نشت الکترولیت

Soil salinity often hinders the productivity of plants in natural and agricultural environments. The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biological fertilizer can increase the salinity tolerance of plants. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on reducing the adverse effects of salinity stress in Iranian violets. Evaluation of the interaction effect of AMF symbiosis at three levels (without symbiosis, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) and salinity stress treatment at four levels (control, 50, 100 and 200 mM) on the growth and physiological responses of Iranian violets as a factorial layout based on a complete randomized design with three repetitions were performed. Inoculation plants had higher shoot and root biomass, carotenoid and colonization in the presence of different salinity levels. The highest amounts of total chlorophyll (1.70 mg/g fresh weight), antioxidant activity (66.56 mg/g fresh weight), flavonoid (244.05 mg/g fresh weight), phenol (28.46 mg/g of fresh weight), and ascorbate peroxidase activity (103.16 units) were observed in the treatment inoculated with G. mosseae fungus at 200 mM salinity concentration. The lowest amount of electrolyte leakage was obtained in the treatment with G. mosseae fungus in the condition without salt (18.04%). The results of the research showed that the inoculation of host plants with mycorrhizal fungi, especially G. mosseae species, had an effect on plant growth and physiology, and the positive effect of inoculating plants with fungi was significant in the conditions of plant salinity stress.

Salinity stress is considered one of the most important stresses in arid regions and affects 20% of arable land around the world and is continuously increasing due to climate change and human activities. Frequent and continuous droughts in Iran and drought stress and subsequent water and soil salinity make the production of more crops in arid and semi-arid regions face increasing restrictions and this causes a decrease in quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in these areas have been. To investigate the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits of different wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Sabzevar. In this experiment, 15 wheat cultivars were compared at three levels of salinity (0, 5 and 10 dSm). Root and stem dry weight, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, b and total, soluble sugars and amino proline content were measured in different cultivars. The results showed that salinity increased the dry weight of root and stem and decreased the chlorophyll concentration. In salt stress condition, the lowest amount of leaf relative water belonged to Gasgozien cultivar with 15.61% and the highest amount was Bam with 62.34%The Mihan and Bam cultivars had the highest levels of chlorophyll a and b. The highest content of relative water content, proline amino acid and soluble sugars was observed in Pishtaz, Bam and Mihan cultivars.

In order to evaluate the inoculation of mycorrhizal and growth-promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas genus) on the tolerance of European borage to cadmium toxicity, a factorial experiment was performed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the research greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty of Yasouj University in 2019. The experimental factors include the application of biological fertilizer at 4 levels (control, application of mycorrhiza, application of growth-stimulating bacteria and combined application of mycorrhiza and bacteria) and 4 levels of cadmium concentration (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg cadmium per kg soil). The investigated traits were included root colonization percentage, plant cadmium content, some physiological characteristics and shoot dry weight of European borage. The results showed that with the increase in cadmium concentration, electrolyte leakage, proline content and cadmium content of aerial organs increased. The use of mycorrhiza and bacteria was evaluated positively compared to their non-use, so that in all four levels of cadmium, the highest proline, chlorophyll and relative water content, as well as the lowest electrolyte leakage and shoot cadmium concentration, were obtained from the combined two biofertilizers. Application of biofertilizer increased the dry weight of the aerial parts of inoculated plants compared to the control. The results showed that in the presence of 25 and 50 mg/kg of cadmium, the combined application of bio-fertilizers reduced 21% and 17% of cadmium transfer from roots to shoots of borage. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological fertilizers in areas contaminated with cadmium.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan on ZmPIP gene expression, growth parameters and physiological characteristics of rapeseed under salinity stress which was performed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. For this purpose, rapeseed seedlings was treated with different concentrations of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) and chitosan (0, 5, 10 mg/L). ZmPIP gene expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR, germination percentage and speed, length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage and sodium and potassium contents. In salinity stress, treatment with chitosan increased the expression of ZmPIP gene so that the highest gene expression was at 50 and 100 mM salinity with 5 mg / l chitosan. In treared plants with salinity increased percentage and germination rate, fresh and dry length and weight of root and shoot, relative leaf water content and potassium content especially at concentrations of 100 and 150 mM with chitosan compared to salinity at the same concentration and electrolyte leakage and relative water content and sodium content reduced. It is likely that chitosan has increased plant tolerance under salinity stress by maintaining the relative leaf water content, increasing potassium and growth of shoot and root and reduce the negative effects of stress on rapeseed and increase plant resistance

Since, salinity stress threatens food security and sustainable agriculture production, the response of plants to salinity stress has always been one of the most important subjects of physiological and biochemical studies. In order to evaluate the mutant lines in terms of agronomic, physiological and enzymatic traits under salt stress, a factorial experiment was carried out based of a randomized complete block design in three replications using paddy soil and adjusting its salinity in pots. The treatments included four mutant lines (MLST1, MLTH1, MLTH2 and MLTH3) along with two tolerant controls (Deilamani and Nonabukra) and two sensitive controls (IR29 and Sepidrood) at three salinity levels (zero, 4 and 8 dS/m). Results indicated that the highest amount of proline was obtained at a salinity level of 4 dS/m in the MLTH2 mutant, which showed an increase of more than 1.3 times compared to the conditions of no salinity stress. Obtained. The highest and lowest amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) were respectively at the salinity level of 4 dS/m and no salinity stress related to the MLTH3 genotype. According to the results, the highest level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was related to the MLTH2 mutant at 4 dS/m salinity and the lowest was related to the MLST1 mutant at 8 dS/m salinity. In the absence of salinity stress, the highest paddy yield was recorded in the salt sensitive cultivar of Sepidroud. By comparison, after applying salinity stress, the lowest yield reduction was obtained in the MLTH2 mutant. In general, based on the biochemical and yield evaluation, the MLTH2 genotype was identified as the best salt tolerant line, which will be to recommend for further research

Soil application of farmyard manures and moisture-absorbing materials such as natural zeolite is considered a simple and cheap way to conserve soil moisture in arid areas and light soils. To study the effect of two soil amendments on the physiological properties of “Bidaneh Sefid” grapevines under drought stress, an experiment was conducted in factorial based on a randomized block design in the research vineyard of Malayer University, Hamadan, Iran during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The treatments included two levels of irrigation cycle (7 and 21 d intervals) and four levels of soil amendments (control, 12 kg zeolite vine-1, 15 kg sheep manure vine-1, a combination of 12 kg zeolite + 15 kg sheep manure vine-1). Results showed that the drought stress led to a decrease in chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, and leaf water potential. Drought stress also led to an increase in electrolyte leakage and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Application of farmyard manure and zeolite moderated all the investigated indicators, due to their ability to absorb and retain water in the soil. The results of the study showed that it is possible to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on grapevine by retaining the moisture of light soils by the application of natural zeolite, alone or in combination with farmyard manure.

Increasing use of silver nanoparticles in agriculture and industry attracted more attention to the negative effects of their accumulation in environment. In this study, the effect of citric acid and hydrogen sulfide treatment on the morphological and physiological responses of green bean plants under silver nanoparticles stress was investigated. The results showed that nanosilver stress significantly reduced leaf area, plant height, leaf and pod dry weights and made a significant increase in total flavonoids and anthocyanins content and superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S transferase activities. Nanosilver stress increased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage indicating a high oxidative and cell membrane damage, whereas these values ​​were lower in plants treated with citric acid and hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, the highest growth indices were observed in control plants, plants treated with inducers and plants under stress, respectively, which indicates the effective role of inducers in stress relief. These results showed that citric acid and hydrogen sulfide mitigated the damage caused by nanosilver stress in green bean plants by reducing free oxygen species accumulation and preventing lipid peroxidation leading to increased growth rate in stressed plants. These findings can be used to reduce crop damages in regions contaminated with nanoparticles.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi under salinity stress conditions on physiological and biochemical properties of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.), a pot factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the application of two types of mycorrhizal fungi at three levels (non-inoculation, Rhizophagus intradices, and Funnetiformis mosseae) and the second factor was irrigation with salinity water at 4 levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM equal to 0, 3.5, 7, and 10.5 ds/m sodium chloride, respectively). The salinity treatment was applied in the plants at the eight-leaf stage and on three days a week. Results showed that application of salinity stress reduced the relative water content and chlorophyll of leaves. With increasing salinity concentration, the amount of electrolyte leakage, total carbohydrate, and proline increased in leafs. In contrast, the use of mycorrhizal fungi resulted in improved traits measured under salt stress conditions. The amount of proline, total carbohydrate, and electrolyte leakage decreased with the use of mycorrhizal fungi under stress conditions due to the positive effect of these fungi on balancing growth conditions in the plant under salt stress. Also, the highest amount of relative water content and chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll of leaves were observed under non salinity stress treatment and application of R. intradices. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the application of salinity stress at 120 mM resulted in a significant reduction in the studied traits. Besides, the application of mycorrhiza fungi at this level of salinity could not improve the negative effects of salt stress. The use of R. intradices compared to the F. mosseae had a greater effect on the improvement of physiological and biochemical characteristics of Mexican marigold under salinity stress conditions at low salt concentration.

This study was investigated, the effect of foliar application of different levels of putrescine on physiological, biochemical traits, and essential oil content of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) under drought stress.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The first factor was drought stress at three levels (75, 50, and 25% of field capacity) and the second factor was putrescine foliar application at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM). Four seedlings were planted in each pot. Stress was applied when the plants reached a height of about 25 cm. Putrescine was sprayed one week before flowering and every 7 days until the 80% flowering stage.

The results showed that 2 mM foliar application of putrescine was more effective than other concentrations and was able to greatly reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on this plant. With the increasing drought, antioxidant activity, total phenol, proline, and electrolyte leakage also increased, and in contrast, the relative content of leaf water, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble protein decreased. Drought also increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the amount of malondialdehyde in this plant. With increasing drought stress up to 50% of field capacity and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine, the essential oil content of Mexican marigold increased, while under severe stress (25% of field capacity) is decreased. Putrescine decreased by inducing drought resistance. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the amount of malondialdehyde.

The use of putrescine induced resistance to drought stress in Mexican marigold, and the use of a concentration of 2 mM can be effective and recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of frost stress on Phyla lanceolata as a cover plant under the influence of some organic mulches, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Five levels of freezing temperature (0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 °C) and three types of mulch (manure, leaf needle, and bran) were treated in the experiment. For evaluation of frost tolerance temperatures, some traits such as electrolyte leakage percentage, soluble carbohydrate content, leaf proline content, leaf number, leaf area, and plant dry weight were considered. Results showed that the simple and interaction effects of mulch and temperature on the measured morphological traits, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, spade and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and total) were significant. All of the organic mulches used in the study increased shoot and root dry weight so that by applying three mulch of bran, leaf needle, and animal manure, shoot dry weight from 2.15 g under non-mulch conditions reached to 2.72, 3.13, and 3.19 g/plant, respectively and root dry weight from 1.50 g reached 1.90, 2.23, and 2.29 g /plant, respectively. The highest electrolyte leakage (80%) was at -20 °C and in plants treated with bran mulch and the highest relative water content (55%) was at 0 °C and in plants treated with needle mulch treatment. Also, total chlorophyll content was 0.11 mg higher than that in control treatment. In general, among the mulches used, animal manure mulch had the greatest effect on mitigating the effects of frost on morphological and biochemical traits of the plant.

Polyamines including spermidine play an important role in the tolerance of plants to water deficit stress. In order to investigate the effect of spermidine on physiological traits of Lilium under deficit irrigation stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were four levels of water deficit (100, 75, 50 and 25% of Field Capacity) and different levels of spermidine (0, 1 and 2mM). Based on these results, severe deficit irrigation (25% of FC) increased proline and electrolyte leakage than control respectively by 174% and 55%. In contrast, decrease of carotenoids and proteins content (33% and 26%, respectively) were observed under severe deficit irrigation conditions compared to the well-watered conditions. Results showed that lower availability to water in the lilium plants, higher activities of enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase) and malondialdehyde stimulated, but decreased chlorophyll content of leaves. Also, under severe stress (25% of FC), exogenous application of spermidine (2mM) enhanced the the activity of enzymes and decreased the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, foliar application of spermidine (2mM) and mild stress level (75% of FC) are a procedure capable to save water consumption and maintain the quality of Lilium shoot.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of drought stress and spraying with stress modifiers, an experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on completely randomized design in three replications from November to March 2018 in the Agricultural greenhouse and laboratory of Payame Noor University of Urmia. The experimental factors included irrigation intervals with 4 levels (3, 6, 9 and 12 days) and drought stress modifiers at four levels (control (no-spraying), spraying with salicylic acid (2 mM), glycine betaine (5 mM) and zinc sulfate (5 g L-1). The results indicated that the effect of different levels of drought stress and stress modifiers were significant on morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, physiological, essential oil concentration and yield traits. The highest (0.419 g per pot) and the lowest (0.045 g per pot) root dry weight, were obtained from irrigation intervals of 3 days under zinc sulfate and 12 days irrigation without spraying conditions, respectively. With increasing irrigation interval from three days to 12 days, plant height, root length, root diameter, stem diameter, chlorophyll content a and b and relative water content decreased, but proline, electrolyte leakage, essential oil percentage and leaf temperature increased significantly. It seems that at all levels of irrigation, spraying with glycine betaine in comparison with other modifiers was more effective in increasing the content of chlorophyll a and relative water content and decreasing electrolyte leakage at all irrigation levels. By application of zinc sulfate, the amount of proline was significantly increased. Spraying with salicylic acid reduced the internal leaf temperature. The highest internal leaf temperature (23.93 °C) and proline (180.199 mmol/kg DW) and the lowest internal leaf temperature (21.12 °C) and proline (131.02 mmol/kg DW) were obtained from irrigation intervals of 12 and 3 days, respectively. Although the highest essential oil concentration (0.13%) was obtained from the irrigation interval of 9 days, however, due to the severe decline in plant growth, essential oil yield decreased significantly in this treatment. The lowest essential oil yield was obtained from irrigation interval of 12 days (0.007 g per pot). Based on the results obtained in this experiment, it can be stated that although increasing the irrigation intervals and consequently the occurrence of drought stress, yield of marigold plant is reduced, but by using drought stress modifiers can reduce the effects of drought stress on this plant.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate on some physiological characteristics and antioxidant activity of basil under lead toxicity, based on a factorial and completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Research Greenhouse. The experimental treatments included Pb (NO3)2) at three levels of (0, 200, and 400 mg/kg soil) and foliar application of methyl jasmonate at three concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 mM). Measured traits included chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoids, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, antioxidant activity, soluble carbohydrate, total phenol, and proline. Results showed that in the plants treated with lead, the amount of proline, relative water content, chlorophyll a, antioxidant activity and total phenol reduced in comparison with control plants and application of methyl jasmonate (0.5 mM) under lead stress increased these traits. Furthermore, electrolyte leakage increased significantly under lead stress, while it was decreased by spraying with methyl jasmonate. Therefore, using methyl jasmonate is justified for protecting economic performance of plants under stress. Also, application of 0.5 and 1 mM methyl jasmonate reduced and adjusted the effects of stress in the plants under lead stress through stimulating production of antioxidants.

In order to evaluate the response of selected cultivars of almond, grafted on different rootstocks under drought stress due to increased irrigation intervals in the 2015-2016 year, in the Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute in Karaj, a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications was carried out. Factors comprised cultivars in five levels (Supernova, Texas, Marcona, Shokoufeh and K13-40), rootstocks in Three levels [peaches × almonds hybrids (GF-677 and GN-22), and bitter almond seedlings NO. 32], and drought stress in four levels (irrigation intervals were 3(Control), 5, 10 and 15 Days). The results showed that the interaction of three factors for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters include maximum (Fm), variable (Fv) and variable to maximum (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage and releate water content(RWC) of leaves at 1% probability level, and interaction effects of rootstock × cultivar for chlorophyll b and a/b as well as cultivar × drought stress for a/b were significant at 5% probability level. Also, interaction effects of rootstock × drought stress were significant for all evaluated traits except a/b at 1% probability level. Drought stress reduced Fv by increasing Fo and decreasing Fm, and reduced Fv/Fm in sensitive cultivars on seedling and GN-22 rootstocks from 0.82 to 0.67. As a general result, all of the cultivars on the GF-677 rootstock showed greater resistance to drought stress. Supernova and Shokofeh cultivars grafted on GF-677 rootstock were most resistant rootstock - scion compounds, but other rootstock-scions compounds, were sensitive to drought stress.

This research was performed to study the effects of chilling stress on physiological and biochemical traits (both chilling stress and non-stress control levels) of three-hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings (single-cross 704, 400, 260) in factorial in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. To apply chilling stress, the four-leaf seedlings have been treated in a room at five degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The chilling stress in two levels of single-cross 260 and single-cross 704 led in malondialdehyde increase, while it decreases in single-cross 400 in the same situation. The concentration of Di-tyrosine was shown 40% higher in single-cross 704 compered to single-cross 260 and 400. In addition, the concentration of superoxide dismutase enzyme in single-cross 260 was significantly higher than two single-cross 700 and 400 hybrids. Glutathione peroxidase represented asignificant effect in different corn hybrids in the presence of chilling stress, which in single-cross 260 chilling stress caused a 39% reduction in glutathione peroxidase while other two hybrids have shown no significant change. Chilling stress caused significantly 20% reduction of catalase enzyme compared to non-chilling condition. The highest amount of catalase enzymes were measured in single-cross 260 which is significantly higher than two other hybrids. Although, chilling stress has no significant morphological effect on corn plants, but the plants exposed to the chilling stress has shown biochemical changes in their antioxidant system and plant cell membrane stability.

In order to investigate the effect of Piriformospora indica under salt and drought stresses on some vegetative characteristics and physiological parameters of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replicates at Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Factors include three levels of osmatic potential (0, -5, and -10 bar) and with three osmotic sources including NaCl (Na), Mannitol (M) and NaClㆩ� (N) and inoculation of mycorrhizae like fungi at two levels (non-inoculated and inoculation with fungi). The plantlets were treated for 30 days and then some morphological and physiological parameters were measured. Results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant interaction between osmatic source and levels with fungi inoculation for the most determined parameters. Inoculation of stevia plantlets with P. indica at osmatic level of -5 bar caused either by M or M markedly improved dry weight of leaf (112 and 156%, respectively) and aerial parts (49 and 144%, respectively) as compared to the uninoculated control. Fungi inoculation positively improved vegetative parameters of stevia plant under most osmatic levels and sources. The most ameliorate effect, however, was observed where M as drought stress or M were adjusted to -5 bar. Therefore, the results of this study represented a positive effect of P. indica inoculation in inproving osmotic tolerance of stevia medicinal plant.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles was examined on the survival of the oranges. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with three factor based on a completely randomized design with three blocks. Treatments were included in the 6 levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm), Orange varieties at three levels (Local, Valensia and Blood) and storage cycle at three levels (harvest time, one and three months after harvest). Fruit diameter and length, TDS, Titratable acidity, decay percent, weight of meat and fruit pulp, Vitamin C and electrolyte leakage in zero-day, one-month and three months after storage were measured. The results showed that the nanoparticles had a significant effect on all traits. Concentration of 25 ppm nanoparticles decreased decay percent, 90 percent compared with the control. No significant difference was observed between 20 and 25 ppm concentration. The length and diameter of fruits blood figure was less than the other two varieties. Decay percent in the blood were lower than the other two varieties. The overall results of the blood and 20 and 25 ppm concentration of nanoparticles showed the greatest effect in reducing postharvest losses.

In order to evaluate the physiological and morphological traits and Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II of Salvia leriifolia under freezing stress in controlled condition, an experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The plants exposed to twelve freezing temperatures (0, -2, -4, -6, -8,-10, -12, -14, -16, -18, -20 and -22˚C) in seedling stage. Leaf area and dry weight, root length and dry weight, Electrolyte Leakage (EL), survival percentage after three weeks and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in recovery periods (0, 6, 12, 24 and 72 hr. after stress) were studied. Results showed that effect of freezing temperatures on all traits were significant (P≤ 0.001). EL increased significantly with decreasing temperature and reached to maximum 83% at -20 ˚C. Although plant survival percentage did not affect until -14 ˚C, all seedlings were died in -220C. Lethal temperature based on survival (LT50su) and electrolyte leakage (LT50el) were -17.0 and -11.8. Results also indicated that Reduced Dry Matter Temperature 50% (RDMT50) was -16.5 °C. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F′v /F′m) was not affected up to -6˚C, but it decreased by 70% with decreasing temperature to -22 ˚C. F′v /F′m decreased by 40% during 24 hours after recovery compared to control, but it increased when recovery continued to 72 hr. Results also indicated that EL had negative correlation with survival percent (r= -0.82***) and F′v /F′m (-0.95***).

In calcareous and alkaline soils, which include most of Iran soils, iron deficiency is prevalent. The main cause of iron deficiency chlorosis is high pH of soil. Among fruit trees, peach shows high sensitivity to iron deficiency. Chelated iron fertilizers with a great ability to make iron soluble and readily absorbed by the plant are used for iron deficiency. For this purpose, an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was designed and the effect of foliar spray of chelated iron at concentrations of 0, 5 and 10 mg/l on fruit quality of peach (CV. Alberta) was studied. In this experiment the parameters such as amount of soluble solids, titratable acid, flavor index, firmness, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, cell membrane electrolyte leakage, ethylene production and leaf pigments were studied. The results showed that by increasing iron concentration leaf chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity of fruit were increased. Significant effect on carotenoid content of leaves, vitamin C and fruit firmness under different concentrations of iron wasn’t observed. Ethylene production and cell membrane electrolyte leakage also decreased with increasing iron concentration. According to the results, peach fruit quality improved by foliar application of chelated iron during growth.

The effect of drought stress and application of mineral zeolite was evaluated on morphological and physiological traits of mallow on complete random blocks design with three replications in greenhouse conditions in Maragheh (1390). Factors including, drought stress (control (100 percent FC), mild drought stress (75 percent FC) and intense drought stress (50 percent FC)) and zeolite (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 gram/kilogram soil). Significant differences were observed between the treatments. The results show that the highest shoot fresh weight (164 gram), root ( 87/66 g), shoot length ( 79 cm), stomata conductance (875.00 milli mol/m2/second) electrolytic leakage (87.72 milli mol cm-1), a and b chlorophyll (25/72 and 9/06 mg g-1 ) were observed in 8 gram zeolite and 100 percent moisture field capacity. Also the highest amount of soluble sugar (155.20 and mg g-1 DW) and prolin content (1/41 µMg-1 FW) was belong to zeolite control level, 50 percent moisture field capacity. The application of different levels of zeolite in each three moisture conditions improved agricultural traits. Totally, the results of this research shows that the application of zeolite in combination with soil prevent from water waste and facilitate water availability to plant.