estrogen

The importance of the reproduction process in the continuation of the human race and the increase in livestock production has prompted researchers to conduct extensive research with the aim of identifying the factors and compounds affecting reproductive efficiency. In this regard, in the current study, we investigate the effects of melatonin and zinc administration separately or together on estrogen hormone levels and ovarian follicular parameters in female rats.

A total of 35 adult female rats were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 7 repetitions and placing two mice in each cage and were treated by gavage in the opposite order for 20 days: control group-1: Base diet, control group-2: normal saline, treatment group-1: zinc (40 ppm), treatment group-2: melatonin (5 mg/kg) and treatment group-3: melatonin + zinc. After performing these steps, serum and ovarian tissue sections of the samples were evaluated in terms of hormonal and histopathological changes.

Based on the findings, in the melatonin + zinc group, the average diameter of granulosa cells increased significantly compared to the control groups (P<0.05). Also, the average diameter of mature follicles and the average number of antral follicles in rats receiving melatonin increased significantly compared to the control groups (P<0.05). However, the administration of zinc and melatonin alone or separately did not have a significant effect on estrogen hormone levels (P≤0.05).

The results obtained from this study showed that administration of melatonin alone or in combination with zinc improves ovarian follicular parameters in female rats, but has no effect on estrogen hormone levels.

The ovary is one of the tissues which progesterone receptor is expressed in it. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of antiprostrogen and estrogen on the ovaries and fallopian tubes of ovulated stimulated mice.

In this study, mice were divided into four groups after stimulation of ovulation and pregnancy. 1) Control 2) Estrogen, 3) Progesterone, 4) Anti-progesterone and estrogen. 4.5 days after pregnancy, mice were killed by cervical vertebral disslocation and the ovaries and fallopian tubes were prepared by H&E and PAS staining for histomorphometrical changes.

The results showed that there were different types of follicles and corpus luteum in the control group. In the progesterone group, the number of corpus luteum increased compared to the control group and in the estrogen group, The corpus luteum decreased and the majority of follicles were primitive or growing. The amount of atretic follicles was higher in the anti-progesterone with estrogen group. The results obtained from the fallopian tubes indicate that progesterone injection reduces the height of the luminal epithelium and the number of ciliated cells. In the estrogen-containing groups, an increase in ciliated cells and epithelial height were observed.

The results of this study showed that progesterone alone could not provide better conditions for fertilization and adding estrogen to progesterone may improve this condition.

There is a close relationship between the incidence of breast cancer and fat intake in different populations. Overweight and obesity during menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Hormones like estrogen and leptin are factors that affect the growth and proliferation of breast cells. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and serum levels of leptin and 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Seventy-nine postmenopausal women with breast cancer and Seventy-nine healthy postmenopausal women, aged 50-75 years, were recruited for the study. After obtaining written informed consent and demographic data, blood samples were taken from all participants to assess the serum concentrations of hormones using ELISA. The mean BMI was 25.59 ± 0.34 kg/m2 for the cancer group, 23.21 ± 0.22 kg/m2 for the control group  (P = 0.001). The difference in serum concentration of 17beta-estradiol between the cancer group and the control group was significant (54.27 ± 1.91 and 46.44 ± 1.36 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.001). The mean serum leptin level was significantly lower in the cancer group (41.05 ± 3.10 ng/ml) than in the control group (53.05 ± 4.83, 53 ng/ml) (P = 0.036). Body mass index in both groups was significantly and positively correlated with serum levels of 17β-estradiol, but there was no significant correlation between BMI and serum leptin concentration. Postmenopausal women with BMI ˃ 25 and high serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol are probably susceptible to breast cancer.

Inroduction & Brassica rapa (turnip) has been cultivated and consumed worldwide for many centuries. The present article aimed to investigate the effects of turnip leaf consumption on estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH hormones and ovarian follicles in adult female rats.
Material and A total number of 45 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups including control groups, sham group and groups receiving doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg turnip leaf hydro-alcoholic extract orally. Blood samples were taken at the end of the 14th day and serum concentration of LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone were measured. Also the number of follicles and corpora-lutea were obtained by separating ovaries.
The results illustrated that serum LH significantly decreased in groups receiving Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of turnip leaf compared to the control group.The results also indicated that estrogens serum level significantly decreased in 100 and 200 mg/kg group. Progesterone was also decreased in group receiving 50 mg/kg turnip leaf hydro-alcoholic extract. But the serum level ESH did not show any significant difference in experimental groups compared to the control group.Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of turnip leaf also caused a significant increase in primary follicles.
The results of the present study demonstrate that turnip leaf hydro-alcoholic extract decreases LH, progesterone, estrogens and primary follicles without any significant effect on FSH.

Inroduction & The extensive use of medicinal herbs such as anchusa italica theory and indiscriminate use of them and chemical compounds Especially to determine the effectiveness of the various aromatics plant reproductive process and the relevant parameters in this study were taken decision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Anchusa italica on estrogen and progesterone concentrations and placental parameters in female mice
Material and In this study, after mating and observation of vaginal plug, 30 Wistar female mice were randomly divided into five groups including one group receiving physiological saline intraperitoneally, and four treatment groups receiving aqueous extract of Anchusa italica at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg for five days after the 7th day of pregnancy. Cesarean operation was performed on 16th day of pregnancy. The blood was taken from mice’s heart to measure the concentrations of the estrogen and progesterone hormones alsoFetal-placental parameters Was evaluatedand the results were analyzed using SPSS software.
The results show that Anchusa italica extract was effective on progesterone concentration, since the correlation coefficient is less than 0.05. while was not effective on estrogen concentration since the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.05. Also Injecting extract affected on placental weight, Placental size and The number of placental Has been effective because the correlation coefficient less than 0.05.
According to the study of aqueous extract of borage on reproductive parameters such factors and reproductive organs also affect the fetus feeder.

One of the most common causes of in fertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 6-8 percent of womens of child bearing age are affected with endocrine disorders. If the extract contains flavonoids, phytoestrogens are compounds that are effective in treating many diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in estrogen and progesterone hormones in polycystic mice.35 female Wistar rats weighing 20±180g in 2 to 3 consecutive estrous cycles were selected. Then divided into 5 groups of 7 to include a control group (no drug), polycystic group (day 4 mg/kg estradiolvalerate drugs were given intramuscularly), experimental 1, 2 and 3 groups, which also received 4mg/kg estradiolvalerate medication, daily doses, minimum, average and maximum to extract the received intraperitoneally. After 21days, all mice were bled to measure the hormones estrogen and progesterone was used.Level estrogen concentrations in the polycystic group and the experimental group that Anethum graveolens minimum and average dose received has increased significantly compared with control requirements. Progesterone concentration in polycystic experimental group has a significant decrease compared with control requirements. The subjects were identified that are likely to extract improves ovary polycystic syndrome due to changes in the concenteration of estrogen and progesterone hormones.

Inroduction & The use of chemical drugs to treat disease associated with usually side effects. In recent years the use of herbal medicines, which have far fewer side effects, in the treatment of various diseases, including infertility has increased. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of hops flower extract on adult female sexual hormones and sexual dynastic cells.The experimental study was conducted on 40 adult female mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups of 8 including control groups (no treatment), the control (saline) and three experimental groups receiving doses of hops flower extract 50,100 and 150 mg /kg, respectively. All the prescription was done in gavage and in 21 days. At the end of the experiments, phlebotomizing the hearts of the animals was performed and by the isolating the serum was analyzed the sexual hormones levels and also by isolating ovaries, the primary, secondary and enteral follicles was accounted, and the results was analyzed by the ANOVA and tukey’s tests.The results showed that the hops flower extract caused a significant increase in the hormones levels of estrogen, progesterone, and increasing the numbers of primary secondary and enteral follicles. Hops extract, probably by stimulating the secretion of hormones and with steroidal, flavonoids compounds, caused to increase the sexual hormones and the ovarian follicles.

Introduction & Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that is used in medical sciences for treating many disorders suchovulation. Therefore, the present study investigates, the effect of prescribe of dexamethasone during pregnancy on function of pituitary-gonadal axis and number of ovary follicles of offspring of female rats. In this study, the researcher selected 40 pregnant rats that divided into control groups, sham group, and 3 experimental groups receiving 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg doses of dexamethasone, administered from the eighth day until the end of pregnancy QOD. After delivery, niether infants nor mothers received not no treatment. After puberty of female one, heart sampling was done and their ovary was separated and tissue section was taken, then plasma rate of strogen, progestron, FSH, LH and the number of ovary follicle were measured. Results were analysed with the SPSS software (V. 20) and ANOVA and Duncan test. (p≤0.05). Results of statistical analysisshowed that dose dependent dexamethson causes decreases estrogen, LH and increases progesterone, FSH and decreases the number of ovary follicle. Dexamethasone via inhibition of LH secretion and impairment of fetal ovarian development causes stable reproductive disorders in female rats.