environment

Industrialization, growing affluence in the developed world, population explosion, and rapid development in developing countries have resulted in accelerated environmental degradation on a large scale. Owing to the above reasons, chemical and solid waste management has become a major cause of concern today since the environment is loaded with a large quantum of contaminants and recalcitrant and heavy metals. Many conventional physico chemical methods of treatment/removal of these compounds, though effective, are not feasible for application on a large scale. Bioremediation involves the application of suitable microbes in the polluted system which perform various physical and chemical reactions as a part of their metabolism resulting in degradation and removal of pollutants.  Because of their consistent morphology and versatile metabolic ability, fungi play crucial roles as degraders and symbionts in the environment, including soil and aquatic habitats; thus, they are particularly suitable for bioremediation. Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate contaminated areas. In this technology, fungi interact physically and chemically with pollutants, leading to structural changes or total disintegration of those pollutants.

Continuous increase and accumulation of antibiotics in the environment; is a danger due to their toxicity and longevity. Antibiotics, as an emerging pollutant, have harmful effects on the ecosystem. Microalgae, as the primary producers of life, are considered one of the pollution indicators due to their high sensitivity. Since microalgae live in aquatic environments and are at the base of the marine food chain, understanding the interactions between microalgae and antibiotics is critical for assessing the ecological risk of antibiotics in aquatic environments. Knowing the damages on vital processes, including photosynthesis and the creation of oxidative stress and the mechanisms of these effects, can be effective in preserving and sustaining aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the effect of antibiotics azithromycin, tetracycline and erythromycin on microalgae was investigated.

With the growth and development that has taken place in the world in the last few decades, especially in advanced countries in the improvement of livestock and poultry breeds, nutrition and health of livestock and processing industries and transformation of this sector, animal husbandry has been able to have a special place in the economy of these countries. verify for yourself. So that the share of added value of livestock products in some of these countries has reached more than 50% of the added value of their agricultural sector. Various reports have shown that among the different sectors of agriculture, the animal husbandry industry as one of the main sectors in terms of application in nutrition, clothing, creating employment, sports and riding, and foreign trade has a special place. Is. Therefore, it can be said that the development of animal husbandry industry is very important in every country. Agricultural products, including crops and livestock, which are referred to as agricultural products, are important in the first place because of the supply of the most basic goods needed by humans, i.e. food. In addition to this, as the experience of some countries such as Australia and Canada shows, the agricultural sector can be considered as the starting point of economic development. In addition to this, developed countries, by taking a major share of the production and experience of agricultural products (such as grains) in the world, have been able to gain significant foreign exchange every year, economically and politically, over other countries. Societies dominate. This is despite the fact that in many other countries, a major part of their active population is in the agricultural sector. Annually, large sums are allocated for the import of these products. Especially since the population growth rate in recent societies is usually higher than other countries, and therefore food supply for the growing population is often considered as a serious issue. In our country, the production of agricultural products as well as the issue of population have been given attention, especially in recent years. However, care for this part should continue continuously. It is obvious that the production of food products should be significantly developed in the future, and in order to achieve a significant progress, it is necessary that the production of food products has an annual growth of more than 4% from now. The main source of this annual growth is the increase in productivity in terms of level and time, which requires the use of new practices and technologies and conducting research according to the limited resources in each country. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying the obstacles and bottlenecks in the development of animal husbandry and providing solutions for its development in the south of Kerman province. Because identifying the existing problems on the way of animal husbandry is the best way to jump the agricultural industry of the region because this part is one of the important influencing factors in the agricultural sector.

The present study is part of applied research in terms of purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. As the purpose of the research is to identify the bottlenecks in animal husbandry, so to get the answer, in addition to generalizing, establishing a close relationship with the subject is needed. Qualitative research is used to find complete and detailed information for selecting samples, collecting data, analyzing, drawing conclusions, and reaching research goals considering the research problem. The target population in the current research was 30 experts, including animal science experts (working in agricultural service centers related to the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Agricultural Insurance Fund) and experienced professors in the field of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman province. These people were active in seven southern cities of Kerman province, including Jiroft, Anbarabad, Rudbar South, Manojan, Faryab, Kahnuj and Ghaleganj. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. Hierarchical analysis method was used in this research. The questionnaire was prepared based on paired comparison, so the reliability of this questionnaire is based on the inconsistency rate. If the inconsistency rate is less than or equal to 0.1, there is compatibility in pairwise comparisons and the work can continue. Otherwise, the decision maker should reconsider the pairwise comparisons. In the present study, there was consistency in all the answers. Undoubtedly, the issue of choice is as old as human history. Therefore, the decision-making processes to choose the correct options from among the available options are an integral part of rational processes in human daily life. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods in which, based on a certain goal and using different criteria or metrics and giving weight to each of them, it is possible to Among the options or alternatives, choose the best or superior option for a specific purpose and rank the other options as well.

Based on the findings collected from the questionnaire, the financial obstacles have the highest weight and the promotion and educational obstacles, market obstacles and infrastructural obstacles are in the second to fourth positions of the obstacles to livestock development in the southern region of Kerman, respectively. Therefore, in the study area, according to experts, the most important problem of livestock farmers is financial obstacles. Among the sub-criteria of infrastructural obstacles, the lack of specialized animal husbandry equipment in animal husbandry units has been the most important sub-criteria according to the experts of south Kerman region. Also, the weakness of the pricing system and price control of inputs and products is the most important sub-criterion of market obstacles. Therefore, in order to reduce the problems of animal husbandry and the development of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman, the coordination and convergence of executive bodies such as agricultural, nomadic, veterinary, cooperative companies and non-governmental organizations should be increased with scientific and research discussions. The government should implement support measures, such as granting loans and grants for farmers who have lower incomes, guaranteed purchase of dairy products, the policy of stabilizing the prices of livestock products to increase their risk-taking and, as a result, the amount of dealing with economic obstacles in They increase. In the next stage, promoting new and scientific methods of livestock breeding, using appropriate methods of processing and enriching the by-products of farms, gardens and agricultural industries, improving and revitalizing pastures using scientific methods, breeding native livestock and increasing their production efficiency. (multiple births), supporting the development of industrial and semi-industrial units, supporting cooperative companies and trade unions, as well as providing support credits can help to solve the problems of livestock breeding in the region. On the other hand, the animal husbandry sector produces food, improves the level of agricultural production and provides services and economic goods, surplus and cash income. The integration of animal husbandry in agriculture creates stable annual employment. Also, the sale of livestock products provides the necessary capital for the purchase of agricultural inputs and in general any investment in the farm. And on the other hand, in the direction of livestock breeding, the provision of fodder and excessive grazing provides the ground for the destruction of the surrounding environment. By increasing the interaction of relevant institutions such as natural resources, watershed management and agriculture departments with the people, as well as holding educational-promotional courses, especially in the field of natural resources and sustainable exploitation of them, it is possible to increase their knowledge in this way. The path to increase their actions in the field of pasture protection needs to be paved and increased. Through financial support in the form of loans, credits and subsidies, poor villagers should be encouraged to use environmental resources in a principled and sustainable manner.

In different regions of the Persian Gulf, oil pollution along with other urban, agricultural and industrial pollution has destroyed this valuable ecosystem and the valuable aquatic resources in it have been exposed to the risk of various corruptions and have threatened the aquatic populations in it. (Pourrang, 2005). The Caspian Sea is one of the unique lakes in the world due to its biological resources (plants and animals) and supply of protein materials, sturgeon fishing, and caviar production (Bazrafshan, 1374). In recent years, the increasing development of human activities in the countries bordering the Caspian Sea has changed the ecology of this sea. The Caspian Sea has oil and gas refineries and oil reserves in oil fields and exploration and drilling activities by five common countries, especially Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. And the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents has caused the pollution of the sea (Varedi, 2015). Some microorganisms are present in the contaminated site, but for more effective remediation, the growth of the microorganism must be stimulated. Biostimulation is the process of adding nutrients, electron acceptors, and oxygen to stimulate bacteria in bioremediation. This is the process of optimizing the environmental conditions of the place of correction. Additives are usually added to subsurface layers through injection wells. Subsurface characteristics such as groundwater velocity, subsurface hydraulic conductivity, and subsurface lithology are essential for the development of a biological stimulation system. The natural microorganisms in the soil are responsible for the decomposition of pollutants. But biostimulation can be improved with biological additives. The quality of life on earth depends on the quality of the environment. Large amounts of organic and inorganic substances are released into the environment every year as a result of human activities. Contaminated lands are generally the result of industrial activities, the use, and disposal of hazardous substances, and such. It is now widely recognized that contaminated land is a potential threat to human health, and its continued discovery over the past 13 years has led to international efforts to remediate many sites, or as a response to health hazards.or environmental effects caused by pollution or to activate this place for use, to be developed again. Bioremediation is a general concept that includes all those processes and actions that take place to transform an environment, which is currently changedby pollutants to its original state (Adhikari, 2004; Gunasekaran, 2003). Also, bioremediation means the process of cleaning hazardous waste with microorganisms or plants, and it is the safest method of cleaning soil pollution.So far, there have been several studies on biological indicators (various plant and animal species as biological monitors) of heavy metals in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, which we can mention here. The use of biological information and biological control programs for water pollution for the management of ecosystems started at the beginning of the 1920s in the United States and then in a more serious way since 1948 all over the world. Today, many researchers from international organizations, including the EPA and the World Health Organization (WHO), introduced these indicators as the most appropriate indicators for environmental assessment and ecosystem management (Freund, 2007). Hilsenhoff's research, which started in 1979 with periodic sampling of the end of aquatic habitats and measurement of physical and chemical parameters, and finally using the biological coefficient formula; is considered a turning point in the biological evaluations of the environment (Hilsenhoff, 1988).Also, by examining the management of drilling waste, which is one of the new biological methods being developed in Iran, we will deal with it. The wastes of drilling operations are mainly the result of the washing and cooling activities of drilling machines. These wastes are generally divided into two groups in terms of physical phase: solids and liquids. In the new method invented in this collection, these wastes are managed separately. Solids are recycled by biological methods (composting) and liquids are recycled by three chemical methods, biological absorbents, and evaporation-condensation, depending on their initial quality. This new method first recycles water with the help of flow management and mixing, and then with different chemical, physical, and sometimes biological methods.The results of various surveys show that by measuring different pollutants in the plants of the same region, it is possible to understand the state of pollution of various compounds, including heavy metals (Lehndorff, 2009). In 2010, Bonanno and Gaddis in South Phragmites examined reed aquatic plants in terms of the accumulation of heavy metals cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in the root, rhizome, stem and leaf tissues and concluded They found that the mentioned plant can be a monitor to control water pollution (Bonanno, 2010). Wild oysters can also be used to monitor pollution. In 2011, Victoria et al. investigated the concentration of heavy metals in the soft tissue of a species of wild oysters from the Spanish North Atlantic coast and stated that wild oysters are a benchmark for international evaluation. Besada, 2011). Also, in 2015, Phillips et al. tested the concentration of four heavy metals cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the tissue of three aquatic plants, and based on the results of the research they have conducted, these species are suitable for use as indicators of the presence and level of pollutants. Heavy metals are introduced into estuary water places (Phillips, 2015). In Iran, many types of research have been conducted so far, by examining their results, the potential of different species in the direction of bioremediation can be achieved, and we are now mentioning some of them. In 2013, during research, Azami et al. investigated the amount of total mercury in different tissues of three of the most important waterfowl species in the north of the country, including the great cormorant, the mallard, and the green duck, and compared the results with the international standard of the American Environmental Protection Organization. Global health and domestic standards are compared and finally, while warning consumers of waterfowl, especially vulnerable people, the results of their research are an achievement for managers to control and monitor metal pollution in Gamishan and Anzali wetlands, which are one of the most important habitats. The wintering birds are listed (Aazami, 2012).

Although bioremediation is not the answer to all pollution, it provides a method of removing pollution by enhancing biological processes and natural biological decomposition. Also, its application in each place must be determined and depends on the local mineralogy, hydrology, geology, and chemistry of that place. Therefore, with the development and understanding of microbial communities and their response to the natural environment and pollutants, expanding the knowledge of microbial genetics to increase the ability to reduce pollutants, and conducting proper tests of new bioremediation techniques that are cost-effective, this technology is an efficient and cost-effective way to purify water, contaminated land, and soil. Therefore, this method is being developed and improved to be able to cover more areas of pollution.

The most important sources of risk that farmers face include economic risks such as fluctuations in the price of raw materials needed by farmers, including seeds and chemical fertilizers, as well as social risks such as theft from farms and agricultural machinery and natural hazards such as pests and diseases of crops. (Hosseini et al., 2021). The agricultural sector has special capabilities due to its continuous and sustainable economic growth, food security, return on investment, currency appreciation, lower valuation, creating social justice in comparison with other economic sectors of the country, so that it has been able to play a very significant role in the economic field. Have a country (Mousavi and Khosravi Pour, 2020). In recent years, due to the growing population and the growing need for food and clothing, the initial human attitude to nature, which was a friendly attitude, gave way to one-sided interaction with nature (Vahedi et al., 2021). Therefore, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hormonal products and antibiotics entered the agricultural sector and by using the improved cultivars, great successes were achieved in increasing the production of agricultural products to meet the growing demand for food (Azami et al., 2019). Therefore, considering the importance of organic products in Saveh, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in Saveh using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm to determine what factors affect the risk of products Organic in Saveh city in changing the pattern of cultivation of environmental products. Nowadays, considering that any agricultural activity faces risk due to the existence of harmful natural events, planning to reduce the amount of risk and increase the security of investment in this sector is essential. Therefore, identifying important factors and determinants affecting farmers' risk management is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the risk of pomegranate growers in Saveh city with the focus on changing the pattern of environmental cultivation using the approximation method of algorithm function and logit regression model. Statistical sample was collected using random sampling method from 130 pomegranate growers in the city in 2020 . Education factors, consumption of animal manure, interest in organic farming, type of tree breed, reduce soil and water pollution, working capital and insurance of pomegranate crop have been positively related to the risk of Kashmir pomegranate growers.

- Statistical community and required data The area under irrigated and rainfed crops of Saveh plain is estimated at 62,540 hectares, which varies in terms of rainfall under different climatic conditions. The statistical population of the present study includes all organic farmers in Saveh region who cultivate selected crops such as irrigated wheat, barley, cantaloupe, pomegranate and grapes in their Faryab or irrigated lands. Pomegranate is considered as a strategic product and index of Saveh city as the center of world production and in terms of the area under pomegranate cultivation, Saveh city is the second province in the country, but in terms of production per unit area and quality, it has the first place. The statistical population includes 130 Saveh pomegranate producers and the statistical sample was extracted from 130 organic products of Saveh (in 1399) using simple random sampling method. Data and information related to the level of cultivation of organic products in Saveh city were collected from the region. In this study, the factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products have been predicted using the functional approximation of genetic algorithm and Logit, which is briefly described in the method of genetic function approximation algorithm. The genetic algorithm is inspired by Darwin's genetics and evolutionary theory and is based on the survival of the fittest or natural selection. A common application of genetic algorithms is to use it as an optimization function. The algorithm operates on a range of disciplines called populations, and this population evolves and is searched for this purpose. According to the GFA model, a search criterion is performed for each field. Three corresponding operators, namely selection, mixing, and mutation, are executed. New members are scored according to the fit criteria. In GFA, scoring criteria for models are based on the quality of regression fitted to the data. Election opportunities must be added to each new member and re-evaluated for the population. This method continues for a certain number of generations until convergence is achieved (Samuel et al., 2015). Below each of the three operators is examined.

In the agricultural sector, there are natural hazards (drought, hail, etc.), social (theft) and economic (price fluctuations). Therefore, the producers of this sector are forced to allocate resources optimally in more uncertain conditions and environments than other economic sectors. Considering the importance of organic products in Saveh and the region, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in order to change the pattern of environmental cultivation in Saveh city using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm. Based on the results, education variables, animal manure consumption, market knowledge of organic produce, natural disaster (drought and frost), interest in organic farming, price fluctuations and stability, tree species, soil and water pollution reduction, working capital Organic crop insurance and reduction of farmer income from organic crop cultivation Factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products can be mentioned. Among the effective factors of education, use of animal manure, interest in organic farming, tree species, reduction of soil and water pollution, working capital and crop insurance have a positive relationship with the risk of Saveh organic products, among which working capital (savings) is effective. Has been more positive on farmers' risk. Also, the components of not knowing the market of organic products, the cause of heat and frost, price fluctuations and its instability and reducing the income of organic farmers have had a negative impact on risk. The results obtained from the logit model estimation also showed that education factor, market knowledge of organic product, interest in organic farming and working capital have become significant. Among the components of education, interest and working capital have a positive effect on pomegranate risk management. In this regard, it is suggested that in order to reduce the risk management of pomegranate growers, the government should intervene in the management of the agricultural products market and increase the insurance of agricultural products, and reduce the price differences to the final consumer between pomegranate growers to a minimum. Organic farming and working capital reduced risk management for organic pomegranates.

Despite its great impact on economic progress, the cement industry produces a variety of environmental pollutants, including NOx, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, the release of which can cause serious damage to the environment. In the meantime, the biggest impact of this industry on the environment is related to its burners, and the present research was written with the aim of investigating the effect of the location of calciner burners on reducing the emission of environmental pollutants in Qaen Cement Factory. The research method in the current research is quantitative, and in order to numerically investigate the effect of two positions for calciner burners in the lower part (main position) and in the upper part on the emission of pollutants, was used Ansys Fluent 2022 software. The findings of the research show that the Qaen cement factory in the calciner section is facing the problem of incomplete combustion, which has led to the production of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. In addition to reducing temperature and increasing fuel consumption, this incomplete combustion causes the production of significant carbon monoxide, which destroys the environment. Also, the results indicate that in the upper burner mode, due to the reduction in the chance of fuel and air mixing, the combustion becomes incomplete and the emission of carbon monoxide increases, but the production of Nox decreases due to the decrease in the combustion temperature.

Since 2011, the United Nations has held meetings to negotiate the possibility of creating a new international treaty to protect marine biodiversity. UN working group called the High Seas Alliance, with the participation of 27 non-governmental organizations, plus the International :union: for Conservation of Nature, is creating a new treaty to provide additional protection measures and improve the sustainable use of marine resources. The creation of an updated and binding legal framework to protect marine life in areas beyond national boundaries, known as the high seas, has been discussed for more than a decade, but previous efforts to reach an agreement have repeatedly stalled when Finally, for the first time, United Nations members agreed on Saturday, March 4, 2023, on a unified treaty to protect biodiversity in the high seas - nearly half of the planet's surface.

In this research, the international responsibility of governments and non-governmental organizations protection and sustainable exploitation of the environment and biodiversity in the sea beyond the exclusive economic zone was investigated using the descriptive-analytical method.

High seas and the seabed surface make up 45% of the earth's surface and make it a valuable resource. However, this valuable resource and all its organisms are now severely threatened by habitat loss, climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, and overexploitation in commercial fisheries.

As of 2023, there is no binding legal mechanism to establish marine protected areas outside the jurisdiction and sovereignty of countries, or to conduct environmental impact assessments. However, increasing impacts from overfishing, climate change, deep-sea mining, and shipping continue to impact biodiversity on the high seas negatively. Establishing a legal order from a different normative and structural perspective the High Sea, the ocean area that lies beyond the waters under the national jurisdiction of countries is the largest habitat on Earth and home to millions of species.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

Ports are the main routes for transporting products around the world and play an important role being the vital links of land and sea. Also, they act as gateways and linking transport corridors, and enhance trade and communication. Marine and coastal environments face countless threats, including pollution sources, oil and gas extraction, tourism, overfishing, invasive species, destruction and loss of habitats, and climate change. Each of these factors imposes the highest cost on Ports and Maritime Organization, which reduces the financial performance of organization and its profitability. Since financial performance is a central issue in all organizational analyses, risk management is necessary to reduce failures caused by various risks that lead to large financial losses. Therefore, identifying the environmental risks of ports and managing them increases safety and, as a result, effective financial performance and increases their profitability. Therefore, The purpose of this research is weighting and prioritizing the environmental risks management of port equipment and facilities, operational, human resources, pollution, maritime transport, natural, security, and rules affecting on financial performance of Ports and Maritime Organization.

This research is a mixed data in terms of type, an applied and developmental in terms of purpose, exploratory research in terms of nature and a survey in terms of data collection method. The time period of this study is cross-sectional and was conducted in the years 2021 and 2022. The statistical population of the research is certified and experienced specialists in the field of financial management and health, safety and environment of Ports and Maritime Organization. In order to determine the weight and prioritization of environmental risks management, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process technique and with the purposeful sampling method, the opinions of 12 people were used. Excel 2013 software was used to analyze the research data.

The demographic characteristics of experts showed that most experts have a master level of education, work experience between 21 and 30 years and the position of head of maritime safety and protection department. According to the presented results of weighting and prioritization of the main research criteria with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process technique, human resources risk management with a weight of 0.313 got the first rank and it was recognized as the most important criterion. After that, operational environmental risks management with a weight of 0.219, pollution with a weight of 0.138, natural with a weight of 0.118, maritime transport with a weight of 0.090, security with a weight of 0.064, port equipment and facilities with a weight of 0.030 and rules with a weight of 0.028 were in the next priorities, respectively.

As a result, in order to improve the financial performance of Ports and Maritime Organization, special attention should be paid to environmental risks management. When the Ports and Maritime Organization identifies and fully implements the national and international requirements in the field of environment, it can integrate environmentally friendly processes and reduce their pollution by reducing environmental risks and in this way, to improve its environmental performance and financial performance at the same time. Also, by considering the training programs for organization's employees, increase the level of their skills and professional knowledge and thus reduce human error.

Harm to animals is a socially abnormal behavior that in recent years, has been one of the examples of violence against animals, their killing or inappropriate social treatment by citizens, and one of the reasons for social fear and unprincipled treatment of urban animals, insufficient knowledge of They are. Animals are part of the natural society and have an effective and undeniable role in balancing the natural system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the social factors affecting the phenomenon of animal abuse in the city of Ardabil in terms of evaluating the indicators and components related to the phenomenon of animal abuse. The research method is applied according to the purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The data required for this study have been collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study is Ardabil. In order to study the social factors affecting the phenomenon of animal abuse in the urban environment, 4 indicators in the form of 23 items were used, then the PROMETHEE multi-criteria decision model was used to analyze the data. The results show that the cultural-educational index with a score of 0.0208, the legal index with a score of 0.01614, the environmental index with a score of 0.01533, and the social index with a score of -0.00253 have the highest and lowest impact on the phenomenon of animal abuse, respectively. They are in Ardabil. It is necessary that the average of all studied indicators in terms of effectiveness is also higher than the average (3).

Creating products that are different from competitors is becoming more difficult day by day (Zarei & Mahmoodi pachal, 2019; Nguyen & Toulouse, 2021); Because in today's world, the products are physically similar and the competition has increased compared to before (Mahmoudi Pachal and Zarei, 2017). From another point of view, since 1960, due to the restrictions that have arisen in the field of raw materials and energy, the competition between companies has increased, and in order to survive in this competitive environment, organizations must use their assets more effectively. have their own visible and invisible (Cassia & Magno, 2019; Hosni et al., 2012). Due to the increase in existing competition, companies have paid great attention to customer satisfaction and retention and have paid great attention to the importance of intangible assets in increasing their performance (Raj & Aithal, 2018); One of these intangible assets that is very important for organizations is the brand (Hosni et al., 2013.Green marketing literature has led to the emergence of the category of green consumerism. Companies that implement green marketing orientation send a message to stakeholders that they care about society and the ecosystem (Norouzi Ajirlu et al., 1401). The idea of green products in design and packaging can give a distinctive face to products (Daraei et al., 1400). Providing green products also affects the overall perceived quality of the product by the consumer (Del Afrooz et al., 2016). Companies that pay attention to environmental issues in their production and marketing process will probably create more favorable images in the minds of consumers (Baghban Baghstan et al., 1400). Having a green brand causes the organization to be recognized as giving importance to the environment and makes the brand famous at the international level (Norouzi Ajirlu et al., 1401).Understanding the effect of consumers' purchase decisions is important for companies and products (Rahbar & Abdulvahid, 2011) and according to the benefit of the environmental brand, the way consumers decide to buy environmentally friendly products may be different. Consumers who consider themselves as environmentally conscious consumers will prefer to choose products that are suitable for the environment and in this way show their support for the environment and their emotional needs as well. to satisfy (Ramadani and Tahshani, 2016). The results of recent studies show that consumers value green and pro-environment products more and are willing to pay more to buy these products than similar products (Leszczynska, 2014). Different researches have been done regarding green brands, but so far no research has been done to identify the basic prerequisites affecting green branding in the auto spare parts industry. Auto spare parts is one of the industries affecting air pollution, along with petrochemical industries, and this issue has added to some environmental sensitivities regarding this industry. Green branding can be a step towards protecting the environment on the one hand and the brand reputation of companies active in the auto spare parts industry on the other hand. Based on this, the current research seeks to identify the basic prerequisites needed for green branding in the auto spare parts industry in Iran.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is considered as a qualitative research in terms of its approach. . Considering that the purpose of the research is to identify the basic prerequisites of green branding, it is therefore considered an exploratory research. The research participants were auto spare parts industry experts, academic experts and environmental experts. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews, and considering that the criterion for determining the sample size was theoretical saturation, in total, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 17 interviews. Theoretical saturation means that no new findings are obtained in the final interviews and the researcher concludes that the codes resulting from the interviews have so-called reached the saturation level. Data analysis was done by theme analysis using Atlas.ti qualitative software version 9.1.7. Theme analysis includes three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. For the validity and reliability of the research, things like multiple coding, reviewing the text with the interviewees, and the detailed implementation of the interviews were used.

The interviewees of the research were 17 people in total, 7 people were experts in the spare parts industry, 5 people were academic experts and 5 people were environmental experts. 6 people had a bachelor's degree, 5 people had a master's degree, and 6 people had a doctorate degree. 5 were women and 12 were men. In terms of age group, 3 people were under 30 years old, 5 people were 30 to 40 years old, 4 people were 40 to 50 years old, and 5 people were over 50 years old.The data of the interviews were analyzed using Atlas-TI software. The interview data were analyzed using theme analysis and open coding, selective coding and axial coding. Based on the results of the axial coding process, 110 open codes, 33 selective codes and 6 axial codes were obtained. Based on the results of the coding process, the basic prerequisites for green branding in the auto spare parts industry include the institutionalization of environmental and social values in the organization, proper product performance, consumer environmental knowledge and awareness, intra-organizational motivation, training and information and Knowing and paying attention to society's preferences and expectations.

The present study showed that the institutionalization of environmental and social values in the organization is one of the basic prerequisites for green branding in the auto spare parts industry. The identified sub-codes for the institutionalization of environmental and social values include green personal value of employees, green personal value of managers, instilling the priority of environmental protection, commitment to nature, commitment of company management, commitment to the environment, attention to health. The green thinking of top managers is attention to environmental requirements, benevolence, pro-environmental behavior of employees, being green as an organizational value, culture building, employees caring for nature and attention to the environment. Based on this, it can be said that the companies active in the auto spare parts industry should accept environmental values as the basic principles of their organization and spread them among their employees and managers for green branding. This requires internal organizational culture, and it can be said that for green branding and introduction of the company as an environmentally friendly company, it must first start from within the company. Organizational employees and managers must be completely coordinated with the culture of green production and appropriate to the environment and accept the environment as one of the organizational priorities and believe in it.Another prerequisite for green branding that was identified in this research is education and information. The sub-dimensions of education and information include promoting environmental principles in the organization, attention to environmental education, employees' awareness of the environment. Based on this concept, it can be said that paying attention to the environment is not possible without necessary education. Therefore, necessary trainings and sufficient information in this regard should be at the center of the organization's activities. Recognizing and paying attention to society's preferences and expectations is one of the other prerequisites for green branding. Green branding is possible when it is interpreted appropriately by the target community and consumers. If the target society does not consider the brand as a green brand, the efforts of the organization will be meaningless. Based on this, auto spare parts companies should adapt their activities to the expectations of the target community while identifying the expectations and preferences of the society.Proper performance of products is one of the other prerequisites identified for green branding. Based on the sub-codes identified for quality performance, product quality performance can be defined in both areas of overall quality and actual greenness of the product. Besides paying attention to the environment, consumers also pay attention to the quality of the purchased goods. Low-quality or low-quality products will not be accepted by consumers, even if they pay attention to environmental issues, so for green branding, it is necessary for the company's products to have sufficient quality.The necessary motivation within the organization is one of the other prerequisites identified for green branding. Managers and employees of the organization should have sufficient motivation to promote green branding. Also, environmental knowledge and awareness of the consumer was identified as a prerequisite for green branding. Branding means creating a brand in the minds of consumers. In fact, the main activity of branding comes to a conclusion when the intended image is created in the mind of the consumer. A consumer recognizes a brand as a green brand when he has sufficient knowledge and awareness about environmental issues and, while having sufficient knowledge of the environment, reconsiders the issues related to it, and in the next step makes his purchase decisions. associate with it. If consumers are not familiar with environmental knowledge, they will be unable to distinguish real green brands from green claimants.

Like it or not, we live in a society full of disposable products, and it's not just paper products and fast food containers that we throw away. We use televisions, computers, mobile phones, clothes and other products until something better comes along and then we throw them away. The earth is full of garbage that we create everywhere (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the increase in the amount of waste along with the lack of space to empty it has polluted all the cities of Iran and the world (Kordi, et al., 2008). But what if people could find someone to take their old junk off their hands? Or what if people can find a needed sex that someone else has thrown away? It is better to know that Freecycle responds to this need. This website was created as a recycling concept, to reduce the pressure on the earth and reduce the generation of consumer waste. This site, which uses a forum structure, works well because of its simplicity. This site connects people who have items to throw away with people who need them and vice versa. Since the start of this site in Tucson, Arizona in 2003, today there are millions of members who have formed thousands of user communities in more than 75 countries. They say that they change the world with their every gift. This site is one of the most popular non-profit sites in cyberspace, and this reputation has been achieved within a few short years, without using any advertising other than word of mouth or free advertising. Anyone can join this 24/7 virtual garage sale and membership is free. In fact, the basic rule of Freecycle is that you can only give things away for free. Sellers and receivers contact each other via email and then arrange to send or receive in person. The founder of the site estimates that an average item on the Freecycle site weighs about one pound, which means that Freecycle's daily movement prevents 300 tons of waste. Therefore, Freecycle has created another cycling option that is growing rapidly and can also affect the buying habits of consumers (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the present researchers decided that due to the large volume of waste in Iran and the lack of waste management and the principled and engineering method of waste disposal in all regions of the country, and as a result, serious damage to the environment and the health of people who live in the waste dumping areas. , examine the challenges facing the flow of "free-cycling" in Iran, as a method of recycling second-hand goods that can be used in various matters, in order to reduce the amount of waste. Because free-cycling is the previous and the first step in relation to waste and is the so-called prerequisite for the rest of the methods (separation, burial, burning, etc.); Because the amount of existing waste should be reduced first, and then destruction or recycling engineering methods should be used for the amount of waste created.

The current research is a qualitative type of research, in which, using in-depth interviews in WhatsApp and content analysis approach, the basic issues and challenges facing free cycling in Iran, from the point of view of 4 marketing experts and also 3 environmental experts, were analyzed. Along with the theoretical review of the findings of the researchers and the opinion of the freecyclists of the countries that are active in the freecycle course, they were found.

The findings in five main areas include "1. Issues related to the structure of Freecycle (including: Freecycle rules, the support provided by Freecycle, the uses of items donated in Freecycle); 2. supports that are better or necessary from the government, companies and organizations and product designers; 3. Issues related to free cycle users or free cyclers (including: motivations and behavior of gift givers and gift recipients); 4. Challenges related to people in the society (their point of view towards free-cycle and participation in it, culture-building of free-cycle); 5. Free cycle effects (including: environmental effects and social effects)" were categorized.

Nowadays, it is not enough to imagine that products have only one owner in their whole life and then they go away and become waste and disappear; On the other hand, because without considering the key and fundamental role of urban waste producers, i.e. citizens, all solutions will fail, and without their participation, there will be no change in the amount of waste produced daily; Following such a problem, in recent years, with the participation of citizens, efforts have been made to manage waste, and measures such as collecting wet and dry waste in separate bins, clean neighborhood plan, collection program Smart collection of waste and other such cases have been implemented, and according to the experts interviewed in this research, while achieving relative success, they have also faced major failures, and the reason for them, in addition to the lack of correct science and knowledge, lack of investment from the government; Because they believed that, for example, in all provinces and cities of Iran, there are no waste recycling factories and equipment, and there are no engineering methods for burial and disposal, and there are not enough facilities to transfer waste from all parts of the country to places with existing equipment. There is no, or in some areas, a garbage truck transports wet and dry garbage at the same time, and practically, the separation of wet and dry garbage has been useless, and the environmental damage is still strong. In this regard, considering that the basic rule and law of Freecycle is that the providers offer their goods only for free to the receivers and in no way have the right to sell and earn profit from them or even They do not have barter; on the other hand, the receivers must really need the goods and not intend to sell or abuse them. Therefore, the providers should be able to donate their extra items to others with different motivations and non-economic goals and without obtaining financial profit, and the receivers should not have the intention of abusing and demand the received goods only to satisfy their needs. Of course, if Be careful in the interactions of the Iranian society, the act of free cycling and donating goods and even financial aid has existed informally in Iran since the beginning, and members of the society often donate their second-hand goods or new goods to others (generally relatives). or acquaintances, but the main purpose of Free Cycle is to prevent some people from buying goods (on the one hand), and throwing away the same goods used by some people (on the other hand), by connecting these two group of people to each other, whether the recipient has purchasing power or not; Of course, gift givers usually choose the recipient of their goods based on various criteria and usually try to choose the person who needs the goods most and most vitally among the applicants. In addition, it is necessary that the government, while officially accepting Freecycle, by setting special tariffs for the transfer of items that need to be sent and received in absentia and through mail, as well as programs to encourage people in the community to join Freecycle, and Of course, technical and financial support for the website and its networks, participate in this movement. Finally, due to the fact that Iran is one of the Islamic countries and in its religious teachings, the virtue of forgiveness and gifts is highly recommended, and its people are also in different and sensitive crises and situations (such as floods, earthquakes, etc.), the desire They have proven themselves to help their fellow citizens, so it is expected that Freecycle will be well received.

Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems. In today's era, solving these problems has become the most important challenge for urban planners. In this regard, planning with the approach of urban livability can create the necessary capacities to deal with these problems. The necessity and importance of addressing urban livability in relation to the new tasks of planning in responding to the needs of society after industrialization. The search for facilities and the quality of urban life has become extremely important today. Therefore, creating a livable city is a big and complex undertaking, and urban planners must support urban residents in terms of livability indicators.

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. To do it, first, exploratory studies were conducted in the form of a document library, and then, the major part of the research was a survey, which was done by completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Region 3 of Ardabil city (100,504 people), of which 382 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Since the simple stratified random sampling method was used, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed for each neighborhood and a total of 480. Calculating the reliability of the questions first with a pre-test, the questionnaire was implemented on a sample of 30 people, and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method and the overall coefficient was 0.795, which shows the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. In order to determine the livability of the areas of Ardabil region 3 in terms of the environmental dimension, 4 indicators (visual quality, green space quality, pollution, cleaning and waste) and 30 items have been used. Finally, SAW multi-criteria decision making model was used for analysis and Shannon's entropy method was used to obtain the index weights.Multi-criteria decision making model:The multi-criteria decision model is one of the multi-criteria evaluation methods that has many applications in various fields. Decision-making is one of the most important tasks of management, and one of the reasons for the success of some people and organizations is making appropriate decisions; Therefore, the need for scientific methods that help people in this is quite "realistic". This has led researchers to pay attention to "multi-criteria models" for complex decision-making in recent decades.Decision-making models Multi-criteria (MCDM), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, is actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider a set of criteria. (which are often contradictory) are to select, rank, order or describe a set of alternatives in the decision making process.
SAW

In this method, which is also known as the weighted linear combination method, after de-scaling the decision matrix, using the weight coefficients of the criteria, the de-scaled decision matrix is obtained and according to this matrix, the score of each option is calculated. will be Below are the calculation steps of the SAW model First step: Forming the decision matrix Second step: Descale the decision matrix In this step, criteria with different dimensions are tried to be converted into dimensionless criteria, and the matrix R is defined as follows:To descale the positive and negative criteria, the following relationships are used:The third step: determining the weight vector of the criteria At this stage, according to the importance coefficients of different criteria in decision-making, the weight vector of the criteria is defined as follows:Fourth step: choosing the best option At this stage, the best option is obtained from the following relationship:

Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems, and solving these problems is the most important challenge facing urban planners and managers. Considering that the atmosphere of a city is formed within the neighborhood and continues based on it, therefore the development of the neighborhood is considered as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable development. Considering that urban livability can be considered as an effective step towards sustainable development and considering that it is not possible to manage and improve the condition of neighborhoods in a region at the same time. On this basis, a comparative comparison based on different models of decision-making among all localities can help the performance and better decision-making of urban planners to improve the quality of life and well-being of citizens in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of these localities and in different planning periods. It's worth it. Therefore, in this research, the livability of the neighborhoods of the three cities of Ardabil was measured from the environmental perspective; And following this goal, which localities in Region 3 of Ardabil city are in a better condition than others; The surveyed localities were prioritized using the SAW model.By ranking, you can find out the status of localities, which means that by comparative comparison, you can find out which category of localities are in good condition and which category is in unfavorable condition, so that the necessary measures can be taken in this case. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to measure and rank the livability of the areas of the 3rd district of Ardabil city in terms of the environmental dimension. Based on this, using the SAW model, the study areas have been prioritized. It is a favorable situation. Hafez town with a score of (0.727) has the best condition and the first place among the studied localities, followed by Rizvan towns with a score of (0.694), Azadi (0.681), Azadegan (0.678), In the second to fourth place, they are in a favorable situation, and Malabashi and Melayoussef neighborhoods are in the most unfavorable situation and in the last place, with scores of (0.275) and (0.265), respectively, and Imam Reza (a.s.) and Janbazan settlements with equal scores ( 0.682) have been placed in the same rank. In general, the opinions of the citizens are in accordance with the condition of the localities observed in the field survey and do not differ much from the existing conditions. It should be mentioned that Hafez, Rizvan, Azadi and Azadegan settlements are in a favorable situation based on the findings of the questionnaire, because they are part of the prosperous and well-off urban classes, while Melayoussef and Malabashi are informal settlement areas. They have an unfavorable situation in all the studied indicators and live in unfavorable conditions. According to the findings of the research, the total average livability of area 3 of Ardabil city is equal to 3.24 and more than the average of 3.

Villages as one of the habitats, due to their proximity to nature, have the greatest impact on the environment and are affected by it and have a high interaction with the environment. Therefore, village management is considered necessary in terms of environmental issues. For this reason, the present study seeks to investigate the deterrents and promoters of rural environmental management (a case study of villages in the Jokandan section of Talesh city).

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, which according to the studied components is a descriptive-analytical approach. The technique used to obtain the required data is library and field (questionnaire) and the statistical population of the villages of Jokandan Talesh village and 40 people are charities and experts. Lisrell software was used to analyze the data. Emphasis factor technique was used as a multivariate analysis technique to classify and prioritize the inhibitory and promoting factors of rural environmental management and in order to show the significance of each of the meda parameters, T-statistic was used.

In the ranking section based on standardized factor load, from the experts point of view, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor, natural-ecological factor, physical-infrastructural factor and economic factor are three important factors hindering the management of rural environment, respectively. In terms of driving factors, physical-infrastructural factor and according to experts, economic factor, natural-ecological factor, managerial-organizational factor, socio-cultural factor and physical-infrastructural factor are the important factors driving rural environmental management, respectively.Among all the challenges in the field of environmental management, the main obstacle is poverty. This factor, in addition to having a negative impact on achieving sustainable development, threatens the villages as a serious crisis. Rural poor by over-exploitation of natural resources cause more instability and this leads to the destruction of resources over time. Lack of knowledge of managers and experts also weakens the issue of environmental management and causes two serious harms to the rural environment.

Desert growth in Iran is a major problem. A large part of the country is surrounded by vulnerable areas at risk of desertification, so that about 75% of the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions of the country, face the effects and consequences of desertification. Effects such as the drying up of inland lakes, sandstorms, dust and intensification of wind erosion are a clear manifestation of the growing rate of desertification in recent years in the country. In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, there is little vegetation due to lack of moisture and other adverse climatic conditions. As a result, soils are more prone to degradation, but in some of these areas, despite the lack of soil moisture, high temperatures and other unfavorable ecological conditions, the distances between plants are often covered by a community of microscopic plants, and this Communities are known as biological soil crusts. Biological soil crusts are the association of soil mineral particles with cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, or bryophytes and are common coverings in open spaces around vascular plants in arid and semi-arid regions. Biological crusts significantly affect early ecosystem processes and have been described as ecological engineers in arid regions.

Nowadays, tourism, as one of the most dynamic industries in the world, is among the three employment-generating economic industries; one in 10 important jobs in the world has been related to the tourism industry. Over the past half century, this industry, with its exponential growth, has had a significant impact on the economic growth and dynamism and cultural exchanges of countries. As many experts have called the current century the century of tourism. The development of the tourism industry has brought many benefits to the host community, such as increasing employment, optimizing transportation, increasing residents' incomes, and protecting cultural heritage. However, overdevelopment of tourism has had negative effects such as degradation of the environment, resources, culture and society. In the meantime, one of the important negative effects of tourism development is in the environmental dimension. The relationship between tourism and the environment is a complex one, this phenomenon involves many activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. These effects include water pollution from sewage, waste generation by tourists, environmental damage from land degradation, and air and noise pollution from airplanes and cars. Due to the importance of investigating the relationship between environmental indicators and tourism development, the purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental effects of tourism industry development in Tabriz metropolis. Tabriz metropolis with a variety of tourist attractions, religious attractions, historical attractions, military attractions, residential attractions and having a pleasant climate and favorable scenery, hot springs and mountains suitable for mountaineering and skiing (around the city), annually receives a large number Has been a tourist. In this regard, the study of environmental effects (positive and negative) resulting from tourism development and strategic planning in order to reduce the negative environmental effects is an inevitable necessity.

The research method in the present study is non-experimental in terms of the purpose and degree of control, and in terms of the method of data collection, field and in terms of generalizability, it is a survey type. Also, the prevailing approach in the present study is analytical-exploratory. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and elites in the field of tourism in Tabriz, which due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, 90 people have been determined as the sample size through the Cohen method and snowball sampling. In the present study, first by documenting and interviewing with a statistical sample, the environmental effects of tourism development are identified, then by questioning the sample size and using t-sample and Friedman tests and factor analysis model in SPSS software environment, the effectiveness of these factors has been reviewed. It is noteworthy that in order to determine the statistical sample size, Cohen's formula was used at a 95% confidence level.

Findings indicate that the most positive effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis belong to the variables of environmental improvement and natural landscapes, promoting sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and increasing environmental awareness and improving environmental and ecological quality, respectively, the numerical average, they are 4.78, 4.25 and 3.78 and their average ratings are 14.49, 13.32 and 10.67. Also, the least positive effect was related to the variables of creating new patterns of energy supply by nature and giving importance to the local community to natural resources and protection of the urban environment. Also, according to the extracted results, it can be said that the negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis can be classified into 4 main factors. In the first factor, the negative environmental effects of tourism development are loaded with 6 variables. This factor, called environmental degradation, is the most important negative environmental effect of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis, which with a special value of 7.567, explains 28.756% of the total variance. The highest factor load (0.981) in the first factor belongs to the variable of degradation of natural landscapes (due to excessive creation of accommodation and catering facilities). In the second factor, with a special value of 4.651, 5 variables are loaded. This factor explains 20.40% of the total variance and its most important variable is the increase of waste in the natural environment with a factor load of 0.891. According to the variables loaded in this factor, the name of this category can be named as increasing environmental pollution. The third factor, called the destruction of man-made landscapes, has three variables, with the highest factor (0.794) belonging to the variable of the disappearance of traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing. This factor with a special value of 3.871 explains 14.661% of the variance. Finally, in the fourth factor or damage to ecosystems, which is loaded with 2 variables, the highest factor factor is related to the incidence and prevalence of new diseases (0.769). This factor explains 10.847 percent of the total variance and its specific value is 2.119.

One of the main topics discussed by experts is the application of the approach of environmental development and sustainable development. Today, the close relationship between tourism and the environment and the importance of the environmental planning approach and sustainable development planning have increased attention to these approaches. Tourism can have many positive and negative effects on the environment. Studies in this field have shown that the negative effects of tourism are much greater than its positive effects. The findings of the present study show similar results by examining the environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. Based on the results, it can be said that several negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis have been shown, the most important of which are the destruction of natural landscapes, increased waste in the natural environment, uprooting plants and damage to vegetation, damage to ecosystems, extinction Traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing and damage to buildings and monuments in the city. However, the development of tourism has also had positive environmental effects, the most important of which are the improvement of the environment and natural landscapes, the promotion of sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and the increase of environmental awareness and the promotion of environmental and ecological quality.