kermanshah

To implement management plans in the landscape, it is necessary to examine the range of distribution and the approximate range of distribution of different plant and animal species. Kermanshah province plays an important role in the west of the country with its unique topographical location and the presence of numerous habitats in terms of biodiversity. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution status and analyze the fators affecting the distribution of Large -scaled Rock Agama (Laudakia nupta) in Kermanshah province.

In this study, in order to investigate the range of distribution of Large -scaled Rock Agama (Laudakia nupta), field surveys were carried out in the province and different habitats of this species during the years 2018 to 2020. Then, using the species presence data and the considered habitat variables, the modeling steps were done with the help of Ensemble modeling. In this regard, 76 species presence points along with climatic variables, vegetation and precipitation were included in the distribution models. The AUC criterion was used to the importance of variables and data integration criteria.

The results indicated that modeling was successful for both single and Ensemble models. According to the forecast in Kermanshah province, the distribution of species is most influenced by soil organic carbon, vegetation cover, and altitude.

The findings of this research show that parts of the habitat that correspond to the presence of altitudes are contiguous suitability and there are areas of the habitat that are fragmented in the southeast of the province. The higher parts of the north-west of the province are not suitable for the presence of the species, which could be due to the presence of Caucasian agama (Laudakia caucasia).

Rivers have always played a significant role in the emergence and development of human society and the creation of various civilizations. The history of using the river as a source of supply for part of human needs goes back to the beginning of human civilization. According to history, the oldest civilizations have been formed and developed along the rivers; The first steps in the field of river exploitation, which is typically in the field of river engineering activities, coincided with the beginning of the formation of civilized societies along the rivers (Derakhshan, 1398). In recent decades, thousands of lives have been lost directly or indirectly to floods. In fact, of all the natural hazards, floods pose the greatest natural threat to life today (Alaghmand and others, 2010). Flood is a hydrological phenomenon whose occurrence depends mainly on climatological and geological factors (Jabbari and Khazaei, 2011). Floods are one of the natural hazards that cause great damage to the inhabitants of floodplains every year. Preparation of flood zoning maps for different return periods is one of the common methods used to show the potential of flood hazards (Rezaei Moghadam et al., 1397).

In order to perform zoning, cross sections and river banks were identified in ArcGIS software using the HecGeoRAS toolbar. Return periods in CUMFREQ software were calculated based on the amount of rainfall in Dubai in the last 30 years. Then, according to the discharge values and return periods (Table1), the information is transferred to HEC-RAS software; Zoning was prepared for 15, 25, 50 and 100 years.Analysis of LANDSAT 8 satellite images shows that the vegetation in this area is very poor. A large part of the river passes through the city and the river area was not observed during construction. The study of soil in the area also indicates a weak or nonexisstaent potential to maintain a good amount of runoff. The longitudinal profile of the zones, Figures (3 to 7) show the expansion of the flood width in the return periods. According to Figure (8), the area of flood spread in the 15-year return period is 1.11 km. Due to the location of the study area in the residential sector, the risk; The financial and human damage to human societies is significantly low. The floodplain area of the Qarasu River is 1.20 km according to Figure (9). This return period, like the 15-year return period, is not dangerous for human societies and is more effective in terms of geomorphological changes in the riverbed than human changes and damage. The area of flood zone for QarahSu river with a return period of 50 years according to Figure (10), was calculated to be 1.40 km. Bcause of the location of residential areas around the river and the amount of flood zone calculated, it is dangerous for human settlements and will lead to changes around the river and the destruction of urban settlements. The results obtained from the flood zone with a return period of 100 years according to Figure (11), show an increase in the area of the flood zone compared to the return periods of 15, 25 and 50 years with a value of 1.60 km and in terms of risk for human settlements. It is more favorable and will cause a lot of casualties. Flood zoning of the region in the return periods, clearly shows the expansion of flood zones in the urban part of Kermanshah province, which is located on the main route of the Qarasou River.

Calculating topographic information is one of the most important components of mathematical models before performing any flood zoning. This information includes longitudinal and transverse profiles of the river and its tributaries. As mentioned, the preparation of TIN is in fact to more accurately and easily identify rivers and their shores, which is essential in drawing the cross sections of the route under study. It should be noted that the cross sections are selected and harvested in a way that represents the general shape of the river and according to it, the main flow path is introduced to the model. After preparing the TIN, through the Hec-GeoRas extension, first determine the main course of the river and then, according to the TIN map, theareas along the river that are considered as beaches can be easily identified by changing the color. are; Also based on matching the TIN map with the Google Earth map of the coastLeft and right of the river were introduced to the software.In the next step, parallel to the shore lines and the main river route, in the direction of the river flow, the flood flow path should be drawn. The flood route must be within the TIN range. The distance between the lines for the flood flow should be drawn in proportion to the shore lines; For this purpose, in this study, the distance between the shore lines and the main river was considered 5 meters. At this stage, there is no need to redraw the main axis of the river and automatically, the program detects the main axis and draws the flood flow path on both sides of the river banks based on the shore lines. Following this trend, through the HecGeoRas extension, we determine the direction of flood flows as well as the direction of the shores. After drawing the direction of the flood flow, it is time to draw the cross sections. Cross sections should be drawn from the left and perpendicular to the axis of the river flow. Transverse sections are drawn according to the schematic feature of the river and its flow. If the river of the basin under study has a lot of twists and turns, the distances of short cross-sections should be drawn; if the river is in a straight line and does not have many twists and turns, the distances of long cross-sections should be drawn; Also, the width of the cross-sections should cross the shoreline and the direction of the flood flow so that the entire area is completely covered when flooding in Hec-Ras software. Here, given that the river is long and the winding of the river is medium; The distance between sections was 10 to 14 meters and the average width of sections was 26 meters. Add the cross-section output to the Hec-Ras software environment, and after ensuring the accuracy of the cross-sections, it is time to enter the flow data and flow conditions. At this stage, for the drawn river, a flow (Q) must enter. In order to simulate the river flow, the discharges of the return periods, 5, 7, 15, 25, 50 and 100, the maximum daily discharge statistics of the old bridge station were used; According to the results of studies, the longer the return periods, the higher the flow rate. To calculate the return period, CumFreq software was used in which the maximum daily flow rate of the stations was presented to the software. Then, according to the software calculations, different return periods were calculated. In the next step, according to the characteristics of the area, the flow velocity and the depth of the river; The Manning coefficient (n) was calculated using the following formula (Cowan, 1956): N = (NB + N1 + N2 + N3 + N4) * M.

The floods are causing heavy damage to roads, infrastructure, bridges, residential houses, cultural heritage and agricultural farms in various provinces, killing many people. Based on the obtained results, we have studied and studied the existing practical solutions to prevent this catastrophe in the future. Because urban infrastructure is not compatible with the drainage requirements of the land on which it is built, urban sprawl has increased the likelihood of flooding. Flooding is a natural disaster that can occur at any time and place and can not be completely prevented, but there are always ways to minimize damage and manage this crisis in the best possible way. One of the main and important goals is to prepare flood zoning maps that help to predict risk areas and reduce financial and human losses for efficient planning and management. In this research, using the maximum daily flow rate of Pul-e-Kohneh station, vegetation map, soil hydrological map, calculation of return periods; Flood zoning was prepared for return periods of 15, 25, 50 and 100 years. The obtained zoning maps along with the study of the longitudinal profile diagram of the river show that the longer the flood return period, the more areas of urban and residential lands in the watershed are affected by the flood; Matching the obtained flood zones with GOOGLE - EARTH satellite images; Indicates the accuracy of the results, which indicates the possibility of flooding in the Qarahsoo River area in Kermanshah province is very high.

The role of culture in development issues is one of the axes of attention of experts. Development experts consider culture and life to be inseparable; Because understanding the needs of society requires attention to cultural factors (Sorkh Kamal et al., 2011: 96). Today, achieving comprehensive and sustainable development is the main concern of countries and their governments. Since man is a cultural being, the foundation of true and sustainable development is the achievement of cultural development (Vasosuqi et al., 2012: 82). No development and evolution is desirable and possible without cultural development and evolution (Salehi Amiri, 2007: 75). Cultural development leads to the self-confidence of the society, and flourishes the potential and creative abilities of humans in the cultural context (Habibi, 2015: 23), Iran as a country on the path of development, has a very high diversity of cultural, social, economic and Also, with many financial, natural and environmental opportunities, along with issues such as special and strategic geographical location, unique natural and human opportunities, etc., it demands special attention to the category of development (Bazazzadeh et al., 2014: 80). The necessity and importance of research comes from the fact that cultural spaces are one of the main pillars of cultural development. On the other hand, one of the most important goals of spatial planning, considering the limited resources, is the optimal and balanced distribution of facilities and services between different settlements (Mohammadi and Izadi, 2013: 40), hence the recognition of cultural values and The facilities of the different cities of the provinces and their level of cultural development can lead the officials and workers to adopt new policies to strengthen the cultural foundations and form cultural engineering and planning. to deal with future cultural threats (Meshkini and Ghasemi, 2012: 3-4). The main goal of the current research is the spatial analysis of cultural development in Kermanshah province, which determines the cultural development status of fourteen cities in the province in terms of cultural development indicators, so that by identifying the status of the rich and deprived cities, planning and strategies to improve the situation of the deprived cities provide according to the purpose; The research seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of having a cultural index.

The method of this research is based on practical purpose and on the basis of descriptive-analytical nature and it tries to determine the level of prosperity of 14 cities of Kermanshah province by using multi-criteria decision making models. In order to compare and rank them, 24 variables of the cultural sector extracted from the census results of Iran Statistics Center and the statistical yearbook of Kermanshah province were used, and the weight of each criterion was determined using Shannon's entropy method and from the models SAR, ARAS and WASPAS multi-criteria decision-making and the integration of their results with the Kanderst method have been used to determine the level of enjoyment and ranking of the cities of the province. CV method was used to determine which index has the most difference and inequality. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to draw the maps.

According to the results, it was found that the biggest difference in inequality is related to the number of cinemas, the number of cinema halls, the number of cinema seats and the number of cinema spectators with (3.742) and the lowest inequality is related to the number of government printing houses with (0.000). After unscaling the variables and weighting with entropy method, three techniques (SAR, ARAS and WASPAS) have been used to categorize the cities of the province. The findings based on the SAR model show that there is no deprived city.The cities of Qasr Shirin, Paveh and Dalaho are rich, Sahne, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are relatively rich and 50% of the cities (Harsin, Gilangharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islamabad Gharb, Javanrood and Sarpol Zahab) are semi-rich. The stratification of the ARAS technique shows that, like the SAR model, there are no deprived cities, three cities Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin and Paveh are blessed, six cities are Salas-Babajani, Songhor, Gilangharb, Sahne. , Harsin and Ravansar are relatively prosperous and five cities, Sarpol-Zahab, Kangavar, Kermanshah, Islamabad-Gharb and Javanrood are semi-prosperous. In the WASPAS technique, there are no relatively prosperous cities, four cities, Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin, Paveh and Salas-Babajani, respectively, are ranked one to four and semi-efficient, and the rest of the cities are Songor, Sahneh, Gilangharb, Harsin, Ravansar, Sarpol-Zahab, Islamabad-Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar and Javanrood are among the deprived cities of the province, although the development coefficient of the cities of the province is not much different. Finally, based on the contrast technique that integrates the results of three models (SAR, ARAS, WASPAS) and provides a single result, According to the results of the Kandrst model, 21.43% of the cities are privileged, 21.43% of the cities are relatively well-off, 28.57%. The percentage of the cities is semi-provided and 28.57 percent of the cities are deprived, which shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultural indicators at the province level. Kermanshah city, as the capital of the province, ranks first to second and is among the cities with the most benefits, but according to the results obtained from the Kandrst method, it is ranked 10th and in the group of semi-sufficient cities.One of the reasons for this is the high population of this city and the low per capita of each of the mentioned variables in Kermanshah city. Although the facilities and the amount of cultural variables in this city may be more than other cities, but the population of this city is much more than other cities and when it is per capita, it is less per capita than other cities. A city may have a smaller population, but when it is made per capita, it causes more per capita than the cities with a larger population, and when it is leveled and ranked, except for the cities with the status and Better rank.

Canine intestinal parasitic infections that can be transmitted to humans are widespread. One of these infections is toxocariasis caused by Toxocara canis. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of the hairs of different dogs (domestic, herd, guard and stray) as a risk for transmission to humans.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the 201 domestic, guards, herds, and stray dogs in Kermanshah to investigate the contamination of the hair. Hair washing method and also the Graham method was performed to detect infection with Toxocara species eggs

The results showed that 44.27% of the studied dogs were infected with Toxocara eggs by Graham method and 36.81% by hair washing method. In both methods, puppies under six months of age showed significantly more infection than dogs over six months old (p≤0.05), but the difference between males and females was not significant. Also, the rate of infection in domestic dogs was significantly lower than that of herding, guard and stray dogs (p≤0.05). Although there was no significant difference between hair washing method and Graham method in terms of infection rate, but in dogs with short hair, the amount of infection in Graham method was significantly higher than the hair washing method (p≤0.05).

According to the results of the present study, the infection of dogs in Kermanshah with Toxocara species is high. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of human infection, it is necessary to create preventive programs.

Brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a species with high distribution range in Kermanshah province and this has created precondition of conflict. The aim of this study is to identify key bear habitats, ecological Niche fluctuations, and their desirable habitat cover in protected areas and counties of the province. In this regard, after field surveys, the presence of species was identified for 3 years (from 2016 to 2018). Nine habitat variables including ecological, topographic and anthropogenic were used to investigate distribution status. Distribution modeling was performed using Maximum Entropy algorithm. The significance of variables in modeling was calculated by jack knife method and model validity was calculated by ROC function. Width quantification of ecological nests was also calculated using related metrics in ENMTOOLS software. TSS threshold was used to quantify habitat area. Based on the results, appropriate habitat coverage of the species by the protected areas is not suitable and this weakness is evident in the southern parts of the province so that area of 265842.84 hectares of species habitat is outside the protected areas boundary and is prone to conflict with other Land use/land cover. Among the protected areas of the province, Ghaleje and Buzin and Marakhil had the most cover of this an umbrella spices. About half of Paveh county (% 46.68) is suitable for species and the least suitable was located in Qasrshirin county. The results of this study necessitate more attention to the continuity and habitat coverage of this species in the southern parts of the province.

Dust phenomenon is one of the most harmful natural disasters in low rainfall regions of the world, especially in Iran, which brings many environmental problems in these areas. It is also one of the environmental challenges in the Middle East and Iran in recent years. This phenomenon has become one of the main problems in arid and semi-arid regions today, which has adverse social, economic and environmental effects and it can be said with certainty that one of the environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world are dust storms, This environmental event is considered as a climatic hazard and causes or exacerbates cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and many allergies in the human body, Large amounts of dust are transported every year from the deserts of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria to different parts of Iran. Depending on global warming and wind speeds such as Harmatan and other strong local winds, these dusts are drawn to an altitude of 3,000 meters and above and are transferred to the areas in front of these systems by entering the wind systems of the Mediterranean and North Africa. Dust is one of the most common atmospheric phenomena and one of the biggest environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions, which has devastating effects on the inhabitants of these areas every year. In recent years, pollution caused by dust particles has become one of the environmental problems, especially in developing countries. Considering that Iran is also located in the arid and semi-arid region of the world and a large area of the country is considered as an arid and semi-arid region, it is necessary to study this phenomenon.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the causes of occurrence and routing of dust storm springs in Kermanshah in the three-day period from October 26 to 28, 2018. In the first stage, using meteorological data, the days associated with the dust storm were determined. In the second stage, for synoptic analysis of the causes of the storm, from the ECMWF European Center for Medium-Term Forecasting Database with a resolution of 0.125 degrees, including geopotential height of 500 hPa, omega of 700 hp, sea level pressure SLP, components Orbital and meridional wind at the level of 300 hPa, special humidity at the level of 700 hPa due to higher resolution and satellite data of soil moisture to a depth of 10 cm were used in the study area. Using the above data in using GRADS software; Wind patterns and synoptic systems effective in transporting fine dust to Kermanshah were drawn. In the third stage, using the HYSPLIT model, dust particles were detected at three levels of 200, 1000 and 1500 meters above the ground at a time interval of 6 to 48 hours before the occurrence of dust. WRF-CHEM numerical weather simulation model was used to prepare numerical maps of particle concentration distribution and dust storm path to western Iran. In the present study, using version 3,6,1 of the WRF-CHEM paired model, simulations were performed for 3 days from 26 to 28 October 2018 using GFS analysis data for initial and boundary conditions. In this implementation, the advanced MADE-SORGAM schema was used as the emission pattern of airborne particles, which in turn is based on the regional model of airborne particles. In MADE design, airborne particles in three models with a diameter of less than 0.1 μm, cumulative with a diameter between 0.1 to 2 μm and large with a diameter greater than 2 μm with a log-normal distribution were included in the air quality simulation process. In the last step, MODIS images were used to determine the sources of dust diffusion to the west of Iran, and also by using the optical depth detection index of AOD aerosol, the numerical distribution map of dust aerosols in the atmosphere was obtained.

According to the results of the analysis of synoptic maps, in fact, the main cause of the dust wave phenomenon from 26 to 28 October 2018 in Kermanshah, in addition to the instability caused by low surface heat pressures, Saudi high-pressure movements that cause currents to converge towards Have become western. Deployment of a low pressure section in the middle levels of the atmosphere is well visible in this event, so that despite the instability in the middle level of the atmosphere, lack of sufficient moisture in the systems transferred to the west of the country, currents flowing through the deserts of Iraq and Syria. Sufficient both in the surface and in the depth of the soil inside the country and in neighboring countries has led to the formation of a dust spring and its transfer to the study area. Also, the examination of the tracking maps obtained from HYSPLIT shows that two general paths for the transfer of dust to the study area can be identified: 1- The northwest-southeast route, which passes through dust cores formed in the deserts of Iraq and Syria, transports dust to the western half of Iran; This route can be considered as the entry of dust into the area at an altitude of 1000 to 1500 meters. 2- The southwest-west route of Iran and the city of Kermanshah, which at an altitude of 200 to 1000 meters, which is the main source of dust on October 27 and 28, is the source of particles in this route Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia and part of Iraq. Examination of the particle path shows that these particles were first transported to higher levels by low pressure systems located in the area and then pulled to the ground in two paths. The soil moisture map also shows a severe lack of moisture up to a depth of 10 cm in the soil that at the same time with the passage of unstable systems and western currents over the areas, subsoil particles are easily separated from the ground and transferred to the study area. By simulating dust storms from the west wind by the WRF-chem model, it showed that the main source of dust is located in the western and central deserts of Iraq, Syria and northern Saudi Arabia.

Awareness of the density and canopy cover of Zagros forests is important for their preservation, restoration and expansion. The purpose of this study was to introduce the most appropriate estimator of distance sampling methods for estimating quantitative characteristics of these forests. For this purpose, trees and their two large and small crown diameters in 33 circular sample plots in Kermanshah province inventoried. Within each circular plots, seven distance sampling methods such as Nearest individual, Nearest neighbor, second nearest neighbor, Compound, T-square, Joint-point method and Point-centered quarter were sampled. After calculating the density and canopy cover of trees in circular method (true value) and distance sampling method estimators, the results of this estimators were compared with circular plots with using accuracy. The results showed that among 16 estimators of above distance sampling methods, the most suitable estimator for density and canopy cover of this forest was PCQ3 estimator.

The present study was conducted to identify the resistant bacterial strains from Kermanshah oil wastewater based on molecular 16S rDNA PCR sequencing and the investigation of their growth in different chromium concentration. To identify 16S rDNS, 94 samples were isolated from Kermanshah oil wastewater. Sequencing the best strain for most removal was conducted. Bactria were identified by morphology, Gram staining, Biochemical tests, Standard microbiology. Cr (VI) was incubated in the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/ml for 96 h. The maximum Cr biosorption (0.35 ppm) was observed at 28°C and a pH=7.5-8. Biological oxygen demand was 126-530. The most isolates had a need from 7.2-7.90 for chemical oxygen demand. Based on obtained results, Klebsiella variicola, Bacillus aerius, Bacillus stratosphericus and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were most resistant strains. Bacteria growth was higher in control, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg, respectively. All the bacteria showed a fix growth after 72h. Considering high resistant of Klebsiella variicola, Bacillus aerius, Bacillus stratosphericus and Lysinibacillus fusiformis, the strains can be used for bioremediation of chromium and decreasing aontaminations, especially in oil refinery.

During macrofungal surveys continually undertaken from 2014 to 2017 at different locations of Eslamabad-e Gharb and Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah Province, a large number of agaric fungi including two specimens belonging to the genus Panaeolus were collected. At the collection site, while recording geographical coordinates, habitat characteristics, growth patterns, and macroscopic morphological features were recorded and photographed. Microscopic features including basidiospores, basidia, and cystidia were observed, measured, and illustrated using a light microscope, OLYMPUS BX51. Also, the DNA sequence of the rDNA-ITS region was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The phylogenetic analysis and the determination of species relationships were performed by the Maximum Likelihood method with 1000 repetitions of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the MEGA6 software. Based on the results obtained from morphological examinations along with data obtained from ITS- rDNA sequences, two species including Panaeolus olivaceus and Panaeolus guttulatus were identified. According to the literature, both species were new records for mycobiota of Iran. In the present paper, the morphological description of the mentioned species is presented.

Selenium as a metalloid and useful element has different effects on plants. It enhances plant growth at low concentrations while high concentrations of this element can cause stress in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of selenium (0, 20, 40, 120 and 240 µM) equivalent to (0, 2, 4, 11 and 22 mg/L), at the 4-leaf stage, on shoot and tuber growth and some physiological parameters of the Allium iranicum Wendelbo and Allium ampeloprasum L..The results showed that with increasing concentrations of selenium, the growth rate (height, weight gland and the aerial parts as well as chlorophyll content) of two species significantly decreased which the most reduction was occurred in plants grown at 22 mg/L treatment. Malondialdehyde content was increased in treatments of more than 2 mg/L compared to the control group. With increasing levels of selenium in the medium, catalase activity decreased, while antioxidant compounds content such as carotenoids, carbohydrates and protein increased. The results showed that low selenium concentrations (0-2 mg/L) promote the growth by increasing the amount of chlorophyll as well as the synthesis of carbohydrates, but higher concentrations of selenium (4-22 mg/L) reduced the growth due to the production of reactive oxygen species and reduces the biomass. The overall results of this study showed that different levels of selenium concentration, affect morphological and physiological characteristics of tuber and shoot of two species. The important morphological symptoms of selenium toxicity were tuber and aerial growth reduction and chlorosis of young leaves.

in Southern slopes of Kermanshah forests. Three patches of oak forests stretched over the southern aspects of oak forests were selected with similar conditions of slope and altitude. Vegetation sampling in each patch was conducted at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 meter by using of 3 transects located in the 200m distances. The results show that in the study area there are 115 plant species which belong to 91genera and 25 families. The results show that in this area there are 115 plant species which belong to 91genera and 25 families: The Asteraceae and Fabaceae families (20 species, 17.39%) is the richest families and 9 families such as Fagaceae and Podophyllaceae (1 species, 0.87%) include the least of plant species in region. Most plants in the area belong to Therophytes based on Rankaier’s life forms with (69 species, 60%) and phytogeographically belong to the Iranians Turanian area (74 species, 64.35%). 15 species (13.04%) were only observed at the edges and 5 species(4.35%) were just recorded within forest.

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effect of zinc and chromium on physiological characteristics and growth of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus Sempervirens L. The plantation area in Petrochemicals factory (infected site) and a plantation area around Petrochemicals (control site) were designated for the study. Results showed that the concentration of the two elements in roots and stems of both species in the infected site were significantly higher than the control site. Also in the area infested with the two elements, the shoot and root lengths of Pinus eldarica Medw. species decreased significantly compared to the control area while in Cupressus sempervirens L. only root length in the contaminated area was significantly difference from the control areas. Moreover, results showed that in the infected area, total chlorophyll, and proline and sugar contents in the leaves of the Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L. species were significantly different compared to the disinfected area. In general, reduction in the pollution with zinc and chromium was more in Pinus eldarica Medw. than in Cupressus sempervirens

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effect of zinc and chromium on physiological characteristics and growth of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus Sempervirens L. The plantation area in Petrochemicals factory (infected site) and a plantation area around Petrochemicals (control site) were designated for the study. Results showed that the concentration of the two elements in roots and stems of both species in the infected site were significantly higher than the control site. Also in the area infested with the two elements, the shoot and root lengths of Pinus eldarica Medw. species decreased significantly compared to the control area while in Cupressus sempervirens L. only root length in the contaminated area was significantly difference from the control areas. Moreover, results showed that in the infected area, total chlorophyll, and proline and sugar contents in the leaves of the Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L. species were significantly different compared to the disinfected area. In general, reduction in the pollution with zinc and chromium was more in Pinus eldarica Medw. than in Cupressus sempervirens

Peste des petits ruminants are a systemic and highly contagious disease in goats and sheep. Causing agent (Peste des petits ruminants virus) is a Morbillivirus in Paramyxoviridae. The disease is enzootic in Iran and the west of Iran especially Kermanshah province has a lot of serious problems in this case. Therefore, in this study domestic small livestock were investigated by both serological (Competitive ELISA) and molecular (RT-PCR) methods in Kermanshah. The aim was comparison of sensitivity of these methods in diagnosis of PPR in early stage especially before diarrhea onset. By RT-PCR assay, 23 from 30 samples turned out negative and 7 has become positive (23.33% positive). 2 samples from sera related to those 7 animals were negative in ELISA test and the other 5 sera were positive. So, overlapping percent of the assays is 71.42. Moreover, sensitivity of PCR is 6.70% more than cELISA. In spite of more costs of the PCR than ELISA, accuracy and speed of PCR is a specific advantage which suggests virus isolation and competitive ELISA can be substituted by PCR to control and prevention of the illness. Regarding to the results, it is suggested to do more investigations on the prevalence of the disease in Iran to gain clear information about prevalence and risk factors of the infection in different parts of the country.

The impact of rainbow trout farm effluents on water physico-chemical parameters of Ryjab River was investigated. Five stations were considered at different parts of the river. Station 1 located at the headwaters of the river, station 2 after nearly 30 percent of fish farms, station 3 after 60 percent of fish farms, station 4 after the last fish farm and station 5 located one kilometer after the last fish farm. Water physico-chemical parameters including temperature, oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, electrical conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were measured every 15 days at different stations from March to February, 2012. The results showed that there was no difference between the study stations in terms of nitrate rate (P>0.05). The fish farm effluent had significant impact on Ryjab water parameters including pH, CO2, oxygen, alkalinity, the total hardness, the electrical conductivity, ammonia, phosphate, TDS, BOD5 and COD (P 0.05). In conclusion, the effluents of rainbow trout farms have caused the pollution of the Ryjab River and the water physico-chemical parameters have changed.