food security

In the coming decades, feeding the world's expanding population nutritiously and sustainably will require major improvements in the global food system worldwide. In this research, as a sustainable agricultural and food system, the topic of agricultural added value and sustainable agricultural export and import is mentioned, and these indicators are considered to be a function of temperature, precipitation, inflation and exchange rate. The Midas model was used for fitting and it was concluded that the variables of exchange rate and inflation have a significant effect in all equations and temperature has a significant effect on added value and exports and the amount of precipitation in none of The investigated equations have no significant effect. The reason for the non-significance of the amount of precipitation is due to the small amount of precipitation in Iran as a whole, only the northern provinces and a small part of the western provinces of the country can produce rain due to the influence of the amount of precipitation and in the rest In the regions of the country, regardless of the amount of rainfall in the studied years, agricultural crops are cultivated with successive irrigations. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities.

Global warming is an important phenomenon with many effects on the environment, which is associated with an increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and other gases. Accumulation of greenhouse gases, increase or decrease in temperature, and change in rainfall all affect the distribution of plant pathogens and the incidence of disease. On the other hand, by affecting the carriers of pathogens, climate change can cause them to disperse in a wide area or cause pathogens to enter new areas. On the other hand, the effect of global warming on plants is different and diverse depending on the plant species and its pathogens and according to different environmental conditions. These effects can be harmful, positive or neutral. However, according to the pathogenicity triangle, one of the central mainstays of the disease rate is environmental conditions; therefore, plant diseases are strongly affected by the environment; if a sensitive host is placed in unfavorable conditions, it will not be infected by an invasive pathogen. Based on the conducted research, temperature changes in the environment cause the emergence of new diseases and the spread or limitation of diseases. This article discusses the essential effects of global warming on the occurrence and spread of plant diseases in new areas.

As the new coronavirus infection (Covid-19) spreads and has become epidemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), it has involved us with figures and statistics. How many new items? How many countries? Is the infection curve growing? What is the mortality rate? While the extent of the disease is still unclear, the economic impact of the virus outbreak is of great concern. The effect of the virus on the food supply chain is also significant. Will we be exposed to food shortages or price jumps? How can these effects be minimized? Can the avoidance of monopolies, price monitoring, and the protection of the vulnerable through social security networks limit the spread of the virus? What is the role of food safety in preventing the spread of the virus and its effects on food security? Can raising awareness about food safety and compliance with health regulations, including workerschr('39') rights, roles and responsibilities, ensuring that people do not transmit the virus along the food supply chain be effective in ending the disease and its profound effects on food security?

Nanotechnology has been applied in many applications including developing of biosensors in nano-scales to monitor and control of food material and processing. Nanobiosensors are designed by combining bio- and nano-technologies with electrical processing so that it reacts with one specific analyte، while using specific reactions with particulat analytes by applying microelectrods and photoelectron strength; it offers an accurate analyzer tool in minimum sizes. These sensors are considered as beneficial devices in diagnosis and control of contaminants as well as detecting pathogenic bacteria in animals، plants، water، and food products. Using these sensors، it would be possible to detect low quantities of harmful chemical compounds، viruses and bacteria in agricultural and environmental systems with a tremendous evolution. In this paper، some applications of nanobiosensors in enhancing food security are being evaluated.