immune system

The use of herbal supplements and vitamins in poultry breeding results in higher growth and production efficiency. The present experiment was conducted with the aim of the effect of Hyssopus officinalis (HO) extract and vitamin C on performance, blood factors, immune system and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. In order to conduct the experiment, 300 one-day-old male chicks of ROSS 308 breed were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications, each replication containing 15 chicks. Experimental treatments include 1: control (without additives), 2: control + 250 mg/kg HO, 3: control + 250 mg/kg vitamin C and 4: control + 250 mg/kg HO + 250 mg/kg kg of vitamin C. According to the findings, weight gain and feed conversion ratio as well as breast percentage of broiler chickens in the whole period in the treatments containing the mixture of HO and vitamin C were significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). Cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in treatments containing vitamin C and a mixture of HO and vitamin C had a significant decrease compared to the control (P<0.05). The total titer of antibodies produced against SRBC for the chickens that used the mixture of HO and vitamin C had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). In general, the results showed that the effectiveness of the mixture of HO and vitamin C in improving growth performance and strengthening the immune system is better than their separate application in the diet of broiler chickens.

The present experiment was conducted with the aim of the effect of Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) leaf powder and vitamin E on performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors, immune system and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens. To conduct the experiment, 300 one-day-old male broiler chickens of commercial strain ROSS 308 were reared for 42 days in a completely randomized design in 4 treatments and 5 replications (each replication containing 15 chickens). Experimental treatments include 1) control (without additives), 2) control + 200 mg/kg of Sorrel powder, 3) control + vitamin E at the level of 200 mg/kg of diet and 4) control + 200 mg/kg diet of Sorrel powder + vitamin E at the level of 200 mg/kg diet. The results showed that the growth performance and carcass percentage of broiler chickens fed with Sorrel and its mixture with vitamin E had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). The mixture of sorrel with vitamin E significantly decreased the concentration of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio of chickens compared to the control (P<0.05). Overall, the results showed that the use of a mixture of sorrel with vitamin E in the diet of broilers had a higher efficiency in improving growth performance, reducing blood lipids and strengthening the immune system.

In the last month of 2019, an unknown virus appeared in Wuhan, China. Sequencing studies have shown that the virus is a new member of the coronavirus family, which mostly causes a respiratory disease with pneumonia-like symptoms. The new coronavirus consists of 25 proteins, including 4 important structural proteins and 15 non-structural proteins. Spike protein is one of the most important structural proteins on the surface of the virus; It is highly glycosylated and plays a key role in the virus binding to the host cells. The binding of glycans to proteins affects their structure and function in two ways; They lead to proper protein folding, and can play an important role in protein interactions, and also, by covering the surface of the protein, it causes the virus to escape from the immune system. So it is obvious that the study of glycan structures becomes more important when either a vaccine is going to be designed or glycan structures have important roles in the folding, activity, and interaction of a protein. Therefore, since the spike protein is a non-functional structural protein, the study of glycan structures is important for two goals of vaccine design and investigating the role of glycans in protein interactions. In this article, we are going to review the most important findings on spike protein glycosylation and compare the amount of glycosylation in different viruses, indicating the importance of glycan structures in designing an effective vaccine.

The present experiment was performed on the effect of Eryngium caucasicum and vitamin C on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and immune system in broilers. The experiment was performed with 4 treatments, 5 replications and 15 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens in each replication in a completely randomized design. Treatments include 1) control (diet without additives), 2) control + 2% Zolang plant, 3) control + 0.2% vitamin C, 4) control + 2% Zolang plant + 0.2% of vitamin C. The results showed that feed intake, weight gain and broiler conversion ratio in the final periods as well as the whole period in treatments that used a mixture of Zolang plant and vitamin C, had a significant increase with the control (p <0.05). The percentage of carcasses in the treatments that used a mixture of Zolang and vitamin C was significantly increased with the control (p <0.05). All experimental diets significantly reduced the total blood protein of broilers compared to the control (p <0.05). The mixed diet of Zolang plant and vitamin C caused a significant increase in HDL compared to the control (p <0.05). The results showed that the effect of experimental treatments was significant only on alkaline phosphatase (p <0.05). Also, bursa fabricius weight in treatments that used a mixture of Zolang plant and vitamin C had a significant increase with the control (p <0.05). In general, the results showed that the use of a mixture of Zolang and vitamin C in the diet of broiler chickens can improve performance and strengthen the immune system.

The majority of viruses with high mortality in humans have RNA genomes, among which, Marbug, Ebola, SARS, MERS and Henipa viruses are notable examplars. Following a viral infection, the response of the immune system becomes irregular, and leads to tissue damage and disease symptoms. The aforementioned viruses are zoonotic and and are frequently associated with bats as their reservoir. Bats are considered better reservoirs for zoonotic diseases than other mammals due to several factors, including their close phylogenetic relationship with humans, wide geographical range, longer lifespan, and physiological features that facilitate exposure and adaptation to viruses. Given the zoonotic nature of these viruses, it's worth asking whether human genetic traits over time make us more susceptible to developing immune responses against RNA viruses, or if the physiology of bats makes them resistance to these viruses. By understanding the immune system mechanisms of bats, we can gain valuable insights into how these organisms coexist with RNA viruses.

Breast cancer, as the most common cancer, is the cause of death of millions of people around the world. Given that psychological status can be effective in responding to treatment by affecting the immune system, the aim of this study was to present a model for predicting the status of the immune system through personality type D mediated by defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer.

The statistical population of the present study included all women with breast cancer in Tehran and Gilan in 1398, from which 250 were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Type D personality, Questionnaire Defense Style Questionnaire and Warning Signs of Immunodeficiency. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using AMOS and SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that there was a significant and direct correlation between the status of the immune system and the neurotic defense mechanism, undeveloped defense mechanism and personality type D and a significant and inverse correlation between the status of the immune system and the developed defense mechanism. Also, defense mechanisms played a mediating role in the relationship between personality type D and immune system status in breast cancer patients.

Accordingly, in patients with breast cancer, the status of the immune system can be predicted through defense mechanisms and personality type D. Therefore, therapists and health professionals can help these people overcome their disease by designing interventions based on modifying defense mechanisms and personality type D. Thus, the more an individual uses the immature defense mechanism, the weaker the immune system is, and the use of the developed defense mechanism is associated with a stronger immune system. Based on the findings, it can be said that designing psychological interventions based on modifying defense mechanisms and changing personality type D, can help a patient with breast cancer to manage and treat the disease.

Monogeneans are the most common external parasites of fishes, sharks, amphibians and crustaceans living in fresh and saltwater. The simple life cycle of these monoxenous parasites allow them to grow rapidly in aquatic habitats such as aqua farms and aquariums, causing extensive damage to the aquaculture industry by harming their host and contaminating other aquatic organisms in the environment. Several studies have been done on parasitic infections of aquatic animals, especially monogeneans, as well as their immune system, and also the interactions between the parasite and the host, all of which confirm the prevalence of these infections among aquatic animals. Though many efforts have been done to cure the aquatic infections, these diseases have been remained one of the main challenges in aquaculture. Chemical therapies are effective, but still have their own problems regarding the aquatic safety such as drug resistance and environmental considerations due to the releasing of chemical and antimicrobial drugs. In recent decades, efforts have been made to develop effective vaccines to protect aquatic species, but vaccination against parasitic infections has remained an unresolved issue due to the specific living conditions of parasites and resistance to the immune system. Studies on aquatic nutrition have also shown that fortifying of the aquatic feeds can be effective in strengthening the immune system and increasing aquatic resistance.

Considering that green tiger prawn is important for fisheries and economic in the Persian Gulf region, understanding of the immune system and defense mechanism will lead to improved disease management in this species. In this study, hemocytes of the immune system and hepatopancreas in green tiger shrimp were compared in cold and warm seasons. For this purpose in total, 50 specimens of green tiger shrimp with a mean length of 19±1cm and a mean weight of 25±0.5g were prepared. Then 1mL of hemolymph combined with 1mL of anticoagulant and number and type of hemocytes were studied. Also for histological study, hepatopancreas was sampled from all shrimps and histological sections were prepared in usual methods. The results of this study indicated that in the cold season, the amount of all hemocytes increased. In both seasons, small granular hemocytes, without predominant change, were the highest in number and hyaline hemocytes were the lowest. In addition, a structural study of the hepatopancreas in both seasons showed that this organ was tubular, with the highest number of filamentary cells and the lowest amount of myoepithelial cells. There was a significant difference between absorptive-storage, bag and filamentary cells in both cold and warm seasons. Results of this study are consistent with the reports on other species and may be considered in vaccination cases due to stimulate and excite the immune system, especially during the cold season.

Exercise is now strongly recommended for breast cancer patients to improve their overall health and quality of life. Monocytes play an important role in the cancer immune system and a better understanding of how acute exercise alters the monocyte subsets would aid in exercise prescription.

Ten breast cancer survivors (age: 59 ± 7.1) who completed their primary cancer treatment within the previous year were evaluated in this study. Using flow cytometry, monocyte subset percentages were evaluated before, immediately after, and 1 hour after 45 minutes of acute, intermittent exercise. Exercise intensity was 60% of peak wattage obtained from a cardiopulmonary exercise test.

The percentage of CD14 monocytes and CD14࠽ monocyte subsets changed significantly across the trial (p= 0.016 and p = 0.016, respectively), with a small, non-significant increase immediately after exercise (CD14: 9%, p= 0.314; CD14࠽: 5%, p= 0.594) followed by a larger significant decrease 1 hour after exercise relative to baseline (CD14: -26%, p= 0.015; CD14࠽: -28%, p= 0.021). CD14࠽ subpopulation showed a tendency to change across the trial but this did not quite reach significance (p= 0.097).

These findings suggest that acute intermittent exercise mobilizes CD14 monocytes and CD14࠽ monocyte subsets in breast cancer survivors in a manner that is comparable to previous reports in healthy individuals. Further studies are warranted to determine the functionality of the mobilized monocytes and the effects of exercise training.

This study evaluated the possibility of VNN occurrence and the effects of Chlorella vulgaris on immune parameters before and after exposure to Viral Nervous Necrosis virus in Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Fish were divided into 4 treatments with three replicates. Treatments included one control group and three experimental groups (T1, T2 and T3). Fish in control group, T1, T2 and T3 were fed by diet supplemented with 0, 1×108, 2×107 and 3×106 Cell/ml chlorella/450 g food respectively, for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected to calculate immune parameters (IgM, C3, C4, Total protein, respiratory burst, Albumin and Lysozyme). In addition, NNV supernatant was used for virus challenge in Caspian Sea in all treatments. Fish were monitored for 14 days to examine the supernatant pathogenesis and measure the changes in immune parameters after challenge with virus. RT-PCR, nested-PCR, IFAT, IHC tests, cell culture and histopathology examinations were also carried out. Results showed that S. trutta caspius fingerlings were resistant against NNV, so that no virus was observed in fish brain and eye tissues in all treatments. Moreover,Ch. vulgaris stimulated the immune system of S. trutta caspius probably due to the compositions such as carotenoid pigment and different kind of vitamins in this microalga.