climate

The aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of climate change on the milk production curve and fat percentage and fat percentage and the rate of milk changes of Holstein cows in different climates from seven provinces. For this purpose, 70,000 test day records related to 22,471 Holstein cows were collected during the years 2001 to 2016. Using data from the nearest synoptic station, the climate temperature humidity index was calculated and compared using temperature and relative humidity. Due to the possibility of greater impact of longer periods of heat stress compared to shorter periods, the average of 1, 2 and 3 day were also calculated. In general, the changes caused by different climates were calculated through artificial networking using Neurosolution software. In general, the changes caused by different climates were calculated through artificial networking using Neurosolution software. The goodness of fit was determined using the coefficient of explanation r and the mean square error of the MSE model. Based on the results, the temperature humidity index (THI) was determined as the best criterion to investigate the climatic conditions of the studied area. Based on the results, the humidity and temperature index was determined as the best criterion to investigate the climatic conditions of the studied area. It has also been observed that the average temperature and relative humidity 2 days before recording can explain a greater share of the changes in production performance than on the day of recording alone. The results of this study showed that increasing the THI value reduced milk production and increased milk fat percentage.

Sainfoin fodder plant is one of the fodder legumes, which is considered among fodder plants in terms of producing good, high-quality and acceptable fodder and competing with alfalfa fodder. Cultivation of this plant is not only compatible with cold regions, it is also established and cultivated well in tropical regions. A study of the morphological stages and evolution of Sainfoin fodder yield in spring season in (first China) showed that Sainfoin fodder has many species in 9 growth periods and is considered one of the most important pasture and crop fodder plants, and the place of its cultivation is the Iranian-Turanian region. In recent years, the development of Sainfoin fodder cultivation has been promoted with the combination of alfalfa fodder, which was effective in increasing the weight of livestock. Also, in Saskatchewan, Canada, in order to provide safe food for livestock, evaluation of Sainfoin and alfalfa fodder cultivation was carried out using rainfall and temperature, and the results showed that temperature and rainfall play an effective role during the growth period from germination to harvest of these fodder plants. The main goal of this research is the zoning of Sainfoin fodder cultivation in Ardabil province using effective criteria during the Sainfoin growth period. The difference between the present research and the studies conducted in this field is that more criteria and new data were used, as well as the efficiency of four methods during the growth period of Sainfoin fodder.

Ardabil province is located in the northwest of Iran, between latitude 37 degrees 45 minutes to 39 degrees 42 minutes and longitude 47 degrees 3 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes (Figure 1). This province with an area equal to 17953 square kilometers, the minimum and maximum altitude of the province is 32 meters in Parsabad and 4811 meters in Sablan, respectively. In this research, the data of precipitation, average temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature during the statistical period (1990 to 2020) and altitude, land slope and soil depth were used, as well as ARC GIS and Export Choice software for data analysis and analysis process methods. Hierarchy (AHP), TOPSIS model, Shannon entropy and weighted linear combination (WLC) method were used for weighting and zoning. Hierarchical analysis process method The first step in the hierarchical analysis process is to determine the importance coefficient of the criteria, sub-criteria and options in Sainfoin fodder cultivation. Export Choice software was used to analyze the criteria in the hierarchical process. After determining the relative weight of the criteria, the inconsistency coefficient is calculated. If this coefficient is less than or equal to 0.1, the consistency in the judgments is acceptable. Topsis method The TOPSIS multi-criteria analysis process is as follows. Formation of data matrix: It is calculated based on m criteria and n options. Shannon entropy method The main idea of this method is that the greater the dispersion in the values of an index, the more important that index is. The steps of this method are as follows. Forming the data matrix: First, a two-dimensional matrix of options and indicators is formed, and the value of each indicator in each option is estimated using official statistics and field studies. And the closer the value of dj is to zero, it indicates of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method This method is the most common technique in multi-criteria analysis based on the concept of weighted average, where the final value of each specific option and the options that have the highest weight will be the target. Equation (12) is used to evaluate each option or Ai: where Xij represents the i-th option in relation to the j-th criterion and Wj is the standardized weight of the j-th criterion, so that the sum of Wj is equal to one. The relative importance weight of each criterion is displayed. By determining the maximum value of Ai, the most priority option is selected. In addition to combining all parameters or layers, the WLC method also considers the importance of each parameter based on the weight given to that parameter. Table (2) shows the optimal climatic requirement of spruce fodder cultivation.

In this research, to locate Sainfoin fodder cultivation from the studied methods and also from the criteria; Precipitation, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth were used. The results showed that in all methods; Precipitation has the most important effect during the growth period of Sainfoin; Therefore, precipitation is the most limiting criterion in the cultivation of Sainfoin fodder in Ardabil province. The results of the weight criteria with AHP, TOPSIS, and Shannon's Antropy methods showed that precipitation, average temperature and minimum temperature with the highest weight are respectively the most important influencing parameters in Sainfoin fodder cultivation. Also, the results of combining the criteria with the WLC method in the GIS environment showed that the lands of Ardabil province have very suitable (29%), suitable (40%), slightly suitable (26%) and unsuitable (5%) for growing Sainfoin fodder(Fig,5). The results of the weighted value by AHP method showed that precipitation with a weighted criterion of 0.143, maximum temperature of 0.126 and average temperature of 0.089 among the studied parameters have the greatest effect on the growth stages of Sainfoin Finally, with the use of TOPSIS methods, about 5% and Shannon's entropy about 12% of the area of the province is very suitable for cultivating Sainfoin fodder; Therefore, compared to the studied methods in this research, the results showed that the weighted linear combination (WLC) method is the most suitable method for the zoning of Sainfoin in Ardabil province compared to the current situation. Therefore, the suitable areas for growing spruce fodder are located in the north and center of Ardabil province, which is due to the suitable climatic and topographical conditions. Therefore, the suitable areas

Land degradation and desertification have emerged as one of the world's most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges, posing a serious threat to global development. Therefore, it is vital to comprehend the worldwide pattern of this land disaster. Desertification and land degradation are two problems at national, regional, and global scales and fighting them has been a global effort since 1992. More than 75% of Iran's area has arid and semi-arid climate conditions. Therefore, this region has a high sensitivity to land degradation and desertification. In recent decades, natural factors such as climate change and anthropogenic influences have played effective roles in providing proper conditions for land degradation worldwide. Arid ecosystems show different forms of land degradation such as salinization of water and soil resources, wind erosion, vegetation degradation, etc. that contribute to desertification. Early monitoring and identification of land degradation through the application of simple and fast ways to alert people and prevent future threats is one of the key goals of various scientific and political groups worldwide. Due to the important role of identifying sensitive ecosystems to land degradation to reduce its impacts (especially in weak and fragile ecosystems), in this research, in order to identify sensitive ecosystems and determine the type of climate involved in land degradation in Khuzestan province, the statistical rates of land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of the mentioned region were assessed.

Khuzestan province with an area of about 64234 Km2 is located between 47º41ʹ 00ʹ to 50º 31ʹ00ʺ east longitude and 23º 04ʹ 00ʺ to 29º 58ʹ 00 ʺ north latitude in the southwest of Iran on Persian Gulf and Arvand River. This province is the center of Iranian oil extraction industry and Ahvaz city is its capital. This province is part of Persian Gulf coastal plains, hot and dry southern regions, and Gulf vegetation region. The province's average rainfall is estimated to be 150 mm. Although average air humidity in Khuzestan is 50%, the majority of Khuzestan plain is dry and desolate due to minimal rainfall. Rainfall in the province increases from south and southwest to north and northeast. Northeast has the highest rainfall, with an average of 616 to 700 mm, and southwest has the lowest amount, with an average of 125 to 225 mm. Annual average temperature is between 24 and 28 ◦C. Evaporation rate is estimated to be 2000 mm per year. Based on the climatic divisions of Amberje, the province includes extreme hot deserts and hot temperate deserts. In terms of topography, it consists of two mountainous parts in north and northeast and a plain in south. There are 500,000 hectares of forests and 5.2 million hectares of rangelands in Khuzestan province. Rangelands are poor winter rangelands with richer vegetation in mountainous areas. Of overall forests, 10% are of good grade, 30% are scarce, and the remaining is degraded and unusable. FAO-UNEP and NDVI vegetation indices were utilized in this investigation. Because NDVI vegetation index depicts the state of cover, it can be used to study the current state of land degradation as a result of effective elements in degradation (rainfall, soil, land cover, etc.). For this purpose, MODIS vegetation images recorded in the range of 2011 and 2013 were extracted from USGS site and their geometric positions were corrected. Three images obtained in March, April, and May in the mentioned years, which represented the highest production, were selected. Then, to eliminate changes between 2011 and 2013, an image representing the maximum production in the aforementioned three months was generated and the maximum images were averaged. Then, maps of rainfall, land use, and land unit were combined to determine work units in GIS environment. The current production values of NDVIMAX and potential production (NDVIPOTENTIAL) were replaced in FAO-UNEP equation and by determining their values in each unit of work and with the help of FAO-UNEP equation, risk classification of the current situation of land degradation was performed in five classes. Then, using network method, we investigated the extent of degradation in Khuzestan province climates (very arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid) and different ecosystems (desert, rangeland, rainfed, and forest) as determined by Domarten Climate Index (ultra-arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid). The samples were random-systematic with a network size of 5×5 km. To explore the extent of difference in degradation in different climates and ecosystems of Khuzestan province, land degradation, climate, and land use maps and Point maps were integrated into GIS, and maps of each climate and ecosystem were generated independently. Finally, the analysis of variance and Duncan test in SPSS software were applied for statistical analysis of different degradations in various climates and ecosystems.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of study area was significant at the level of 1%. Very arid climate (53.75 %) had the highest risk of land degradation, followed by dry climate (32.53%). In semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid climates, the prevalence of land degradation was in middle-risk category and in terms of land degradation, there were no significant differences among the mentioned climates. The results also showed that desert ecosystems (81.95%) and rangeland ecosystems (49.20%) were in the categories of severe and very severe land degradation, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between forest and rainfed ecosystems in terms of land degradation. Also, the predominance of land degradation in these two ecosystems was related to middle-risk class. In rainfed and forest ecosystems, the percentages of severe and extreme hazard classes were higher than those of no risk and low-risk classes. Finally, it could be said that the reason for more severe land degradation in drier regions of Khuzestan province was related to the conditions of that region because its areas were semi-desert (they have not reached the final level of desert) and did not have the conditions of complete desert areas. Also, given that the rate of land degradation in desert ecosystem was the highest, we were faced with new concepts such as man-made or new deserts. It was hoped that the results of the present study and the application of this method could help managers and relevant officials in identifying ecosystems and climates sensitive to degradation to better plan and manage these areas to prevent further land degradation and desertification.Keywords: Current state of land degradation; Climate; Ecosystem; GIS; MODIS images.

The species Acantholimon cymosum with the Persian name Gypsophil Kolah Mirhasan or Cyme Kolah Mirhasan is endemic to Iran and has a limited distribution in the gypsum soils of the west and northwest of Semnan. A sampling of soil and plants, as well as a collection of ecological data, were done in the west in order to know the adaptability of A. cymosum species. Sulfate crystals were observed in the form of idioblasts in the parenchyma of the cortex, leaves, and stems. Calcium sulfate, altitude, and soil texture factors had a positive effect, but soil salinity and Calcium carbonate factors had a negative effect on the distribution of A. cymosum.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate, irrigation regimes and micronutrients foliar application on morphophysiological characters of three medicinal species of Satureja. This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with in factorial layout and 4 replications. Factors were 2 climatic regiones (Isfahan and Golpayegan), 3 species (mutica, bachtiarica and khuzistanica), 3 concentrations of Cu (0, 20, 40 ppm) and Mn (0, 20 and 40 ppm). The results of study showed that among the morphological traits, the highest plant height (57.5±1.1cm), stem number (22.2±1.7) and total chlorophyll (1.57±1.1 mg.l-1) in species of khuzistanica under Isfahan region made by concentration of 20 ppm of Cu and Mn with irrigation period every 3 days and the greatest amount of Proline (13.99±0.1 mcg.grfw-1) obtained in species of khuzistanica under Isfahan region made by concentration of 40 ppm of Cu and Mn with irrigation period every 9 days .  The lowest amounts of characters almost mad by species of mutica under Isfahan region by concentration of 40 ppm of Cu and Mn with irrigation period every 9 days. It seems, better condition in Isfahan region by subtropical climate for species of khuzistanica made the most morpho-physiological characters with irrigation period every 3 days.

Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. is a perennial plant native to Iran belonging to the Asteraceae family. Which has been used to treat migraine, rheumatism and anti-inflammatory diseases. In this study, phytochemical charchterisic of different populations of T. pinnatum in natural habitats was evaluated by multivariate methods. First, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Tehran, Alborz, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces in mid-June to mid-August 2016. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation clevenger device and were analysed by using GC/MS. The results were showed that the effect of population on leaf and flower essential oil was significant (P<0.01) which seems to be due to geographical factors and type of climate. According to the results, 50 compounds were identified in the flower and leaf essential oils of the populations, of which 13 compounds had the highest frequency among the populations and the highest percentage in the leaf and flower essential oils. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, populations 1, 2, 9, 3 and 5 had the highest composition of flower essential oil, while populations 4, 8 and 10 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds. Populations 6, 7, 11 and 12 also had moderate amounts of compounds in flower essential oil. However, for leaf essential oil, populations 1, 2, 6, 3, 5 and 10 had the highest essential oil composition, while population 4 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds and only had a high amount of cubenol. Populations 9, 12, 7, 8 and 11 also had moderate amounts of compounds in leaf essential oil. Population grouping based on their phytochemical assessment did not match their geographical distribution. However, areas with higher E, Z-geranyl acetate،ß-eudesmol and cubenol levels in flowers and leaves had average annual rainfall and higher altitude, average sunshine, and lower annual temperatures (populations 4 and 1). While in areas where populations had higher levels of α-cadinene in flowers, they had the highest average relative humidity, the lowest rainfall and annual temperature. Population 1 had the highest amount of flower ß-eudesmol and was one of the populations that showed a positive correlation between the amount of flower and leaf essential oil and essential oil components. As a result, the best population in the natural habitat was population 1.

To study the effects of differential habitat Masjed-Solieyman and Izeh (Khuzestan province) and phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding stages) on essential oil components of shoot plant of Artemisia sp. belong to the Asteraceae family, this research was carried out in spring of 2020. The most essential oil compounds in three species were Alpha-pinene, Camphene, Sabinene, Limonene, Artemisia-ketone, Borneol, Caryophyllene, Germacrene-D and Beta-eudesmol. The highest content (2.57 %) of essential oil was obtained from Masjed-Solieyman and in flowering stage and smallest content (1.61 %) of essential oil was obtained from Izeh and in seeding stage. The most of compounds such as Alpha-pinene, Sabinene and Borneol as volatile components (monoterpene hydrocarbons) and Caryophyllene (sesquiterpene hydrocarbons) as an important constitute in pharmaceutical industry obtained from end of vegetative stage. In addition, the amounts of volatile components and monoterpene hydrocarbons such as Alpha-pinene and Limonene on essential oils decreased from Masjed-Solieyman (tropical) to Izeh (temperate), however the percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as Caryophyllene in the oils increased. The results showed significant effects of phenological stages and habitats on essential oil content and composition in three species.

The most essential oil compounds in the A.sieberi L., A.aucheri L. and A.vulgaris L. were alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, limonene, artemisia-ketone, borneol, caryophyllene, germacrene-D and beta-eudesmol.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of climatic conditions of two different regions of Khuzestan province (Masjed Soleiman and Izeh) and phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding stages) on ​​the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of essential oil of three species of Artemisia (sieberi, aucheri and vulgaris) belonging to the Asteraceae family. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. After collecting the shoots of plants in different stages, the essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and GC and GC / MS was used to identify the compounds. The most effective essential oil compounds were alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinen, limonene, artemisia-ketone, borneol, caryophyllene, germacrene-di and beta-odemsol. In addition, the amounts of volatile components and monoterpene hydrocarbons such as alpha-pinene and limonene in essential oils decreased from Masjed-Solieyman (tropical) to Izeh (temperate), however the percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as caryophyllene increased. Therfore to obtain the most essential oil in the three studied species of Artemisia, harvesting in tropical climate at the beginning of flowering stage is suggested.

With the increasing use of herbs in natural treatments, this branch of complementary medicine has found a special place in the treatment of diseases. Herbal medicine in diseases and especially infectious diseases has improved in recent years. The antimicrobial and antifungal and anti-cancer effects of these plants in Iran have been the source of many researches and at the end, this research can lead to self-sufficiency in the country's pharmaceutical industry. Among these plants, could be considered to broccoli with medicinal and many antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Broccoli with scientific name. Brassica oleracea L is a member of the Brassicaceae cabbage family. The important thing about the impact of this plant is its climatic condition, which will be effective on its anatomical structure which is an important goal of this research. In this study, specimens of two Different Climates from Arak and Theran was perepared then The broccoli vegetative and reproductive organs were cut and fixied in 90% Ethanol alcohol fixatin. Then After the preparatory steps, including cleaning and washing,stained and were studied by photomicroscope. Interestingly, with regard to the tissues resistant to this plant, climate change has had no effect on broccoli. Only the amount of leaf parenchyma and number of vessels in The petiole, leaf, stem and anther organs were effective. Finally, it can be concluded that due to the resistance of this plant, it can be used in different climates without worrying about changing its properties to the use of this plant for medicinal purposes.