environmental protection

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

Over time and with technological advancements, humanity has moved away from natural living to an industrial lifestyle. In pursuit of human interests, extensive interventions and alterations have been made to the natural environment. These changes, including soil degradation, deforestation, and the destruction of surface and groundwater bodies and seas, have caused irreversible harm to humans and have put the existence of all living beings at serious risk. Such actions can be considered as examples of criminal behaviors.

The primary research question is framed as follows: “What legal measures have been anticipated for environmental crimes?” This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, developed using legal texts and articles.

In essence, the environment is one of the most critical sectors of society, an inseparable part of human life with a profound impact on it. Although during the 19th and 20th centuries, the drafters of constitutions established certain standards for environmental protection and bilateral or multilateral agreements were concluded with the aim of safeguarding the environment, the reality remains that this area of international law requires a robust global institution.

Such an institution would strengthen the motivation for supporting the international environment and enhance access to effective judicial mechanisms globally. Through this approach, it would pave the way for the further development of international environmental law by issuing beneficial judicial rulings and precedents regarding the environment and its protection, thereby reinforcing its continuous growth.

The development of sustainable rural tourism is known as a desirable goal in the development of sustainable tourism due to the addition of the concept of sustainability to rural tourism. But this sustainable development can have negative effects on the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to look at this category with a comprehensive and inclusive perspective. The development of rural tourism is very important for rural areas, because it can help solve economic and social problems, which in turn helps to maintain the local population in permanent places of residence and, as a result, improve. For a long time, rural tourism has been considered to have unique advantages in helping rural areas to get rid of poverty, attracting surplus rural labor, inheriting the culture of rural characteristics, optimizing the rural industrial structure and improving facilities, etc. This category is because rural tourism and related concepts have a wide perspective and scope. In recent years, the rapid development of rural tourism has caused researchers to pay more attention to it and conduct a large number of scientific studies and researches in this field. The increase in tourism activities in rural areas causes the weather, the land to be increasingly at risk of pollution due to the creation of tourism infrastructure and facilities, as well as the damage caused by tourism business activities that meet the needs of tourists. The development of rural tourism inevitably has negative effects on the destination's environment and resources, such as overcrowding, water pollution, waste production, and vegetation destruction. The question of how to reduce the conflict between environmental sustainability and local economic interests has become an important issue in the development of rural tourism. However, the environment and natural resources are essential for the development of rural tourism. In fact, both ignorance and obvious disregard for environmental protection seriously weaken the attractiveness of destinations. Improving and preserving the natural environment and ecosystem is useful for maintaining the competitiveness of rural tourism destinations and achieving sustainable development of rural tourism. It must rely on the joint efforts of residents and tourists. Many studies have investigated how to encourage residents to show environmentally responsible behaviors and green consumption of tourists. In rural tourism, local residents play an essential role in preserving the environment because their behavior and daily activities directly affect the ecological integrity of the destination. The main goal of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the development of sustainable and environmentally preserver rural tourism.

In terms of the basical purpose and the research method used in this research, the qualitative method is the foundational data theory. This type of research is in search of discovering facts and realities and knowledge of phenomena and objects, which expand the boundaries of general human knowledge and discover scientific laws and explain the characteristics and attributes of a reality. In the system of elements of sustainable development of rural tourism, the factors are interdependent, mutual and corresponding. Thematic research of sustainable development not only requires the good performance of one factor, but also the compatibility between factors. In addition, disruption in any factor may lead to weakening or even failure of the entire rural tourism system. Only by explaining the logical relationship and hierarchical context between the factors can one understand the working mechanism of the rural tourism system and have a deeper understanding of the various problems facing sustainable development. As a result, the coordination and corresponding relationship between the factors can be adjusted to achieve the goal of sustainable rural tourism development. Therefore, it is necessary to use qualitative methods such as foundational data theory to examine the conceptual link of these elements. In this research, using purposive sampling, experts in the field of rural management and planning, tourism, environmental management have been used as participants in semi-structured interviews.

According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.

Good agricultural practice (GAP) is a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures (and attendant documentation) that must be implemented to create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome, using sustainable methods. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice, there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere too. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) uses good agricultural practice as a collection of principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. Introduction of GAP is particularly desirable when there is chronic overuse and misuse of agricultural pesticides. Governments seek to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting alternative methods of pest management, while at the same time ensuring a steady production of safe and wholesome food.

This research was carried out with the general aim of developing Good agricultural practice strategies in Lorestan province. In this research, using analytical studies and literature, the four points of SWOT i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity and threat were identified and prioritized using AHP technique. The statistical population of the research included experts and specialists knowledgeable about the subject in relevant organizations, including agricultural jihad, agricultural research center, environment, university and subject experts in Lorestan province. The sampling method of the study was in accordance with the principles of strategic research through targeted sampling, and finally 26 people were selected for the study. Data analysis was done in the form of SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software.

The findings of the research showed that in the evaluation of the criteria, the points of threat, weakness, strength and opportunity were assigned the first to fourth priorities, and the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of the risky environment over the useful. In addition, in the prioritization of strategic areas, the results showed that WT strategy means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy) and finally The last strategy based on the SO axis is the aggressive strategy (maximum - maximum).

In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policy makers in the field of agriculture and environment because a strategic plan has been developed in the field of developing appropriate agricultural operations.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".

Road transportation uses notable amounts of fossil fuels and accounts for a remarkable share of CO2 emissions and other pollutants worldwide. The transportation sector uses nearly 20% to 25 of global energy and is responsible for approximately 25% of global energy-related CO2 emissions, 75% of which is disseminated via road transport. Eco-driving is one of the 40 measures that should contribute to a 60% reduction in emissions of traffic-related pollutants by 2050. Eco-driving technology can be considered as a set of choices and behaviors adopted by drivers in order to energy-saving and environmental protection. This approach is a relatively inexpensive and immediate measure to dramatically reduce fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants. The finding of researches in this field indicate that although the efficiency of car engines has been developed due to recent technological advances and the integration of new types of fuels, but the behavior of drivers has not improved in line with this development. Thus, it is expected to with proper training and information of drivers, this procedure leads to further reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The main factors affecting eco-driving include acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route select and idling. The present research is a study review in which data were obtained through library studies. The purpose of this study is to review and compare the major factors influencing the implementation of eco-driving technology. Finally, the challenges and future research for eco-driving technology are proposed. Therefore, due to the high price of fuel and the concern of conserving natural resources and energy, eco-driving technology is one of the best and most rational approaches for sustainable development, energy conservation and environmental protection.

Concerns about the environment have become relatively common today, as in recent years the concerns of political and scientific communities about environmental issues and efforts to improve and protect them from further vulnerability have taken on a global dimension. Human misuse of nature and natural resources has caused serious environmental problems in most countries of the world. The current environmental crises, along with population explosions, increasing poverty and the spread of dangerous diseases, threaten human society. Among the most important environmental crises can be ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, droughts, radioactive contamination, indiscriminate deforestation, soil erosion, animal habitat degradation, vital species extinction, biodiversity depletion, deforestation He mentioned the planet, chemical pollution, vegetation loss, desertification, water scarcity and many other problems. On the other hand, several factors such as economic (degree of industrialization, trade and technological inequality), political (democracy and tyranny), social (degree of urbanization and literacy rate) and government (size and quality of government) affect the performance of the environment.The government is closest to the people and plays a significant role in the development of rural communities. The field is of great importance and attention in all fields and arenas. In rural society, management can play a very effective role in the development process. Management has an undeniable place and role in the process of rural development and planning. Without legitimate and efficient rural management, rural development goals will not be achieved. Because rural management and planning at the macro and micro levels are the most important factors in rural development. In general, attention to the rural environment is one of the important pillars to achieve rural development, which can be considered a set of measures aimed at promoting the modernization of rural areas, creating new employment opportunities, sustainable agricultural assets, resource management efficiency and ecosystem conservation. Therefore, the present study investigates the challenges of rural managers in order to protect the environment in rural areas of Dashtestan city of Bushehr province.

The present study is in the field of qualitative research in terms of applied purpose and approach, which has been done using the basic theory technique. Sampling was performed purposefully by snowball method (chain reference). The sample size was determined by data saturation when no new responses were received from the participants. In the end, the number of participants in the study reached 20. Participants of rural managers included 14 Dehyar, 4 heads of the Islamic Council and 2 members of the Islamic Council from 20 villages in Dashtestan city who were interviewed in person and virtually using in-depth semi-structured interviews to better identify and assess the environmental challenges interviewed. Were located. The duration of the interviews varied over 40 minutes. Informed consent was obtained from the participants in the study and the confidentiality of the participants and their anonymity in the findings were guaranteed. All information was recorded with the consent of the samples on cassette tape, then fully implemented and copied on paper.Basic theory technique or grounded theory as the method used in this research; Emphasizes study phenomena and creates both data and analysis from shared experiences and relationships with interviewees. Thus, the production of theory is through a systematic process by which theoretical concepts and insights are developed through the simultaneous collection and analysis of data. The main idea of this strategy is to theorize based on data from participants who have experienced the research process. In short, the researcher's interpretations of the data form his emerging codes in fundamental theory. Since the purpose of this study is to identify and investigate environmental challenges, grounded theory technique is a suitable method for the present study due to the creation of theory and the high power of this method in explaining. Also, the use of grounded theory is inevitable when there is little information about the field under study or when there is a new perspective on the field.The most important principle in the basic theory technique is the coding operation. This stage of the research is done in three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Open coding: means that all data is returned to its original state. In open coding, as much as possible, code is created by examining line by line and then defining the actions or events within it. In the following, a suitable symbol or label is selected for each of the extracted key phrases and points. Axial coding: Axial coding is mainly open for continuous comparison and analysis of coding clusters to examine the process of logical internal communication between primary categories. In other words, it seeks to discover and construct an internal logical relationship between the primary category and the main category. Selective coding: Specifies the final themes. This stage is based on the meaning and logical relationship between the main categories, which mostly corrects the main category and creates a systematic theoretical framework of effective factors. Organizes and integrates categories and topics in a way that expresses a coherent understanding or theory of the phenomenon of study.

After conducting interviews and collecting information from the target community, they were reviewed, which resulted in identifying 61 concepts as challenges for rural managers in order to protect the environment in the study area. The most repetitive concepts were the most important environmental challenges from the perspective of the study community. Therefore, factors such as non-compliance with the culture of environmental protection, lack of cooperation of farmers, lack of information and awareness of residents on methods of separation and disposal of waste and household waste, lack of necessary and skilled manpower, change of agricultural land to residential and recreational areas, and waste disposal. Recognized by tourists in rural nature as the most important challenges facing rural managers in the field of environmental protection. Finally, the concepts of interviews based on the nature of paradigm model and 7 human mechanisms (28 code), cultural (9 code), physical (4 code), natural (6 code), financial and support (7 code), educational and Skill (3 code) and social (4 code) were placed.

The increase in population and the expansion of urbanization, followed by the growth of industrial units, has led to the production of waste and pollutants, and the amount of effluents and wastes that humans enter the environment has increased. So that it is one of the most fundamental dangers of human society. Today, traditional waste collection and disposal systems are not accountable and can not prevent environmental pollution caused by various types of chemical, microbial, radioactive waste. Therefore, the scope of management of this category is very wide and variable, for such an issue there is no other way but management and strategic program. Waste pollution is not only a factor in increasing economic costs, but also a threat to human health both mentally and physically. Various wastes are the inevitable result of the widespread use of chemicals and industrial and agricultural products in everyday life. Global experience has shown that if waste is not properly managed and these materials are not converted into less hazardous materials by scientific and technical methods or are not disposed of properly and properly, they will be the source of many hazards and threats. Waste is an unavoidable product of any society, the management of which is one of the basic needs of society. Therefore, having a waste management system is essential. Waste management is as one of the most important concerns of human societies. Increasing volume of waste on the side and their diversity furthermore adds to the complexity of the conditions and how to collect and dispose of them. Waste management has always been one of the most important issues that governments consider in macro and regulatory laws and regulations. The urban waste management system in its modern sense emerged in the 1930s in industrialized countries. This becomes important for governments when the environmental and health risks of waste increase and find the dimensions of human rights and citizenship. In this regard, the purpose of this writing is to investigate the approach of the country's development programs in connection with waste management. Because of the importance of these programs in the development of the country, their study on the one hand provides the possibility of recognizing the shortcomings of the national development process and on the other hand corrects the trends. Also, since program laws are considered the most important development document in the country; Therefore, paying attention to waste management in the country's program laws can be an effective step in solving these cases.

Whereas the country's development plans are the most important policy documents in which development goals and strategies are formulated according to the ideals, capabilities, facilities and environmental conditions of the country; Paying attention to waste management in these programs can play an effective role. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method, first, considering the ambiguity of the concept of waste management to define and express this concept, then we have reviewed and analyzed the laws of the development program of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to waste management. In such a way that Articles related to the discussion of waste management are extracted and then these Articles, according to the different expressed subjects in them, categorized in six titles Municipal wastewater and sewage, pollution fines, hazardous waste management, new methods of waste disposal and recycling, financial issues of waste management.

By studying the provisions of the program laws, it became clear that the situation of waste management in Iran in recent years has been considered. Waste management is one of the most important pillars in sustainable development that the Law on Waste Management as a turning point in the attention of the Iranian legal system to the issue of "waste" as a comprehensive law in the field of dealing with the dangerous effects of pollution and problems caused by waste for their optimal management was approved by the legislature. Waste management is seriously considered in the Fourth Development Program Act. Also, one of the policies of the Sixth Development Program is to establish a comprehensive waste management system and to develop and support the recycling industry. So that the establishment of a comprehensive waste management system with the establishment of the system of evaluation, monitoring and monitoring of recycling activities are among the basic measures envisaged in this area. Pollution crimes in the third and fifth development programs have been considered for the comprehensive management and sustainable development of water resources in the country, according to which units that produce wastewater with more pollution than the national standards, in case of violation Execution of Sewage collection installations, filtration and Sanitary disposal of effluent are subject to fines. The management of some hazardous and new wastes, including nuclear wastes, is one of the challenges considered by legislators in the countries, which is also mentioned in Iranian law in the Fifth Development Program. One of the important issues and problems of countries is the achievement of new methods of waste management, which has been considered in the fourth, fifth and sixth development programs. Finally, it must be acknowledged that communities have faced one of the most important consequences of industrial development over the past few decades, and that improper transportation of waste is a major contributor to environmental pollution; Waste is one of the most fundamental hazards of human society that is considered an integral part of human life today, Therefore, having a waste management system is essential. Program rules can play a role in waste management and promote pollution control as industries develop. But to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable development with an emphasis on environmental protection, we need a plan with a comprehensive view of all the factors affecting waste management, which can be taken in this direction by careful and principled planning, so that with proper management, these rules can be used in appropriate directions. Therefore, in the next step, we can think about filling the gaps and weaknesses and its pathology, and prepare and provide the necessary decision and action to improve its implementation status.

The provision of a variety of job opportunities by tourism industry, particularly, over the past two decades, has led many governments to invest heavily on this sector across the world. However, the challenges arise from the lack of considering an integrated socio-economic and environmental perspective in ecotourism planning and management. This study aimed to present a conceptual model for participatory ecotourism by expanding exiting theoretical concepts using with a descriptive-analytical approach. To do this, we first reviewed and analysed fundamental concepts associated to ecotoursim based on previous studies, findings, and national and international experiences, and then re-conceptualized participatory ecotourism in a practical format according to the purposes defined in international documents and conventions. In the proposed conceptual model, the main aspects contributing to achieve sustainable ecotourism in a participatory way, such as management, planning, education, research, and stakeholder involvement, particularly local communities, were considered. Overall, the proposed model shows that if participatory ecotourism is realized in its true sense, it can serve as a low-carbon, nature-friendly activity aligned with Sustainable Development Goals and allows for providing ecosystem services, maximum recreational satisfaction and local communities’ welfare.