balance between starch degradation and breakdown is not established and there is carbohydrate respiration. Therefore, potatoes that are kept at a lower temperature have a lot of sugar. Researchers reported that when potatoes are stored at zero degrees Celsius, there will be a complete stop in th accumulation of sugar.

First, 5 different varieties of fresh potatoes (Spirit, Agria, Sante, Jelli and Marfona) were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center (Arallo District). It should be noted that these potatoes were prepared immediately after harvesting so that there are no changes in the amount of sugar due to the time interval after harvesting.The amount of sugar in each sample was measured in three replicates using a liquid refractometer model BPTR100 (Middle East Control System Company, brand name Prisma Tech, made in Iran) available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University (Figure 1). For this, first, some water was taken from the samples and after pouring it into a microtube, it was placed inside a refrigerated centrifuge (top speed) of the LISA France model, and after rotating at a speed of 1800 rpm for 2 minutes, the impurities at the bottom settled and separated the pure liquid (pure potato juice). After reaching the ambient temperature, the said liquid was placed on the refractometer and its sugar content was read in terms of Brix.

The results of the analysis of the variance of cultivar effect on potato sugar content are shown in Table 1. According to the analysis of the variance table, the effect of variety on potato sugar level was significant at 1% probability level. You can see the changes in the amount of sugar of different potato cultivars in Figure 2. The difference in the amount of sugar in different cultivars is due to the difference in their starch hydrolysis (the main compound of potato-potato tubers) which occurs as a result of the respiration of the product, and it is in this way that the higher the amount of starch in If one variety is less, that variety has less sugar, and it is important to note that the chemical composition depends on the potato variety, soil, climate, and agricultural factors. In general, it can be said that potatoes with more sugar are suitable for the chips industry, and potatoes with medium sugar are suitable for frying. According to Figure 2, the highest amount of sugar is related to the Esprit variety and the lowest amount is related to the Jelly variety. The reason for the difference in the amount of sugar between different cultivars is mainly related to the type of soil, fertilizer and poison used. According to the data and the results of the research, it was observed that the amount of sugar in different varieties of potato is different, in the meantime, the jelly variety generally has a lower amount of sugar at the time of harvesting, and the variety of Esprit has the highest amount of sugar at the time of harvesting. Was. It is recommended to choose a more suitable variety according to the conditions according to the type of consumption and the importance of quality characteristics for consumption and processing, of course, physical characteristics are also involved in this relationship, which should be taken into consideration.

Potato with the scientific name (Solanum tuberosum. L.) is a plant that is cultivated as an important crop in all countries and is known as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins in the human diet. This is a native product of South America and its origin is from Peru. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.Due to the increase in expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is necessary. In the apple-potato product, quality assessment after the harvest stage is necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because potatoes, like many other products, have uneven quality and processing during the harvest stage. - Be At the same time, the safety and desirability of food play an important role in the food industry and are directly related to people's health. In addition, a huge part of potatoes used in the processing industry is stored, so considering the importance of this food item and the demand of the people throughout the year, it is possible to meet the needs of the applicants only through long-term storage with optimal conditions was responsible. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, high dry matter and specific weight, high antioxidants, light skin colour and no sprouting.The complexity of the reflectance spectrum of food makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period. A near-infrared spectrometer can detect the spectrum of reflected light by estimating its concentration or determining some of its inherent properties.The quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality grading systems based on the external characteristics of agricultural products and quality grading systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained outstanding points in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been invented so far for the qualitative grading of agricultural products based on the assessment of their internal properties in a non-destructive way, and only some of them havebeen able to meet the above conditions and have been justified in terms of technical and industrial aspects.Meanwhile, spectrometry can be highly efficient in determining the quality of cultivars. Spectroscopy is a type of system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can perform classification and determination of digit quality.With increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, the need for accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is now necessary. Because manual methods do not have automatic control, they are very tiring, difficult and expensive, and they are easily affected by environmental factors. Today, spectroscopic systems are non-destructive and cost-effective and are ideally used for routine inspections and quality assurance in the food industry and related products. This technology allows inspection works to be carried out using wavelength data analysis techniques and is a non-destructive method for measuring quality parameters. In this research, using spectrometry and chemometrics methods, changes in acidity and SSC of potato were investigated over time.

In each treatment period (in total 5 periods were considered and the intervals of periods were determined as one week), unripe walnut samples in addition to ripe samples (in the last period) were taken from one of the orchards around Ardabil (located in Shahrivar village) was prepared, tested and data collected.A spectroradiometer model PS-100 (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) was used to acquire the spectrum of the samples. This spectroradiometer is very small, light, portable, has a single-wavelength sputtering type with a resolution of 1 nm and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels that covers the spectral range of 250-1150 nm (Vis/NIR) well. Also, there is the ability to connect the optical fibre to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer the data to the computer to display and store the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software through the USB port. To create optimal light in contrast mode measurements, an OPTC (Halogen Light Source) model halogen-tungsten light source, which can be connected to an optical fibre, was used. This light source has three output powers of 10, 20, and 30 watts, which were used in this research. Also, a two-branch optical fibre probe model (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, Utah, USA), which includes 7 parallel optical fibres with a diameter of 400 micrometres, was used in counter-mode measurements. After providing the necessary equipment, the optimal spectroscopic arrangement was designed and implemented to facilitate the experiments and minimize the effect of environmental factors during the spectroscopic process.To measure SSC, liquid refractometer model BPTR100 (Middle East System Control Company, brand name Prisma Tech, made in Iran) available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University is used. For this, first, some water is taken from the samples and after pouring it into the microtube, we allow it to reach the ambient temperature, and then it is placed on the refractometer and the amount of sugar is read in terms of Brix.For this purpose, a laboratory pH meter, which is also called a pH meter, was used. The pH meter is actually a potentiometer consisting of an ion-selective glass electrode that selectively responds to the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution and measures the potential difference between the external solution (sample) and the internal solution (reference electrode solution). The pH-sensitive part is made of a special thin glass membrane that is at the bottom of the electrode.

In this research, in order to estimate the amount of acidity and SSC of potato-potato and the amount of wavelength absorption in 5 different periods of storage (two-week periods), reflectance spectroscopy was performed in the wavelength range of 400 to 1100 nm. After removing the noises by PCA analysis, to improve the spectrum, different pre-processings were applied and their effects were investigated. The appropriate model was determined using the partial least squares (PLS) method. Important wavelengths were selected based on the regression coefficient of the best model. Based on PLS analysis, the best results were obtained with Savitzky-Golay smoothing preprocessing. As a result, it seems that the non-destructive method of ultraspectral imaging was able to detect the amount of SSC in potatoes, but no acceptable result was obtained in the case of acidity.

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered an important product in developing and developed countries for the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. As expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards increase, it is necessary to determine their characteristics accurately, quickly, and purposefully. In the potato crop, quality evaluation, after harvest and isolation, is very important to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because the potato, like many other crops, has the non-uniform quality and care during the harvest stage. While the quality of raw potatoes is primarily determined by the size, shape, color, and attractiveness of the tuber, the quality of potatoes is generally determined by examining the quality of the final product. The quality of processed products is examined in terms of color, flavor, and texture. The quality of most processed products stems from the quality of raw potatoes. Uniformity in size, shape, and composition is essential for optimal quality. During storage, processing, or cooking, potatoes are exposed to a variety of phenomena that affect the final quality of the product. For consumers, the main quality characteristics of potatoes are color, size, and texture. However, quality assessment for industrial potato processing includes various parameters such as dry matter content, starch content and characteristics, shelf life after storage (storage), and after processing. The type of cultivar, physical and chemical composition, and post-harvest storage are important factors that can affect the cooking characteristics of potatoes and potato crops. Quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality rating systems based on the apparent properties of agricultural products and quality rating systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained prominence in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been developed so far for non-destructive quality classification of agricultural products based on the evaluation of their internal properties, only some of which have been able to meet the above conditions and are technically and industrially justified. To be. In the meantime, spectroscopy can have high efficiency in determining the quality of figures. Spectroscopy is a system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can classify and determine the quality of the digit.

First, 3 different potato cultivars were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center. After preparing the data, data were collected to determine the amount of sugar (SSC) and at the same time, the samples were tested with a spectrometer to determine the wavelengths of the samples. The glucose level of each sample was measured in 18 replications using an SBR-62T ocular refractometer. To do this, the water of the samples was placed on a refractometer at ambient temperature and its sugar level was read in terms of Brix. A PS-100 spectroradiometer (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) made in the USA was used to obtain the spectrum of the samples. This ultra-small, lightweight, portable spectrophotometer has a 1nm sprayer-type single-diffuser and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels, which has a range of 250-150 nm (Vis / NIR) cover. There is also the ability to connect fiber optics to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer data to a computer for the purpose of displaying and storing the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software via the USB port. The data obtained from spectral imaging may be affected by the scattering of light by the detector by changing the sample, changing the sample size, surface roughness in the sample, noise caused by the temperature of the device and many other factors, and unwanted information Affect the accuracy of calibration models. Therefore, data processing is required to achieve stable, accurate, and reliable calibration models. The application of non-destructive methods based on spectroscopy in the full range of wavelengths requires a lot of time and money, which makes the practical application of this method almost impossible; therefore, one should look for a way to find the optimal wavelengths and limit the wavelengths to the minimum possible. The partial least squares (PLS) regression method seems ideal in this regard. In this study, in order to build the models, the data were randomly divided into two parts: 80% of the samples were used for cross-training and cross-validation and the rest of the data were used for independent validation.

Mean absorption spectra Vis / NIR absorption spectra for different treatments in the range of 1000-500 nm are shown in Figure 1. Environmental factors (light and heat) as well as the quality of spectrometer expression cause perturbations in the initial and final wavelengths of the spectra, so part of these wavelengths are removed from the data set and as shown in Figure 1, the samples had a roughly similar pattern; This may be due to the color of the samples. According to Figure 1, there are two well-defined peaks for the spectra, and it appears that for the Colombo and Sante cultivars the peaks appeared at around 480 and 1000 nm and for the Milwa cultivar at around 540 and 950 nm. Figure 1 also shows that the absorption rate of the Milwa cultivar is higher than the other two cultivars, which can be due to differences in the number of different substances such as sugar or SSC. Based on the analysis (PCA) results presented in Figure 2, the first principal component (PC-1) describes 67% and the second principal component (PC-3) describes 27% of the variance of the samples tested. As a result, the first two principal components together represent 94% of the data. Due to the fact that the relationship between the properties of different samples during the tests, for various reasons such as technical problems of equipment, data collection, incorrect sampling, etc. in some samples is inappropriate or to correct. To be out. The values of R2 and RMSE for the calibration and validation sets of different regression models (PLS) with raw and processed data are presented in Figure 3, which is equal to 1.

In this study, the effects of chitosan nanoparticles at two levels of 0.2 and 0.4 g/L under salinity stress conditions (at two levels of 75 and 150 mM) on biochemical and physiological indicators of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) were studied. The experiment was conducted as a two-factor factorial based on a completely randomized design in four replications. The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of chitosan nanoparticles on fresh weight, dry weight, length, malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, starch, total phenol content, and DPPH inhibition percentage in aerial and root parts, chlorophylls, carotenoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content in the aerial part was significant at p<1%.  Comparison of average data showed that at 150 mM salinity in the aerial and root parts, fresh weight 1.46 and 1.31, dry weight 1.5 and 1.4, and length 1.27 and 1.52 times showed the most significant decrease compared to the control. Also, chlorophyll a 1.8, b 1.2, and carotenoid 1.6 times in the aerial part, starch 1.8 and 3.6, IC50 inhibition percentage 1.61 and 4.4 times in the aerial and root parts showed the most significant decrease in salinity of 150 mM compared to the control. Treatment with nanoparticles of 0.2 and 0.4 g/L increased chlorophyll a (1.38 and 1.39), b (1.19 and 1.18), carotenoid (1.3 and 4.1) in leaves, and flavonoid (1.7 and 1.5) and anthocyanin (1.3 and 1.5) times in aerial part and increase of soluble sugar (1.6 and 1.8; 1.6 and 1.5), total phenol (1.11 and 1.16; 1.19 and 1.3) times, respectively in shoots and roots and reduction of malondialdehyde (1.6, 1.8, 1.7, 2.8), and starch concentration (1.38, 1.43, 1.9 and 2.4) and IC50 inhibition percentage (1.13, 1.32, 1.14 and 1.75) times were in aerial and root parts. Chitosan nanoparticles at two levels of 0.2 and 0.4 g per liter improved the negative effects of salinity, and in general, chitosan nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.4 g/L showed better performance in improving both levels of salinity.IntroductionOne of the main problems in arid and semi-arid areas is soil salinity, which reduces the growth and productivity of crops (Sheikhalipour et al., 2021). Chitosan is a defense stimulant, but its use is extremely limited due to the lack of solubility in water environments. Nanoparticles have many applications in agriculture and industry due to their properties of high permeability, solubility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and affordability. Chitosan nanoparticles are unique due to their high ratio of surface-to-volume, size-dependent quality, and optical properties (Sathiyabama and Manikandan, 2016). In maize (Zea mays) (Oliveira et al., 2016) and thistle (Silybum marianum) (Mosavikia et al., 2020), the use of chitosan nanoparticles in increasing salinity tolerance has also been studied. The Okra plant belongs to the Malvaceae family and will experience a yield decrease of up to 50% with an increase in soil salinity (Salehi Salmi and Daneshvar, 2016). Due to the increasing population and the daily food needs of the people, the use of plant growth regulators and nanotechnology for cultivation in maximum areas will be efficient strategies for improving plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions, especially the salinity of soils during the plant growth period.In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the biochemical and physiological indicators of the Okra plant under salt stress and the effect of chitosan nanoparticles on mitigating the negative effects of salinity stress. Materials and Methods In this research, green Okra seeds of the Clemson Spineless variety with registration number: GB-34265 were prepared by Pakan Seed Company of Isfahan. The treatment was done with 0.2 and 0.4 grams per liter of chitosan nanoparticles as foliar spraying. Salt stress was applied at the levels of 75 and 150 mM along with Hoagland's solution. Different growth and biochemical parameters were measured after taking the samples of the control and treatment groups. The parameters were the length of the aerial part and the root,  the dry weight (after 72 hours of drying in the oven),  chlorophyll and carotenoid content  (Lichtenthaler, 1987),  the amount of total flavonoid (Chang et al., 2002),  total phenol (Marinova et al., 2005), anthocyanin (Fulcki and Francis, 1968), the percentage of radical collection (2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH) (Burits and Bucar, 2000), the amount of soluble sugars (by the phenol sulfuric acid method),  starch (Magne et al., 2006), and malondialdehyde (Heath and Packer, 1968). To minimize the experimental errors, sampling was done for each treatment in 4 replicates and three plants in each replicate. The experiment was conducted as a two-factor factorial based on a completely randomized design in four replications. SAS 9.4 software was used for statistical data analysis. Results and discussionComparison of means showed that urban and industrial wastewater treatments caused The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of Chitosan nanoparticles on wet and dry weight, length, the content of Malondialdehyde, Soluble sugar, Starch, total Phenol, and percentage of DPPH inhibition in aerial and root parts, Chlorophylls, Carotenoid, Flavonoid, and Anthocyanin in the aerial part was significant at the probability level of 1%. The comparison of the average data showed that in the salinity of 150 mM in the aerial and root parts, fresh weight was 1.46 and 1.31, dry weight was 1.5 and 1.4, and length was 1.27 and 1.52 times, respectively. Also, Chlorophyll a (1.8), b (1.2), and Carotenoid 1.6 times in the aerial part, Starch 1.8 and 3.6 times, and IC50 inhibition percentage 1.61 and 4.4 times in the aerial part and roots in salinity 150 mM showed the largest decrease compared to the control. Treatment with nanoparticles 0.2 and 0.4 g/liter increased Chlorophyll a (1.38 and 1.39), b (1.19 and 18), and Carotenoid 1.3 and 1.4 times in leaves, and Flavonoid 1.7 and 1.5 and Anthocyanin 3 times 1.1 and 5.1 times in the aerial part, and it also increases the dissolved Sugar 1.6, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.5, total Phenol 1.11 and 1.16, 1.19 and 1.3 times in the aerial parts and roots, respectively. And reducing the content of Malondialdehyde 1.6, 1.8, 1.7, 2.8, Starch 1.43, 1.38, 1.4, 2.9 and IC50 inhibition percentage (1.32, 1.13, 1.14, 1.75) was equal in the aerial and root parts. ConclusionFoliar spraying or soil application of particles with a diameter of less than 100 nanometers has created a promising perspective in the agricultural sector and environmental stress management. Foliar spraying of chitosan nanoparticles on the Okra plant can play a vital role in inhibiting oxidative stress caused by salt. In the present study, chitosan nanoparticles increased the content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenol, and flavonoid and decreased the amount of malondialdehyde, which maintained membrane function and increased tolerance against salt stress. Chitosan nanoparticles at two levels of 0.2 and 0.4 g per liter improved the adverse effects of salinity. Overall, chitosan nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.4 g per liter showed a better performance in improving plant tolerance under both levels of salinity. Chitosan nanoparticles can be introduced as a suitable candidate for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on plants, which can be attributed to the presence of its amine and hydroxyl groups, which are easily accessible in chemical reactions, leading to the improvement of the salt stress and an increase in the productivity of crops.

Potato with the scientific name Solanum tuberosum. L is a plant that is cultivated as an important crop in all countries and is known in the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and originally from Peru. Potato is the fourth crop in the food basket of the people after wheat, rice and corn, which sometimes replaces rice in Iran and is in the second place, which shows its importance in meeting the nutritional needs of the people. According to the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under potato cultivation in Iran in 2019 was more than 164 thousand hectares and the harvest from this area was about 5.32 million tons. In the food industry, this product is converted into a variety of products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dried fries and so on. Due to the increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, accurate, fast and purposeful determination of food characteristics is essential. In the potato crop, quality evaluation after the harvest stage seems necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because the potato, like many other products, has a non-uniform quality and care during the harvest stage. - Be. In addition, food safety and desirability play an important role in the food industry and is directly related to people's health. In addition, a large part of the potatoes used in the processing industry, potatoes are stored, so given the importance of this food and the demand of the people throughout the year, only through optimal and long-term storage can meet the needs of applicants. Was responsive. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, dry matter and high specific gravity, high antioxidants, light skin color and no germination. Stored potatoes may be sweetened, rotted, dehydrated, and sprouted during storage. Post-harvest storage conditions can cause changes in chemical composition and product quality. Therefore, the management of potato tubers is very important in all stages of production and storage. Potato changes in storage depend on the variety, storage conditions. Although potato storage is very necessary for domestic and industrial use, due to its chemical and physical changes in the warehouse, it should be said that the characteristics of high quality potatoes in commercial exchanges of this product include more than 70 to 80% of tubers. Light-colored, uniform, firm, no bruising, no scaling, no cracks, no insect damage, rot and greening. Post-harvest storage conditions can cause many changes in the chemical composition of the potato tuber, resulting in changes in the quality characteristics of the final product. Sugar and starch are the main components that are affected by postharvest metabolism in the potato tuber and may ultimately affect their texture, sensory and cooking properties. The quality of potatoes and, consequently, the quality of processed products, depends significantly on the cultivar and environmental conditions, both during the growing season and during storage.

First, potatoes were prepared in 5 different cultivars and stored at 4-10 ° C. Data collection included measuring sugar and carbohydrate levels during storage.The sugar content of each sample was measured in three replications using a liquid refractometer available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University. To do this, first some water was taken from the samples and after pouring into the microtube, it was placed in a refrigerated centrifuge, and after rotating at a speed of 1800 rpm for 2 minutes, the impurities were deposited and the pure liquid was separated. After reaching ambient temperature, the liquid was placed on a refractometer and its sugar level was read in terms of brix.The amount of carbohydrates in the samples was extracted using the equipment available in the central laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. This operation was performed by the Skigel method. Glucose was used to prepare the standard curve. Consecutive dilution of glucose Preparation and color development at 490 nm for different concentrations of glucose were controlled and one ml of distilled water was used as a blank. This standard curve was used to calculate the total concentration of carbohydrates in the samples.For each sample, sampling was performed in three replications and the amount of absorption wavelength was obtained, then the amount of carbohydrates was calculated by placing the wavelength in Equation (1).

According to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of cultivar and storage period on potato sugar content was significant at 1% probability level. You can see the changes in the sugar content of potato cultivars along the storage valley in Figure 4. According to Figure 4, the highest amount of sugar is related to Sprite cultivar and the lowest amount is related to Jali cultivar. Meanwhile, the sugar content of Agria and Jeli cultivars was the same at the time of harvest. Also, after 1 month from the time of potato harvest, the sugar content of Agria and Marfona cultivars were equal and this equality continued until the end of storage period. The reason for the difference in sugar content between different cultivars is mainly related to the type of soil, fertilizer and toxin used. According to the chart, the amount of sugar in all 5 potato cultivars during the storage period first decreases and then with increasing storage period, the amount of sugar also increases.According to the analysis of variance table, the interaction of cultivar and storage period on the amount of potato carbohydrates was also significant at the level of 1% probability. Carbohydrate variations of potato cultivars along the storage valley are shown in Figure 5. According to Figure 5, the highest amount of carbohydrates is related to Sante cultivar and the lowest is related to Marfona cultivar. Also, at the end of the storage period, Marfona and Agria cultivars had the same amount of carbohydrates. As you can see, the amount of potato carbohydrates has decreased over time and with increasing storage time. Among these cultivars, the carbohydrate content of Marfona and Agria cultivars was higher than other cultivars. Also, carbohydrate changes

Nostoc species have gained much interest as a natural source of many secondary metabolites that have exhibited pharmacological properties. They synthesize UV-protective substances such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) or scytonemin to minimize the deleterious effects caused by UV radiation. In this research the effects of UVB radiation on increasing amount of UV-protective substances (scytonemin, OS-MAAS), and growth parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, protein and sugar content were studied in cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia.

For this purpose, 14-day algal cultures were treated with UVB rays for 1, 2 and 3 hours per day for 5 days. After treatment, the growth rate according to fresh weight measurement and other biochemical parameters according to colorimetric methods were assayed. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and the significance of the differences was estimated by Duncan’s multiple comparison tests.

UVB treatment resulted in lower fresh weight of Nostoc algae. Algae exposure to 3 hours UVB, showed an increase in OS-MAAS content. The amount of scytonemin increased up to 3 times in 3 hours UVB treatment. The algae treated with UVB had more chlorophyll a and total carotenoid content but phycobiliproteins content reduced in this treatment. Total protein and total sugars were not affected by UVB treatment.

The results showed that this UV treatment method, in addition to significantly enhancing the anti UV compounds of the algae, would not reduce the biomass.

In order to investigate the effects of salinity and magnesium (Mg) on the growth parameters, physiological characteristics and content of some metabolites in Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago) plants, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design was performed and carried out in perlite with Hoagland solution. The treatments were combinations of two levels of salinity (0 and 300 mM NaCl) and three levels of Mg concentration (2, 4 and 8 mM; 0, 2 and 6 mM over the standard Mg content of Hoagland medium, 2mM, respectively). The simultaneous effect of salinity and Mg did not change the fresh weight of the plants, but increased the dry weight by 50%. Salinity reduced the leaf area, but the presence of Mg improved and even increased the leaf area of the plants. The Mg reduced NAR, while increased LAR and RLGR. Salinity decreased the RLGR. The simultaneous effect of salinity and Mg increased and improved RGR, LWR, RLGR. The tolerance index in saline treatments increased with the presence of Mg, but the R/S ratio showed a significant increase only in salinity condition, however, the presence of Mg moderated it. Salinity reduced the photosynthetic pigments, while the presence of Mg ameliorated the decrease. As a result, salinity and Mg increased the total sugar content of the leaf and reduced the total sugar content of the root. Salinity and Mg reduced the total protein content of all the organs of the plant specimens studied. In general, salinity had a negative effect on the physiological parameters of the Zygophyllum fabago plants, while the application of supplementary Mg improved the growth indices and increased the plants tolerance against salinity.

In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation methods on tuber yield and some biochemical and structural properties of various potato cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications at experiment station of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid-Bahonar University of Kerman in 2015. The experimental treatments were irrigation methods (1- Furrow (flooding), 2-sprinkler and 3- drip) assigned to main plot, and potato cultivars (1- Bardsir (Marphona), 2- Sante, 3- Agria and 4- Banba) as subplot. The results showed that tuber yield was significantly higher in surface irrigation (36.98 t ha-1) than the other two methods. The tuber yield in Sante, Bardsir, Bambo and Agria cultivars was 34.84, 28.91, 26.41, 21.57 t.ha-1, respectively. The tuber dry matter percentage was not affected by irrigation methods, but in the conventional cultivar (22.89%) was significantly higher than the other cultivars. The vitamin C content had a similar trend with tuber yield, and was maximum in surface irrigation method (2.41 mg. g-1 FW) and Bardsir cultivar (2.48 mg. g-1 FW). K content showed a reverse trend with tuber yield. The tuber hardness in sprinkler and drip irrigation was significantly more than the surface irrigation method. Among the studied cultivars, the conventional cultivar included the hardest tuber structure. The results showed that the values of starch, sugar, protein and cohesiveness were significantly affected by the interaction of irrigation method and cultivar. These indices had also a different trend from the tuber yield. The highest value of sugar (9.5 mg. g-1 FW) and protein (26.2 mg. g-1 FW) were assigned to drip irrigation. Bardsir cultivar in drip irrigation included the highest value of starch (16.3%). In general, in areas with sandy-clay-loam texture, the use of drip and also sprinkler irrigation methods was suitable to reach the highest potato quality indices, while flooding irrigation resulted in producing the highest tuber yield and vitamin C.

Salicylic acid (SA) is an antioxidant which has been used in recent years to increases the resistance of plants to deal with stresses. In this study 5 weeks after germination, different concentrations (0.1, 0.7, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 mM) of salicylic acid application were investigated on germination, shoot and root length, anthocyanin, reduced sugars, protein, ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and proline in pepper. The results showed that under experimental conditions concentrations of 0.1, 0.7, 1.5 and 3 mM of SA increased germination, shoot and root length, but 6 and 9 mM of SA concentrations decreased germination percent, shoot and root length. Concentrations of 1.5 and 3 mM of SA decreased ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid content, but concentrations 6 and 9 mM of SA increased ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid content in the leaf of pepper plant. Concentrations of 1.5 and 3 mM SA caused significant increase in sugars and protein content in treated leaf but 6 and 9 mM of concentrations SA decreased sugars and protein content. Also, other research findings showed that under experimental conditions, different concentrations (0.7, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 mM) of SA increased content of anthocyanin and proline in the leaf of pepper plant . In general, treatment of SA low and height concentrations has positive and negative effects on plant growth on the growth of the pepper plant, respectively.

Dunaliella salina cultivation is very important because of the ability of these organisms in the production and accumulation of bioactive substances such as carotenoids, economically. This microalga belongs to green alga and inhabitant in salt water. Nevertheless, current yield of microalga-based procedures is still very low, which has restricted their scale-up culturing. This study reported a growth regulator of cytokinin (BAP) effect on growth and physiological characteristics of the Dunaliella. BAP concentrations were zero, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg.ml-1. After 4 weeks of treatment, increasing in BAP concentration led to a significant increase in the growth rate and Dunaliella cell number. BAP also increases the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, protein and sugar significantly. It can be concluded that the use of 12 mg.ml-1 BAP could increase cell number of Dunaliella about 63% and growth rate about 60% that it may be were the result of improvements in the efficiency of photosynthesis and cell division.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. is one of the valuable medicinal plants, in which extremely used in pharmaceutical and nutritional industries as a sources of non-calories sugar. The present experiment was carried out investigation of phytochemical variation, resistance to salinity and increasing the saline water usage efficiency using magnetic field. Experiment was evaluate by using four levels of salinity (0, 2, 4 and 6ds/m2) and three levels of magnetic fields (0, 3000 and 6000 G) as treatment in three replications. In September 2015 the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Were collected from the research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The total phenol content was measured by folin ciocalteu method, flavonoid content with aluminum chloride, antioxidant activity by DPPH methode and the total and reduced sugar content were measured by using Fehling methods. Results were showed that the salinity had significant influence on total phenol and flavonoid contents at 1% probability and by increasing the level of salinity the content of these compounds were decreased. The salinity did not have statistically significant effect on the other parameters like antioxidant activity, total sugar and reduced sugar. Although no significant effect of magnetic water was observed on these parameters, but the interaction effect of salinity and magnetic field on the antioxidant activity of extract and total sugar was significant. So according to present study, the stevia is sensitive to salinity of pre-treatments water with magnetic field in this case is not effective.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of water stress on Satureja hortensis, a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was carried out in the greenhouse of Yazd University in 2014. The water stress treatments including 100, 75, 50 and 25 Percent of field capacity (FC) were applied. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly (p

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of lead concentrations on the growth, antocyanin, chlorophyll, carotenoid, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and free amino acids of harmal (Peganum harmala L.) populations.
Material and Plants of two different Peganum harmala populations (metallicolous and non metallicolous) were grown in hydroponic condition. Then plants were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 ppm Pb for 14 days. Finally, parameters were measured and calculated by spectrophotometer.
Results showed that the increase of Pb concentrations in the nutrient solution reduced root length and there were significant difference between two populations. Chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments were generally decreased by Pb concentrations, especially under the highest Pb treatment (50 ppm) in both populations. Anthocyanin, total soluble sugars and free amino acids were increased in both populations.
The higher amounts of anthocyanin, total soluble sugars and free amino acids in metallicolous population reflecting the higher degree of tolerance to Pb in this population.

In this study، Cannabis plants with different ploidy levels were compared in some growth and biochemical parameters. Tetraploid and mixoploid plants were achieved from previous experiment. Flow cytometry analysis was used to confirm the ploidy level. As a result، root and shoot fresh weight showed a significant increase in tetraploid plants compared to the diploid ones. Chimers showed a significant increase in soluble carbohydrate، reducing sugar، starch and protein content in comparison to diploids and tetraploids. However، tetraploids had higher amount of starch and protein in compare with the diploid plants. On the other hand، cellulose، soluble and reducing sugars content، in tetraploids were lower than diploids. The total protein profiles of plants with different ploidy levels، revealed qualitative and quantitative changes. As a result، ploidy induction in addition to morphological effects has an effect on biochemical traits.

This study has investigated the effects of the different levels of Salicylic acid(SA) on the total fresh weight, Chl(a, b, and total), prolin, total soluble protein, soluble and insoluble sugar under stress of cadmium(Cd) in the plant of the wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cu. Zarrin). The seedlings received pretreatment of salicylic acid (0, 10-4 and 10-3M) and treatment of Cd(0, 25 and 50µM). The results showed that the total fresh weight at 50µM of Cd in the Cd treatments without SA had a significant increase by comparison with control. At SA treatments without Cd, the concentration of Chl a and the total Chl at 10-4M from SA increased. At Cd treatments without SA in 25µM of Cd the amount of the root prolin by comparison with control increased whereas the amount of the leaf prolin decreased. At the lack of Cd with increasing SA, the amount of the leaf prolin by comparison with control decreased. By increasing the concentration of SA in the lack of Cd, the level of the root protein increased. In the absence of SA with increasing Cd, the amount of soluble sugar of the root and leaf decreased. In the SA treatments without Cd, the amount of the soluble sugar of the root was decreased. With the lack of SA within increasing Cd, the amount of insoluble sugar of the root and leaf in 25µM of Cd decreased. In the SA treatments with the lack of Cd, the amount of insoluble sugar of the leaf increased.

Different biological and environmental factors، harvesting way، transport، storage time and the method of storage are affected agricultural product properties. As a result of climacteric nature and continuous physiological life of apple fruit، the biochemical changes are very economic. This study was designed for obtain deep knowledge from this changes and effects of them in apple quality. In first week of Oct. 2012 the fruits of two apple cultivars harvested and stored in cold house (Malekan city، East Azarbaijan). Independently factors، storage time (0، 45، 90، 135 days) and cultivar (Golden delicious and Red delicious)، were tested with factorial analysis in completely randomized design for some apple fruit characteristics. Results showed significant differences between cultivars in most biochemical characteristics. With increasing storage time، protein، soluble sugars، reducing and non-reducing sugars contents and the juice pH were significantly increased; however، titratable acidity، total soluble solids and electrical conductivity were decreased. Cold storage did not significant change on insoluble sugars content. It is assumed that time dependent biochemical changes may occur with cold storage of apple fruits hence leads to changing the quality of fruits.

In this study، okra plants were exposed to different ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 12 days. After treatment، leaf surface، root and stem length، fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments، protein and sugar content were evaluated and the results showed that their contents were significantly decreased under UV radiation specially in UV-B and UV-C. The anatomical studies indicated that thickness in the different organs was decreased. Also، it was observed that stomatal density، index contents and stomatal length were increased under UV radiation in UV-B and UV-C. Because of the effects of UV radiation on epidermal cells of stem، leaf and petiole were observed to have decreased epidermal length but epidermal breadth was increased specially in UV-B and UV-C. The results of this study showed that UV-B and UV-C had serious effects on okra plant، but UV-A wasn’t harmful to okra plants.