correlation

One of the medicinal plants in resort areas of Mazandaran province is Phlomis olivieri which is widely used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. This study was investigated the essential oil compounds of Phlomis olivieri aerial parts in Baladeh (Noor) and Kelardasht and also investigating the effect of soil physical and chemical properties on quantitiy and quality of essential oil. Eerial parts of plants were collected and essential oil was extracted with Clevenger device and compounds were identified with GC and GC/MS. Soil samples were randomly picked and were transfered to soil science laberatory to determine physical and chemical properties. The results showed that in Baladeh region, 27 compounds were identified which comprise 92.04 percent of total essential oil volume. At Kelardasht site, 26 compounds were identified which comprise 97.43 percent of total essential oil volume. The highest compounds in both regions were: Alpha- pinene, Beta-Caryophyllene, (E)-Beta-Farnesence, Germacrene- D, Germacrene– B and Beta-Eudesmol. Average essential oil efficiency in Baladeh and Kelardasht sites were 0.35 and 0.75, respectively which the highest essential oil amount was achieved in Kelardasht region. There was positive correlation between essential oil yield and saturation percentage and soil absorbable nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium explaining that with increasing these elements, essential oil yield was increased. Also, positive and significant correlation was observed between essential oil yield and organic carbon and matter percent at probability of 5 percent. Negative and significant correlation was found between essential oil efficiency and pH at probability of 1 percent which means that the lower essential oil with increment in this factor. Due to the Kelardasht has a higher yield of essential oil and also the percentage of essential oil compounds than Baladeh, the use of Phlomis olivieri is recommended in Kelardasht for cultivation and also for more production of these compounds.

Rice is one of the most important food products in the world. Soil salinity reduces the yield and quality of rice. For the development of new cultivars and the cultivation of rice in saline environments, screening rice cultivars to identify salinity-tolerant cultivars is crucial. In this study, the morphophysiological characteristics of 42 rice genotypes were examined in split plots using a completely randomized design with three replications in hydroponic conditions, with NONA BOKARA representing as a tolerant control and IR29 as a sensitive control to salinity in the seedling stage at two levels of 0 and 100 mM salinity (from the source of NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4). The variance analysis results revealed that the effect of rice genotypes, salinity, and their interaction on all traits studied was significant at the 1% level of probability. Additionally, the findings of this study demonstrated that under salt stress, the root and stem length, fresh and dried weight of the stem and root, the electrolyte leakage content, biomass, and chlorophyll content were all drastically decreased. But under salt stress, the proline content increased. Moreover, the results of the correlation study revealed a significant and positive correlation between biomass features and both shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. According to the results of the principal component analysis, the biomass, shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot length, and root weight had the largest positive effects on the first component. The results of cluster analysis showed that 12 genotypes, along with NONA BOKARA were included in the tolerant cluster, which can be used in breeding programs to develop salinity-tolerant cultivars.

The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the concentration of heavy metals (zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium) in water, sediment, and muscle and liver tissues of Barbus sharpeyi and Barbus xanthopterus of the Karoon River in order to investigate the status of heavy metals. In this river and to determine the health of the water ecosystem of the Karoon River in Bavi City, the evaluation of these two widely consumed fish species as biological monitors of heavy metals should also be done.

This study was conducted in April 1401 in order to investigate the concentration of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in six stations in the Karun River in Bavi city. The statistical population for the measurement of heavy metals with three replications included 18 water samples, 18 sediment samples, and 40 benny and gotan fish. Then, in order to measure the concentration of heavy metals in water samples, the sediment and tissues of Beni and Gatan fish after acid digestion were injected into the Contra-AA 330 model atomic absorption device. A comparison of heavy metal data from water samples, sediment, and fish tissues was done using SPSS software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to check the normal distribution of the results. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was also used for general comparisons, and Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons, and the differences were significant at the 95% level.

The average concentration of zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in water samples was 5.36, 1.80, 0.18, and 0.68 micrograms/liter, respectively, in sediment samples 46.57, 13.31, 2.89, and, respectively, 22.29 μg/g. Regarding the amount of zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium in the muscle samples of benny fish, respectively, 57.13, 1.60, 0.94, and 0.51 micrograms per gram, and 11.65, 0.91, and 56, respectively, in Gatan fish. 0.0 and 0.41 μg/g were obtained. Also, the amount of these elements in Bani fish liver is 27.33, 3.49, 2.15, and 1.51 micrograms per gram, and in Gatan fish liver it is 23.49, 2.11, 1.40, and 1.32, respectively. µg/g was obtained. Comparing the amounts of elements in the edible muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish showed that the amount of zinc in the muscle tissue of two species of fish is lower than the international standards, but lead, cadmium, and chromium in the muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish were higher than some international standards. Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the concentration of metals in water samples, sediment, and tissues of Bani and Gatan fish (p<0.05). The results of calculating the MPI pollution index showed that the value of this index was greater than 1 for all the investigated elements. The BAF index in all samples was less than 1, and the BCF index was greater than 1 for zinc and cadmium elements and less than 1 for lead and chromium. Also, the results of calculating the MLR index showed that the amount of this index for the studied metals is about 0.5.

The concentration of all heavy metals studied in the non-edible tissue of the liver was higher than the edible muscle tissue of Beni and Gatan fish caught from the Karun River located in Khuzestan province. The high levels of the three elements lead, cadmium, and chromium in some international standards indicate the need to pay attention to the possibility of the continuous entry of the sources of these polluting factors, such as the effluents of agricultural poisons, herbicides, insecticides, and residues from fossil fuels. The use in industrial activities depends on the habitat of the mentioned species. Based on the metal pollution index (MPI, BAF, BCF, and MLR), it can be said that among the two investigated fish species, the amount of pollution and health risk of consuming benny fish is much higher than that of gatan fish. The MPI index showed that the level of contamination in the liver is higher than in the muscle. Also, the bioaccumulation factor was higher in Bani fish than in Gatan. The bioconcentration index also shows the high accumulation power of Beni and Gatan fish for zinc and cadmium elements. Therefore, these two species are suitable biological indicators for monitoring the pollution of heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium in the Karun River. Also, considering that the highest bioconcentration index of metals is in Beni fish, Beni fish can be the most indicative species in relation to the accumulation of zinc and cadmium elements in the Karun River. The ratio of muscle to liver also showed that this index can be an important biological index in monitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The concentration of heavy metals in the liver and muscle changes with the level of environmental pollution. In polluted places, heavy metals preferentially accumulate in the liver. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient also showed that there is a significant correlation between the concentration of metals in water and the muscle and liver tissue of Beni and Gatan fish, so it can be concluded that the muscle and liver tissue of Beni and Gatan fish can be a suitable biological monitor for Heavy metals are investigated in the Karun River, and the liver is a more suitable monitor than the muscle. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be seen that the use of fish can give a better picture of the bioavailability of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, chromium, and cadmium. Also, in terms of the health status of the Karun River, using biological monitors, the muscle tissue and liver of Bani and Gatan fish, especially the liver, can be a suitable biological monitor for river health studies. Due to the entry of agricultural, urban, etc. effluents into this area, more periodical investigations and more accurate knowledge of the concentration of pollutants in different foodstuffs such as fish, plants, and agricultural fields are necessary. Also, it is necessary to accurately identify the origin of these pollutants and their input and production sources using chemical fingerprinting techniques so that better control can be done in order to manage these pollutants and finally prevent the penetration of such pollutants into the environment. Values should be avoided.

Basil is one of the important plants belonging to the mint family, which is used as a medicinal plant, spice, and also as a fresh vegetable. In order to study the relationship between leaf yield and agricultural traits, 22 basil genotypes were evaluated on the basis of split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in pots under field conditions. The main plot included drought stress in three levels (normal, moderate and severe stress) and the subplot included genotype (22 levels) and agricultural traits were measured. Correlation of traits in all three conditions showed that leaf yield had a positive and significant correlation with the traits of stem fresh weight, number of leaves, length and width of leaves. Considering the leaf yield as a dependent variable and performing a stepwise regression analysis in normal conditions (stem wet weight, number of leaves and leaf width in the first stage, respectively), moderate drought stress conditions (stem dry weight in the first stage) ) and severe drought stress conditions (stem wet weight in the first stage) were entered into the model and the model was significant at the level of 1%. Path analysis showed that stem wet weight in normal conditions, stem dry weight in moderate stress condition and stem wet weight in severe stress condition had the highest direct and positive effect on leaf yield. Therefore, the most important traits as a selection index for improving leaf yield werestem fresh weight, leaf number, leaf length and width, respectively.

cultivated alfalfa, which is known as green gold, is one of the best and most suitable fodder plants known in the world. Leaf weevil pest of alfalfa is considered as one of the limiting stresses in alfalfa production in the conditions of Iran.

In order to group pest tolerance in cultivated alfalfa, the traits of 30 alfalfa genotypes in the germplasm were evaluated in the training farm of Bu-ali Sina University.

The interaction between the varieties and the levels of pest attack showed significant differences in relation to weevil number, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height at the time of harvesting at1% and the amount of damage at 5% probability. The number of larva had significant positive correlation at a level of 5% with damage amounts. In stepwise regression, damage percent as dependent and other traits as independent variables were used. The results showed that larvae number, leaf chlorophyll extent and plant height with 30/01 cumulative coefficient explained the most variations of damage percent.

Considering to the percent of damage and the average comparison for other traits, Yazdi35 and Maoopa102 with the least number of larvae and the least percent of damage respectively and the highest height in attack or damage time as the most tolerance and cultivars Tak Buteh92 and MahalieMiandoab with the most larval number, damage percent and the lowest plant height were recognized as the most susceptible cultivars towards alfalfa weevil attack at damage time too.

Basil is a medicinal plant as well as a vegetable, and its economic importance is due to its use in health and pharmaceutical industries. Also, moisture stress (water scarcity) is one of the environmental factors leading to a decrease in the yield of any plant. In this study, the effect of moisture stress on the morphological and physiological traits of basil medicinal plant was evaluated as a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference at the probability level of 1% for the moisture stress effect as well as the genotype effect. The moisture stress × genotype interaction effect was significant for all traits, which means that the genotypes have shown different reactions under moisture stress. The moisture stress caused a significant decrease in most traits while it increased leaf proline. The highest accumulation of proline with an average of 0.0041 mg per gram of fresh weight was related to the Red Rubins basil variety under no-stress conditions and then the Iranian green basil variety with an average of 0.0029 mg per gram of fresh weight under medium moisture stress conditions. The maximum amount of growth characteristics (leaf length, number of leaves, leaf yield and shoot weight) was related to Iranian purple basil cultivar under without moisture stress conditions. Also, the genotype of Iranian green basil can be further investigated in future breeding programs due to its greater tolerance to moisture stress conditions.

To evaluate the effect of drought stress on grain yield, yield component, morphologic and phonological traits on 30 genotypes of wheat, an experiment in the form randomized complete block with three replication at 2 levels of irrigation (normal and stress), was carried out. Results showed that the studied genotypes were significantly different in terms of grain yield, 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, day to maturity, and seed size under stress and non-stress conditions. According to the results, it can be seen that Kavir, Pishtaz and Helmand cultivars showed the lowest yield reduction and Navid, Karim and Alvand cultivars showed the highest grain yield decrease among all cultivars. The analysis of tolerance index correlation showed index of tolerance stress, using mean and using numeral mean are the best indexes for identifying genotype with high yield in this test According to the results of phenotypic correlations, stepwise regression, path analysis and principal component analysis in both normal and stress conditions, it can be concluded that, expected that the traits of number of spike in plant, total spikes weight, biological yield, main spike of weight, were most important and effective traits affecting yield and considering that among the genotypes, The highest diversity was observed for these traits, therefore selecting and breeding for these traits can ideally be improved the yield Genotype grouping in both conditions was conducted based on studied traits with UPGMA method, in both conditions investigated genotypes were grouped in five clusters.

Obtaining a high dry matter yield is one of the most important goals of plant physiologists. In this regard, it is necessary to know the effective traits in the production of plant dry matter. Salinity stress is also one of the most important non-biological stresses that limits plant growth and affects the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of plants. Therefore, in order to understand the relationship between dry matter yield and antioxidant properties, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments of mint under salinity stress, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot (18 mint ecotypes, including longifolia, pulegium, spicata, rotundifolia, mozafariani and piperita, salinity stress at control, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS/m levels and harvest stage at   2 stages), based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that salinity stress affected the correlation between dry matter and other studied traits. Also, path analysis at different levels of salinity stress showed that total chlorophyll traits had a very high direct effect on dry matter yield. On the other hand, at a 7.5 dS/m salinity level, the dry matter yield of the plant depended on a greater number of traits compared to lower-salinity stress levels. Also, the correlation between traits in the first and second harvest stages was different. The anthocyanin pigment trait had a positive and significant correlation with dry matter yield at 7.5 dS/m. The indirect role of carotenoid pigment was also evident in severe stress. Based on path analysis, all the studied traits, including non-enzymatic antioxidants and anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, were strongly dependent on the total chlorophyll trait to affect the dry matter yield.

BOD or biochemical oxygen demand is one of the old parameters for organic contamination of wastewater that has over 100 years of oldness. It is important is to the extent that all regulation organizations use it for inspection. BOD has some limitations that defined over the time. COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand introduced and used after BOD but with improvements in technology, replacement of TOC with BOD and COD was proposed. Considering the development of precision instruments in all aspects of life and the widespread deployment of instrumentation in various areas of the environment, decision makers should look for parameters that are rapidly obtainable with modern equipment as the timing of experiments will be ineffective. In addition, a general effort is needed to conduct this kind of research in universities so that the relationships between these parameters can be accurately investigated so that academic centers can be responsive to the needs of industry and society. This review paper wants to find the advantages and disadvantages of these parameters as well as to study the current situation of regulations, inspection, design, operations, control and monitoring of wastewater treatment plants and their future.

Fifteen populations of Damask rose were collected from important rose oil production regions of Kashan for evaluation of morphological variation. Fifty two quantitative and seventeen qualitative morphological characters were measured. Cluster and Principal component analysis (PCA) of morphological characters showed that the fifteen populations could be divided into two major groups including five subgroups. The variance analysis showed significant differences (P<0.01) among populations of Rosa damascena for 28 morphological characters such as stem length, leaf length and number of flowers per plant. Significant correlations were observed between different traits. The results are indicative of morphological variation among different populations of R. damascena from Kashan. Therefore, some of the traits such as number of flower per branch and number of flowers per plant, which showed a positive strong correlation in this study, or the number of prickle can be used as significant and important attributes in determining the criteria for the evaluation and selection of populations. The essential oil content (w/w) of flowers was assayed after extraction in Clevenger apparatus. Correlation results showed that there is a significant relationship between some morphological characters and essential oil content. Stipule length had a significant positive correlation with the essential oil content, while a significant negative correlation was observed for pedicle length and receptacle glandular length with the essential oil content.

In order to physiological and biochemical evaluation of seventh generation of rice mutant tolerant lines under salinity stress, an experiment was carried out as split plot arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Main factor of experiment includes three levels of salt stress (0, 45, 75 mmol/l) and sub factor include 5 local rice mutant lines contain Tarom Hashemi 1, Tarom Hashemi 2, Tarom Hashemi 3, Tarom Chaloosi and promising Nemat. The results of analysis of variance of interaction salt stress and rice mutant lines showed that affect of interaction on studied traits was significant . In comparision with other lines and under all levels of salt stress, the results of experiment showed that Nemat had the highest content of Proline that was accompanied with increase protein. Catalase and Gayacol peroxidase activity under stress condition increased and and there was fewer amount of Malondialdehyde and ionic leakage. Considering the positive and significant correlation between dry weight of rice lines with Proline content (r = 0.36), Catalase (r = 0. 49), and Guaiacol peroxidase (r = 0.51) and negative correlation with Protein content (r = -0.29) and Malondialdehyde (r = -0.36) seems to suggest that the Nemat mutant can be as the most tolerant line, since the resistance mechanism of this line involves osmotic regulation and increasing the amount of proline amino acids through protein degradation and catalase enzymatic system, so these traits can be considered as basic mechanisms for tolerance to salinity.