land surface temperature

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

Urbanization changes natural landscapes to human-made spaces and uses. With the expansion of cities, many of these spaces give way to roads, buildings and urban facilities and cause changes in different levels of the city, and these changes have very important effects on weather conditions (Shamsipour et al. 2013: 59). )The development of urbanization is one of the effective factors in increasing the air temperature in urban areas, which causes the creation of thermal islands in these places compared to the surrounding environment. This factor can have a negative effect on air quality and endanger the general health of society. (Mousavi Baighi et al., 2010. 190). What is considered as a fundamental defect in monitoring the temperature of the earth's surface is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values. Today, this shortcoming has been solved by remote sensing and it can cover a large area of the earth's surface.

The study area is Amol city. The city of Amol is located in the Mazandaran province and the sides of the Heraz River with a height of 76 meters above sea level at 52 degrees and 21 minutes east longitude and 36 degrees and 25 minutes north latitude and at a distance of 70 kilometers west of Sari, the capital of the province, 18 kilometers south of the Caspian Sea and 6 It is located one kilometer north of Alborz mountain and 180 kilometers northeast of Tehran.In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images and Landsat 5 satellite images were used for 1990 in order to extract the land use map and surface temperature of 2020. In order to remove the effect of cloud cover from the images as well as the high intensity of sunlight, the desired images were taken from the summer season. Google Earth software was used for better accuracy of images, ENVI 5.3 software was used for atmospheric and radiometric corrections, and finally ARC GIS 10.8 software was used to prepare relevant maps.Using the atmospheric correction model (FLAASH), the data were qualitatively controlled and the radiometric error of the satellite images was corrected. In order to obtain a statistical set that represents the spectral pattern of land cover, training data must be selected before supervised classification of images. At this stage, information from the uses and topographical maps of the region were prepared using the visual interpretation of the images for all five floors, to prepare educational data for use in supervised classification operations. Maximum likelihood classification method was used for land use classification. This method is considered a part of the supervised methods for classification and for this purpose it uses a set of training data. In this method, after evaluating the probabilities in each class, the pixels are assigned to the classes that have the most similarity, and if the probability values are lower than the introduced threshold, they are considered as unclassified pixels.After that, the brightness temperature of the sensor is done by converting the digital values of band 6 in Landsat 4 and 5 and also band 10 in Landsat 8 to spectral radiance and converting the spectral radiance to the brightness temperature of the sensor in terms of Kelvin.Then, red and near-infrared bands were used to calculate NDVI to obtain the normalized vegetation difference index. After calculating NDVI we need to get Emissivity. Emissivity is the amount of reflection of a phenomenon relative to the black body. Then the land surface temperature (LST) is calculated. By using LST, it is possible to calculate the temperatures near the surface of the earth. In order to know and evaluate the correctness and accuracy of the classification, the user's accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were calculated in 1990 and 2020.

In this research, in the first step, the classification and the resulting changes were done in a specific time frame in Amol city and its surroundings. The classification results indicate that the classification in both periods, especially in 2020, was highly accurate, and its kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were at their highest coefficient, i.e. 100.After classification, the changes obtained in the area were examined for a period of 30 years and the changes were extracted for each land use in terms of hectares. The change of use from agriculture to the city and also from the city to roads and streets have the most changes. These changes indicate that the increase in urban use has caused a decrease in agricultural use and the size of urban areas has increased.Using Landsat satellite images, the temperature of the earth's surface has been studied in relation to land use and the results showed that the temperature is different in different uses. The highest temperature recorded for the years 1990 and 2020 in Amol city is related to urban use, the recorded temperature of which is 32.6 and 40.5, respectively, which shows the concentration of heat in urban areas. Urban use has the highest temperature due to the presence of man-made factors and heat absorbers such as asphalt, concrete and the presence of machinery. Also, the presence of tall buildings acts as a barrier to the heat escaping to the surroundings and in some way traps the heat inside the cityWith the development of urbanization in Amel city, a significant part of the area of natural and forest areas has been replaced by industrial areas, buildings and other infrastructures. The lowest temperature recorded in Amol city is related to forest use with 23.8 and 28.4 degrees Celsius. In forest areas, due to high albedo, high humidity and more open space, the temperature is lower and heat absorption is low there.The relevant researchers and experts in the region can use the results of this research to obtain information about the temperature of the earth's surface, land use, and also the changes that have occurred in the region, In order to predict the future situation of the region, they will take appropriate and correct policies.

Rising ground temperatures and the creation of urban thermal islands are an important issue in the 21st century. Because it deals with the complex challenges of urban population growth, global climate change, public health, and increasing energy demand for cooling. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate the surface temperature using remote sensing methods such as the Sinlge Chaneel algorithm. For this purpose, satellite images related to the study area were obtained for 9/22/2019. After performing radiometric and atmospheric corrections in Envi software, the satellite image was called in Qgis software, and with this algorithm, the Land surface temperature was estimated, and the results showed that the Land surface temperature fluctuated between 20.55 and 50.55. ° C. Also, from the study of the impact of land use on the temperature of the region, it was found that water resources and natural cover, including Aghgol wetland, have the greatest role in reducing the temperature of the region and the lower classes have a temperature. But, residential uses and barren lands have increased temperatures due to higher heat absorption and are at higher temperatures classes.