cortisol

Years of research on the physiological pathways that regulate appetite have led to the identification of dozens of neural mediators involved in this process. Based on these studies, the role of histaminergic and adrenergic systems in regulating food intake has been proven. The aim of the current study is to investigate the central synergistic effects of histamine and adrenaline on food intake and plasma cortisol in broiler chickens.

In order to achieve this goal, three experiments were designed, each including one control group and three treatment groups. In the first test, control solution and histamine were prescribed with doses of 75, 150, and 300. In the second test, the control solution and adrenaline were injected with doses of 75, 150, and 300 nmol, and in the third test, in addition to the control solution, histamine (75 nmol), adrenaline (75 nmol) and histamine + adrenaline were injected. Then, chickens were returned to their cages and their food intake was recorded as a percentage of body weight. After the end of the experiments, by cutting the head, blood was taken and the plasma cortisol level was evaluated in all groups.

Based on the findings, simultaneous administration of sub effective doses of histamine and adrenaline caused a significant decrease in food intake (P≤0.05) and a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels (P≤0.01).

According to the results, it seems that there is a synergistic effect between histamine and adrenaline in controlling food intake and plasma cortisol levels

Aging is a natural process and increase of age in synchronized societies is associated with behavioral and physiological challenges. The most important of these challenges are the three indicators of perceived stress, depression and cortisol hormone. This research was conducted to compare levels of cortisol hormone with perceived stress and depression in elderly women living in private old people’s homes and private houses in Tehran. The statistical population included elderly women aged between 65 to 75 years old that were residents of the private old people’s homes and private houses in Tehran. Data were collected by the Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale developed by Sheldon Cohen, and determination of serum cortisol levels in the laboratory. The results of this study showed that levels of cortisol hormone and depression in elderly women living in the private old people’s homes and private houses had a significant difference (p <0.05). The perceived stress variable had no significant difference. The difference in depression rate may be due to family relationships and the presence of family members at the private houses, and non-existence of difference in the perceived stress rate and its inverse ratio with increase of age may be due to the experience and credibility of events in the world. Considering the impact of the living environment on the psychological problems in the elderly, national measures should be taken to improve the quality of life of the elderly and to empower them through social and governmental movements.

High temperature causes oxidative stress in the body of animals. Selenium is a trace mineral that affects the health and performance of the body in stressful conditions. There are limited studies on the effects of different doses of selenium in long-term heat stress conditions on physiological parameters and health indicators. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of selenium from selenium-methionine supplement on the antioxidant status (glutathione concentration, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), liver and kidney health index (the activity of transferase enzymes and creatinine concentration) and concentration of metabolism-related hormones (insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine and tetra-iodothyronine). In a completely randomized design, 25 female rats were randomly divided into five groups and five replicates. Five rats were placed at standard temperature during the experiment period and the rest of the rats were placed under heat stress (38 ± 2 °C for 6 hours/day). Rats in the negative control group (without heat stress) and positive control (heat stress) were fed with standard pellets without additive and the other three groups were fed with standard pellets plus 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg selenium/kg as a selenium-methionine supplement for 30 days. Rats receiving selenium had more hemoglobin and alanine transaminase enzyme activity (P=0.001) compared to the positive control group. Cortisol concentration in the positive control group was higher than the negative control group (P=0.001). Adding selenium to the diet of rats under heat stress decreased (P=0.001) the concentration of cortisol, and increased the concentration of insulin and triiodothyronine compared to the positive control group. The serum malondialdehyde of the positive control was higher than the negative control and other experimental groups (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, heat stress causes oxidative stress in the body and causes changes in the hormonal concentration and the activity of the body's enzymes. In overall, it can be concluded that higher selenium supplementation (0.45 mg/kg) is optimal for improving the liver and kidney indices, hormone concentration and antioxidant response in rats under heat stress conditions.

Common operations during reproduction and breeding or during research studies often cause stress and physiological responses in fish, which subsequently lead to adverse effects such as immunosuppression, delayed growth, and death. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Moreover, the effect of anesthesia with effective concentrations of benzocaine and stress caused by manipulation on hematological indicators was studied.

For this purpose, ten fish individually were exposed to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200 mg/L benzocaine, and time to induction (deep anesthesia) and recovery from anesthesia were measured. In the second experiment, 7 fish were deeply anaesthetized with 125 and 150 mg/L benzocaine. Subsequently, Fish were subjected to stress by acute handling, blood sampling and maintaining them out of the water for 2 min. for assessing possible stress effects caused by acute handling, blood was collected as described above without anesthesia. In control group, fish immediately after netting with their head covered with wet cloth to reduce stress, blood collection was performed by cutting caudal peduncle and lasted less than 15 s.

At concentration of 50 mg/L, benzocaine failed to induce deep anesthesia in fish within the 10 min exposure period whereas at concentrations of 125, 150 and 200 mg/L, all the fish were anaesthetized within 3 min of exposure. Induction and recovery times for benzocaine were significantly dependent on concentrations (P<0.05). Hematological results between groups showed no significant changes in white blood cell count and hematocrit level. Acute handling caused significant increase in hemoglobin, red blood cell count, serum glucose and cortisol levels compared to control and anaesthetized group (P<0.05).

This study demonstrates that rapid induction of deep anesthesia with a relatively high concentration of benzocaine (125 mg/L) block the stress-induced cortisol response with the lowest effects on the hematological and serum biochemical indices in gold fish and therefore would be recommended as eligible dose for handling and hematological studies in this species.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of density on some performance and activity of biochemical parameters of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Twenty-day-old larvae (PL30) were distributed at densities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 No. m-2 in twelve polyethylene tanks (working volume of 200 L) containing bioflocks and fed ad libitum using artificial feed. Each triplicate tank was assigned to one treatment. At the end of experiment, performance indicators, antioxidant enzymes activities and some of the stress parameters were determined. The results showed that an increase in the shrimp density under the biofloc system had a significant effect on the growth performance and hemolymph biochemical properties of white-leg shrimp and declined the final weight, daily growth rate and feeding efficiency ratio. However, the amount of biomass increased with increasing density and reached to more than 1.7 folds higher than that in under the density of 100 No. m-2. However, the antioxidant defense parameters including the activity level of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enhanced with increasing the shrimp density in the biofloc system. Cortisol and glucose levels of the hemolymph also showed a decreasing trend with increasing density to 300 No. m-2,

Depression is now a common chronic illness in most communities all over the world that may disrupt normal functioning, cause depressive thoughts, and negatively affect the quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life (QoL), depression and cortisol levels in people with depression. Thirty women with depression were selected voluntarily and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. For the experimental group, treatment sessions were held for eight 90-minute sessions per week and the control group did not receive any treatment. To measure the variables, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II and SF36 Quality of Life Questionnaire) was used twice (before and after treatment) and to measure cortisol levels, blood samples were taken between 8 and 10 am before the onset of first and last treatment sessions and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the pretest-posttest phase reduced depression and cortisol rate from 23.87 and 14.48 to 10.13 and 11.95, respectively and increased quality of life from 32.90 to 83.52 in the experimental group (p < 0.001). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can improve the mental status and quality of life of patients with depression.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of cycling exercise with and without blood flow restriction on serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in healthy men. For this purpose, 16 members of R8 Niavaran Gym were selected. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their power: cycling with foot arteries blockage and cycling without foot arteries blockage. The training session consisted of 3×3-minutes cycling with 50% Wmax intensity, with a rest interval of 30-45 seconds. The group without arteries blockage performed the same protocol, except that there were no blood flow restrictions. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the start of the training period and 24 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and dependent t-test at the significant level of P <0.05. The obtained results showed that within-group changes in testosterone and TNF-α in the arteries blockage group and without arteries blockage group showed no significant changes (P≥0.05). Also, between-group changes showed no difference between the two groups (P≥0.05). the within-group changes of cortisol significantly increased in the arteries blockage group (P≤0.05) and did not show a significant change in the group without arteries blockage (P≥0.05). Between-group changes showed a difference between the two groups (P≤0.05). The present study showed that blood flow restriction activity had no significant effect on serum testosterone and TNF-α levels in healthy men in relation to the same activity without blood flow restriction, but this difference was significant in cortisol level. As a result, people who are reluctant to do intense and long-term exercise can increase testosterone and reduce inflammatory factors using a less intense restricted blood flow exercise.

Given the inevitable side effects of anesthetics in aquaculture, blood and biochemical assessments are among the appropriate ways of identifying their side effects. This study was aimed at comparing the effects of the density and the duration of two anesthetics, known as 2-fenoxyethanol and MS-222, on the blood stress indicators (Glucose & Cortisol) of Barbus grypus. To do this, 100 Barbus grypus weighing 50±5 g were selected and considered as three groups: one for anesthesia with 2-fenoxyethanol with concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 µl/l, one for anesthesia MS222 with concentrations of 40, 50 and 80 mg/l and one as the control group. For each of the anesthetics, the anesthesia times were recorded after the fishes reaching the 4 th and 5 th stages of anesthesia, then blood sampling was done in effective dose in 3minutes-6hours-12hours and 24 hours intervals. According to the results, the effective dose of anesthesia for 2-fenoxy ethanol was 300 µl/l and for MS222 was 50 mg/l. The results showed that MS-222 and 2-fenoxy ethanol caused the increase in the blood glucose through increase in cortisol since the early minutes after the fish’s anesthesia and theses increasing effects would remain in the fish’s blood for 24 hours after its anesthesia. The comparison of the effects of these anesthetics on the stress indicators showed that both of them caused the rise of the stress indicators, but the increasing effect of 2-fenoxy ethanol was higher, and there was a direct correlation between glucose and cortisol. So both of the anesthetics caused the stress induction on the studied species.

Stress and immune responses due to the increased intensity and duration of exercise tend to be susceptible to vascular disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the active and inactive recovery after a session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the response of C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol and IL-6 (IL6).

The statistical sample of this study was 20 footballers with a mean age of 18.9 ± 0.5 years, weight 1.7 ± 1.7 kg, height 176 cm2.2, body mass index of 22.4 ± 1 kg / m2 and the maximum consumed oxygen was 51.3 ± 2.5 ml / kg body weight, which was randomly selected among the soccer players of Esteghlal'e Novin team in south of Tehran. Subjects were participated in two groups with two tests, active recovery and inactive recovery. Blood samples were collected from both groups before and immediately after recovery then, cortisol, and IL-6 and CRP levels were evaluated using ELISA technique.

There was no significant difference between active and inactive recovery after HIIT activity on CRP and IL6 responses. While there was a significant difference between active and inactive recovery after HIIT activity on cortisol response (P <0.05).

The results of this study showed that active recovery after HIIT activity could affect cortisol response. Therefore, active recovery would be more effective than passive recovery.

Due to the superior role of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the carp polyculture system, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of catching, handling and transportation on hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile fish (13.5±1.5g). Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured before catching (without handling), during the catches and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after transportation. The biochemical parameters including cortisol, glucose and lactate had significant differences among treated fishes (P

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormon which has important effects on osmoregulation in marine fish. In this study the effect of oral cortisol on resistance (salinity stress in 12ppt during 7 days) in common carp (cyprinus carpio) fry was investigated. For this purpose، common carp (1. 36±0. 12 gr) was distributed in 3 treatments and 1 control group in 3 replicates and fed with commercial food containing 0 (control)، 50، 100 and 200 mg kg-1 food hydrocortisone during 8 weeks. At the end of the trial، hematocrit، biochemical blood parameters (glucose، calcium and total protein) and resistance of fish were determined. The results showed no significance in survival rates between treatments (p>0. 05). Glucose levels in the control treatment was significantly lower than other treatments at the end of the trail by serological investigation (p<0. 05). Fish were let in salinity stress and after 7 days all treatments showed a significant increase in the value of glucose (p<0. 05). The highest value of glucose was observed in fish on fed 100 and 200mg hydrocortisone per kg-1 food)73. 04±1. 40) (p<0. 05) and the highest level of haematocrit was observed after stress in the control group (61. 67±2. 08) (p<0. 05). Calcium Ionic factor showed a significant increase in all treatments except for the control treatment (11. 17±0. 31) (p<0. 05) and the highest value was observed in fish fed 200 mg hydrocortisone per kg-1. Total protein in fish treat-cortisol was significantly lower than the control group (p<0. 05). The results of this study showed that oral administration of cortisol can improve the salinity resistance in the common carp fry.

The present study aimed to evaluate the changes of estradiol-17β (E2) and 17α20β- hydroxy progesterone (17OHP), cortisol and some electrolytes (Ca2+, K+ and Na+) in the plasma of female R. rutilus caspicus during annual reproductive cycle. Plasma level of steroids was measured using RIA, cortisol using ELIZA and electrolytes using flamephotometry technic. The highest plasma level of E2 (147.16±9.01 ng/ml) was measured at the end of vitellogenesis stage of oocytes. On the contrary, maximum plasma level of 17OHP (4.71±0.64 ng/ml) and cortisol (12.67±2.25 ng/ml) was observed in early April just before spawning time. The maximum concentration of Ca2+ was observed during the vitellogenesis stage of oocytes and then decreased when vitellogenesis progressed. The highest level of K+ decreased sharply in maturation stage of oocytes (P>0.05). The results of the present study revealed that changes in plasma levels of steroids and electrolytes were closely correlated to ovarian development during reproductive cycle.

In this study, the capacity of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii with mean weight 19.3±0.4 g to face short-term starvation and subsequent re-feeding was assessed for a 40-day period. To investigate, the effect of compensatory growth on some physiological response (plasma cortisol, thyroid hormones, glucose, protein, cholesterol and triglyceride) and morphological (total body weight and length, condition factor, hepato-somatic index, vicero-somatic index and digestive-somatic index) in Siberian sturgeon four different feeding regimes were established. Control group fed four times daily to apparent satiation; SRF1: 2 days starvation and 8 days refeeding; SRF2: 4 days starvation and 16 days refeeding; SRF3: 8 days starvation and 32 days refeeding were experienced. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected to analyze biochemical parameters. Plasma cortisol and thyroxin (T4) hormones levels were not significantly different between control and food deprived groups at the end of experiment (P>0.05) but plasma tri-iodothyronin (T3) levels were lower in the starved groups compared to control animals, but this decreases only in S1 group was significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in measured metabolites levels between control and food deprived groups (P>0.05). Moreover, at the measured morphometric indices were not observed significantly different between the control and starved groups (P>0.05). The results suggest that Siberian sturgeon has the physiologic and metabolic adjustment ability to short-term starvation and return to basal level after re-feeding.

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone that plays important roles in various aspects of fish physiology including ion regulate, growth, stress and immune functions.the highest abundance of corticosteroid receptors in the gill, intestine and kidney that their abundance change influenced by salinity frequently. In this study, the effect of dietary cortisol on gill tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling affected by salinity stress wasinvestigated. Common carp (1.36 ± 0.12 g) was distributed in 4 treatments in 3 replicates and fed with commercial food containing 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200mg kg-1 hydrocortisone for 8 weeks. Then resistance to salinity with in 7 days in 12 ppt salinity and gill tissue was investigated. In investigation of gill tissue, the amount of damage were controlled (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperemia and edema) at cortisol treatement. Fishes fed cortisol shown a minimal damage among treatements (P< 0.05) and increased number of choloride cells with salinity stress. This observation state that this treatement of fish have better osmoregulation during salt stress.

This research was carried out on the effects of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anesthetic substance on Hematological index، glucose and cortisol levels as an stress indicator and was appraised induction and recovery time the fish at effective concentrations 0/1، 0/3، 0/5 and 0/7 ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol. Results showed that exposure to low concentrations of this anesthetic (0/1and 0/3) caused deep anesthesia in the longer time and the recovery time is less، but in higher concentrations (0/5 and 0/7) deep anesthesia occurred in less time. were not found significant differences in WBC level in tested concentrations (P > 0. 05). But at 0/1ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol There were significant differences in the number of red blood cells and percentage of hematocrit whit control group. And hemoglobin significantly differed with the control group at 0/3 and 0/51ml L-1 concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol (p<0/05). 0/5 and 0/7 ml L-1 concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol had no effect on blood index. in 0/1and 0/3 ml L-1 concentration of this substance، the level of plasma cortisol significantly increased (p<0/05). And in higher concentrations، cortisol levels significantly decreased (p<0/05). Generally، with increasing concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol، glucose levels increased significantly compared whit control group (p<0/05). But with increase of concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol from0/5 to 0/7 ml L-1 significant differences were observed in glucose concentration. The result of this experiment show that the concentrations 0/7 ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol With the rapid induction of deep anesthesia and creating lowest stress، can be the most appropriate concentration is used in this fish.

144 juvenile Sobaity, Sparidentex hasta, after acclimation to laboratory conditions in sea water (40ppt) for one week, sea water was replaced with different salinities (5, 20 and 60ppt) and seawater (40ppt) as control. Samplings were performed at 6 and 12 hours, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after the time of changing in environmental salinities. Blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol, glucose and electrolytes analysis. According to the results, plasma levels of cortisol showed significant increases in 5 and 60 ppt environment in relation to control and 20ppt groups 12 hours from the beginning of the experiment. However in 24h samples up to the end of the experiment (14days) there were no significant differences among treatments. Plasma glucose levels showed a significant increase only at 12h sampling time in relation to 6 and 24hours in fish adapted to 5 and 60ppt. Plasma Ca++ concentrations had no significant changes during experiment. Plasma Mg++ amounts decreased significantly in 5 and 20 ppt groups in relation with control at 24 h sampling time. In conclusion, cortisol has important role in adaptation to both 5 and 60ppt at the beginning of the exposure, because of its significant increase at just 12 hours in 5 and 60 ppt than the controls, but the role of cortisol has been replaced with other changes in osmoregulatory related tissues and cells according to the plasma cortisol amounts in 5 and 60ppt that returned to the basic levels.

Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) has been imported to Iran as a valuable candidate for aquaculture purpose. Since the stocking density is considered as an important stressor in aquaculture، Hence this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of its stocking densities on chronic stress using the blood cortisol level. In total، 90 specimens with 342 ± 30 g mean weight and 45. 3 ± 1cm total length were stocked in three densities (6، 12 and 18 specimen/tank) pending 5 months rearing period. The results showed no significant interaction among density–time parameters and cortisol level (p > 0. 05)، whereas solely time showed a significant correlation with cortisol level (p < 0. 05). The levels of cortisol in July، August، October and November were 4. 68±1. 84، 23. 22±4. 44، 3. 98±1. 66 and 11. 8±2. 53ng/ml respectively. Mean cortisol concentrations in low، moderate and high densities obtained 7. 76±3. 59، 12. 94±2. 78 and 10. 76±3. 72 ng/ml، respectively that was not observed significant changes in no treatments. Results of this study can suggest that Siberian sturgeon withstand stocking density norms which are used for Iranian sturgeons.

The effect of music on behavioral changes، mortality percentage and some of physiological indices of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in weight group of 50 ± 2 g، in three stages with the duration of 120 h was studied. At the first stage، in order to chose the type of music، fishes were exposed to three types of classical، traditional Iranian music and sound of water flow in nature everyday. At the second stage in order to determine the time of exposure، the selected music was played for duration of 1، 3 and 6 hours per day. Based on behavioral parameters، including slow swimming near and under speaker with significant reduction in blood cortisol during the first 24 hours (22. 41 ± 1. 7 to 12. 48 ± 0. 6 ng/ml) (P<0. 05) and no mortality during the test، classical music was selected at the first stage. At second stage، according to the same changes in behavioral parameters and significant decrease in blood cortisol (30. 23 ± 2. 1 to 16. 65 ± 1. 2 ng/ml) (P<0. 05) and no mortality، the period of 1 hour for classical music was selected. In the third stage of the test، based on the results of the first two stages، to evaluate the quality of the results in a recirculating system the classical music with duration of one hour per day was played for rainbow trout. Behavior changes، including slow swimming near and under the speaker with no mortality and significant reduction in blood cortisol in hours of 0، 12، 24، 72 and 120 (37. 80 ± 2. 1، 32. 69 ± 2. 8، 20. 93 ± 1. 3،20. 13 ± 1. 5 and 11. 62 ± 0. 8 ng/ml respectively)، glucose، (67. 00 ± 4. 1، 60. 66 ± 2. 2، 57. 11± 4. 9، 53. 33 ± 3. 6 and 31. 94 ±1. 3 mg/dl respectively) (P<0. 05) and a significant increase in Hepatosomatic index (HSI) (0. 96 ± 0. 07، 1. 21 ± 0. 06، 1. 26 ± 0. 06، 1. 27 ± 0. 07 and 1. 28 ± 0. 06 % respectively) (P<0. 05)، is positive effect of classical music on improvement of physiological mechanism and calm increase in the fishes that we can attribute.

The present study carried out to assess the effects of Benzo-α-Pyren (BaP), as an important Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) on the plasma levels of cortisol and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones in male Seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Sparidea). To assess the acute effects of BaP on the endocrine system, a group of fish was injected with dissolved BaP in sunflower oil (50mg/kg BaP in 2μg/l oil according to the body weight). Other fishes were injected with 2μg/l body weight as controls. Blood samples from both groups were collected 3 hours after injection. In another protocol, the chronic effects of BaP on the plasma levels of cortisol and T3 were assessed. Another group of fish was implanted with 50mg/kg BaP in 10μl/g coconut oil in respect to fish body weight. A control group was implanted with the same amount of oil without the BaP. Blood samples were collected from both implanted groups (treatment and control) after 72 hours. Plasma levels of cortisol in yellowfin Seabream increased during both short time and long time exposure but T3 levels in the plasma decreased during the chronic stress of BaP exposure. It seems that the cortisol levels are elevated to meet the increased energy requirement under the acute and chronic stress conditions by direct effect on glyconeogenesis and fast blood sugar level to be consumed by cells. T3 levels may be affected by inhibitory effect of Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) which decreased it during long term exposure.