potassium

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of potassium nanoparticle foliar application on some physiological traits of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) in Bam city, this research was carried out in the spring of 2019-1400 as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design. Three repetitions were performed. In this experiment, different stages of foliar spraying as the first factor in the three stages of stem formation, flowering and fruiting; And different concentrations of foliar spraying of potassium nanoparticles as the second factor in five concentrations including no foliar spraying (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 per thousand potassium nanoparticles. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the highest seed carbohydrate (3.12 mg/g), seed nitrogen (2.48%) along with foliar spraying at a concentration of 3 per thousand potassium nanoparticles and the highest amount of seed phosphorus is equal to 1.65% and the highest amount of seed potassium is equal to 3.65% along with foliar spraying at a concentration of 4 per thousand potassium nanoparticles in the stem formation stage in the second year of the experiment. Also, the highest percentage of seed essential oil (4.37%) combined with foliar spraying at a concentration of 5 per thousand potassium nanoparticles, and the highest yield of seed essential oil (69.5 kg per hectare) combined with foliar spraying at a concentration of 4 per thousand potassium nanoparticles in The fruiting stage was obtained in the second year of the experiment.

The present study investigates the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth indices, chlorophyll content, protein of the aerial parts, and the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the roots and aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucali. Plants obtained from seven-month cuttings, spent a period of four months in soil without fertilizer (control) or in twelve treatments including biofertilizer containing Azotobacter crococum, urea fertilizer and four common types of NPK fertilizer in two concentrations of 2 and 4 g / l in complete randomized blocks in the greenhouse of the Islamic Azad University of Gorgan from the beginning of March 2019.The growth indices including the dry and fresh weight of the plant, roots and shoots as well as the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the root to the plant have been studied.The results of the present study showed that, contrary to expectations, chemical fertilizers, especially urea, mostly reduced the growth indices and especially the growth of the root system. Biofertilizer also did not improve growth indices compared to the control. Also, the use of these fertilizers did not increase the protein content of the aerial parts. Despite the increase in root potassium in some treatments or the increase in phosphorus transfer from root to shoot in most treatments, the correlation study showed that changes in root potassium or shoot phosphorus content were not correlated with growth changes. However, increase in shoot phosphorus showed a significant positive or negative correlation with shoot chlorophyll a and b content, respectively. Changes in chlorophyll content also had a negative correlation with root system development. The need to reconsider the cost of nitrogen fertilizer for this plant is a practical result of the present work.

In order to evaluate the changes obtained from nitrogen, zinc and potassium sources on the morphophysiology of hybrid Maize SC704 experimental in the form of complete randomized block design in four replications was conducted in spring and summer of 2018 in Golestan province in an area located in Mazraeh Katoul. The treatment included nitrogen fertilizer, potassium, zinc alone, nitrogen + potassium, nitrogen + zinc, zinc + potassium, combined use of nitrogen + potassium + zinc, versus control. The results of analysis of variance showed that the treatments on grain yield, plant dry weight, corn length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, silk soluble sugars and silk protein were significant at a probability level of one percent. Application of these fertilizers increased corn length, plant dry weight and grain yield, as well as increased sugars and silk protein of corn and photosynthetic pigments of corn and the highest content of photosynthetic pigments was observed in the treatment of application of potassium fertilizer alone and combined application of fertilizers (Zn + K+ N).

Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) is an annual and widely used ornamental plant. Considering the importance of the growing medium in the production of ornamental plants, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of wood waste compost and humic acid on the morphological and physiological characteristics of Zinnia. Wood waste compost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% instead of peat moss in the control growth medium) along with humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1) were used. Peat moss, perlite and garden soil (1:1:1) were used as the control substrate. In this research, plant height, number and surface of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plants, fresh and dry weight of roots, flower diameter, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of leaves were investigated. According to the obtained results, the highest amount of plant leaf area was obtained in 50% compost with 500 mg L-1 of humic acid and the highest number of leaves were obtained in 75% compost with 500 mg L-1 of humic acid. The largest flower diameter (76.2 mm) was recorded in 100% compost. The amount of chlorophyll a and b in 100% compost combined with humic acid of 500 mg L-1 was at the highest level. The highest amount of nitrogen (0.75%) was recorded in 100% compost. The application of humic acid 250 mg L-1 caused a significant increase in leaf potassium. In general, the results showed that the application of compost in amounts of 50 to 100 percent and humic acid of 250 and 500 mg L-1 was effective on flower diameter, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll, and the increase of nitrogen and potassium elements in Zinnia leaves.

Eryngium campestre is a medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, which is very important in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of glycine, nitroxin fertilizer, and humic acid on morphophysiological traits of Eringum campster. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 factors namely, nitroxin (0, 1, 2 ml.l-1), humic acid (0, 1, 2 ml.l-1), and glycine (0, 75, 150 g.L-1) and 3 replications in the greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the autumn of 2019. The measured traits included root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length, plant height, number of leaves, leaf surface, and absorption rate of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus elements by leaves. Results showed that the traits measured under nitroxin, glycine, and humic acid factors separately and in combination with each other were significantly different compared to the control. In general, the results showed that the factors used in this study had the potential to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of the Eringum campster plant and can be used in commercial production.

The current research is conducted to investigate the effect of application of mycorrhiza treated soil under water deficit stress on some morphophysiological and biochemical traits of stevia plants obtained from tissue culture. The experiment was done in a greenhouse condition with treatments of two mycorrhiza species at four levels (M1: without mycorrhiza, M2: Glomus mosseae, M3: Glomus intraradices, M4: mixed of both species) and application of water deficit. The irrigation was applied at four levels as follows: I1: maintaining soil moisture at 100% of field capacity, I2: irrigation after reaching 75% of field capacity, I3: irrigation after reaching 50% of field capacity, I4: irrigation after reaching 25% of field capacity. The statistical model was factorial experiment using completely randomized design with 6 replications. Application of mycorrhiza species in water deficit stress conditions dued to 1.70, 4.11, 1.73 and 4.32 fold increase in leaf greenness index, total plant dry weight, main stem height and leaf area parameters, respectively. In addition, these treatments caused to 1.66, 6.13, 29.6 and 1.30 fold increase of potassium, glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars in stevia plants. Under moderate and severe water deficit stress, the use of a mixture of mycorrhiza species in treatments M4I4 and M4I3 compared to treatments M1I4 and M1I3 (without mycorrhiza fungus) increased more than threefold the leaf area of stevia tissue culture plants that positive root symbiosis stevia plants were well clarified by mixing two species of mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit stress and irrigation restrictions.

The present study investigates the effect of sulfur fertilizer on Euphorbia tirucalli L. in pot culture conditions. Plants were cultivated under 10 NPK treatments with sulfur fertilizers (granular or bentonite, with or without thiobacillus and ammonium sulfate each in two concentrations) and one NPK treatment without sulfur, compared with the control in randomized complete blocks for 4 months. Growth parameters including dry and fresh weight of plants, roots, shoots and the ratio of fresh or dry weight of roots to plants as well as protein, chlorophyll, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur content in roots or shoots were measured. NPK fertilizer did not increase phosphorus and potassium uptake but decreased root growth. Addition of sulfur fertilizers except for bentonite sulfur with a concentration of 0.8 g per 80 cm2 of soil with Thiobacillus commercial liquid fertilizer, 250 ml / l, had no effect on recovering the negative effects of NPK and even in most treatments, shoot dry weight and fresh weight decreased. Ammonium sulfate showed the most negative effect on growth parameters. Also, some sulfur treatments had a positive effect on increasing the amount of shoot protein. Chlorophyll a, b and total levels did not show a significant difference between treatments. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on soil pH was different and higher concentration of granular sulfur fertilizer containing Thiobacillus caused a more severe drop. None of the sulfur treatments increased the phosphorus of the shoot and even some treatments had a negative effect on the phosphorus content of the roots as well as the potassium content of the roots and shoots. Only in the treatment of granular sulfur fertilizer with Thiobacillus at lower concentrations, root potassium content increased. Negative effects of sulfur fertilizers were not due to increased sulfur uptake, because the sulfur content changes between treatments were not significantly different.

Salinity of soil and water is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in a wide range of natural resources in Iran which if scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed and exploited properly can play an important role in public health, job creation and non-oil exports. Therefore, this experiment was performed on farm of Isfahan University of Technology and A factorial randomized complete block design was used for performing this experiment. Four levels of salt treatment (i.e. 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl) were applied on two genotypes from each of the three species of fennel, ajwain, and anise in three replications. Chlorophyll a and b, leaf starch, sodium and potassium concentration and their ratios, phenolic compounds, H2O2, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, root and shoot dry weight as well as height were measured. The results showed that salinity levels had different effects on different traits of these three species and their genotypes. With increasing salinity, dry weight of roots and shoots, height, yield, 1000-seed weight decreased, and on the other hand, H2O2 concentration and phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity ramped up with increasing salinity level. Starch was different in the studied species and genotypes, so that the concentration of chlorophyll in fennel genotypes increased to a level of 80 mM salinity and then ramped down, but in the other two species had a decreasing trend: sodium concentration and sodium to potassium ratio with increasing Salinity levels increased and this increase was more noticeable in anise, the potassium concentration in all three species with The increase in salinity decreased, but the largest decrease was related to the anise plant. In general, according to our findings, anise is more prone to damage due to salinity stress, while the salinity tolerance of fennel and alder is comparable, although the salinity tolerance, especially in the latter two species, is subject to genotypic differences.

Due to the compounds such as thymol, para-fat, Lfapnyn, D Pntn, Gamatrpnyn, Btapnyn, limonene, myrcene and carvacrol, Ajowan is widely used in the treatment of various diseases. This study aims at evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of Carum copticum on renal indices in male wistar rats. In this study 72 rats were divided into 6 groups, including control, sham and experimental groups (1 to 4). The control group didn’t receive any treatment while the sham received 0.2 ml distilled water daily and 1 to 4 experimental groups received 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/ kg/day of aqueous extract of C. copticum intraperitoneally, respectively. After lapse of 16 and 32 days, serum samples were collected. Renal indices were measured by Autoanalayzer (with Pars Azmoon kits) and sodium and potassium were measured by flame photometer. Data was analyzed by ANOVA statistical tests and Tukey test (p <0.05). Regardless of the dosage of the extract, it increased the renal function in short-term and long-term. Compared to the control group, while serum concentrations of sodium in exp. groups 1 and 3 (200 and 400 mg/ kg/day) was decreased in the short term, it was increased in the all experimental groups in long term. Administration of extract in both short and long terms increased serum concentrations of potassium in all experimental groups compared to the control group. This study suggests that increased consumption of aqueous extract of C. copticum increases renal function, although its effects are somewhat different in the short term and the long term.

In order to investigate the effects of humic acid and salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative properties and nutrients concentrations in leaves of cotton var. Khordad, a two-year field experiment were conducted at the Tehran Agricultural  and Natural Resources Research  and education Center during 2018with randomized complete block  design as factorial with two factors as follow: soil application of humic acid at three levels (zero, seed coated and 10 L/ha as fertigation) and foliar application of salicylic acid at three levels (zero, 2 mM and 4 mM as foliar application), with a total of 9 treatments. The effect of humic acid, salicylic acid and their interaction on yield and yield components, leaf chlorophyll content, concentration of macronutrients in leaves and fiber quality were significant. The highest seed cotton yield (4409 Kg.ha-1) was obtained from the combined application of humic acid in the form of seed coated and salicylic acid in the form of foliar application at a concentration of 4mM that was 49% higher compared to the control Application of humic acid and salicylic acid improved the qualitative characteristics of the fibers, so that the maximum average fiber length of cotton fibers was 31 mm from the combined application of humic acid as seed coated and salicylic acid as foliar spraying with concentration of 4mM  was obtained, which was a 10.7% increase in length compared to the control treatment (without the use of humic acid and salicylic acid). The interaction of humic acid and salicylic acid on the mean concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium in cotton leaves was significant. In this regard, the highest mean concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium of cotton leaves were 3.9, 0.43, 3.9, 1.6 and 0.99%, respectively, from the combined application of humic acid to Seed and salicylic acid were obtained by spraying at a concentration of four per thousand, which compared to the control treatment (without the use of humic acid and salicylic acid), respectively for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. 44, 53, 62, 60 and 12% more. Based on the results obtained from this study, the application of humic acid in the form of seed coated and salicylic acid in the form of foliar application in saline conditions, modulates the effects of salinity stress and increases the yield of cotton and improves the quality characteristics of fibers

This study was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of Iron, Potassium, Calcium and Manganese nanoparticles on the amount of elements and enzymatic activity of peppermint (Mentha piperita) in a completely randomized design in experiments. Plants were sprayed with three levels of Iron, Potassium, Calcium and Manganese nanoclates (2, 4 and 6 ppm) and the experiment consisted of 13 treatments, each with 3 replicates, each replicate containing 3 plants and a total of 117 pots were examined. In this study, 4 to 6 leaflets peppermint transplants were cultured in appropriate media (peatmoss, sand and clay at a ratio of 1: 1: 1). Foliar application was performed three times a week and after two weeks, sampling and evaluation of traits including superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, Iron, Ppotassium, Calcium and Manganese content and essential oil percentage were determined. The results showed that in experiment, the effect of treatment on Iron content had significant difference at 5% and other traits at 1%. Also the highest level were observed in traits such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes activity and leaf Iron content in iron nanoclates 6ppm treatment, maximum Potassium content in potassium nanoclates 6ppm treatment, highest The amount of Manganese in manganese nanoclates 6ppm treatment, the highest Calcium leaf content in calcium nanoclates 6ppm treatment and the highest essential oil percentage in iron nanoclates 4ppm treatment. The lowest of all traits evaluated was in control treatment.

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability to grow and reduce water salinity by quinoa and wheat plants in greenhouse and hydroponic. This research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included 4 salinity levels of zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 dS / m and two species of wheat and quinoa. In this study, traits such as total plant dry weight, accumulation of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total plant chlorine and the efficiency of water uptake by plants were measured. The results of this study showed that quinoa has more ability to absorb and accumulate elements than wheat and is a plant resistant to salinity stress. The results showed that the concentrations of sodium, chlorine and magnesium per plant (5.48, 10.12 and 1.12 g for wheat and 10.76, 11.65 and 2.66 g for wheat, respectively). Absorption efficiency of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from water (12.28%, 11.30% and 20.22% for wheat and 23.12%, 14.60% and 24.79% for quinoa, respectively). The results also showed that the amount of sodium, chlorine and magnesium accumulated in the plant and the efficiency of phytodesalination of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from saline water significantly increased with increasing in salinity for both wheat and quinoa. In the case of calcium and potassium bioaccumulation and phytodesalination efficiency decreased with increasing salinity. As a result, quinoa showed a significant bioaccumulation efficiency in dry weight production, compared to wheat, so it can be considered as an alternative plant for cultivation in salinity and dry climate conditions.

Guava is a rich source of vitamin C, with double-fruiting thorough a year and high yield, has considerable income to have delivered for the producer. But since the major tropical regions faced with the saline water, cultivating of this plant in such areas can affect the yield and the quality of the product. Therefore, in this research leaf abscission, dry matter, antioxidant enzymes activity and elemental content in Guava seedlings, under sodium chloride concentrations (1.7, 3 and 6 dSm-1) and gibberellic acid application (0, 250 and 500 ppm) was studied. According to results salt rising from 3 to 6 dSm-1, increased the chlorine, Ca/(Na+K), Na/K, Ca/Mg and Na/Ca in leaves and roots and reduced leave number and dry matter. salinity reduced the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, wherease it increased the catalase activity. The most sodium and the least potassium was observed under 6 dSm-1 salinity. Foliar gibberellic acid (500 ppm) application under salt condition, decreased leaf abscission and increased K, and K/Na as well as Ca content, which can be introduced as an effective approach to reduce the damages which caused by salinity stress on guava seedlings.

Iris (Iris spp.) is one of the major ornamental and pharmaceutical plant species from Iridaceae family. The aim of this study was investigation the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysilogical charachteristics of three genotypes of Iris germanica under salt stress. Experiment was conducted on a factorial and completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments of this experiment were consisted of four levels of salinity (1, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m), three levels of mycorrhizal fungi (0, 15 and 25 g/kg) and three breeded genotypes of iris (OPRC-122, OPRC-125 and OPRC-S54). Whit increasing salinity level, dry weight of leaf, cholorophyll a, b, total chl, and potassium content of leaves significantley decreased and protein, catalas enzyme activity increased. In OPRC-122 genotype, 30 g/pot mycorrhizal fungi aplication led a significant increase (0.21 mg/g) of chl a in compare of control and 25 g/kg mycorrhizal fungi treatment. Also in the mentioned genotype, at salinity of 8 dS/m, application of 25 g/kg in mycorrhizal fungi compared to control and 15 g/kg mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased chlorophyll b. Application of 15 and 25 g/kg of mycorrhizal fungi at 8 dS/m decreased the sodium content in OPRC-122 genotype by 29.71% and 35.50%, respectively. Using of 50 g/pot mycorrhizal fungi at 12 dS/m in OPRC-125 genotype increased leaf potassium content by 12.61% compared to control. Generally, it seems that among three studied genotypes, OPRC-122, showed the most resistance to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi treatments better than control could increase salt tolerance of all three genotypes.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5- methoxytryptamine) as a plant growth regulator, natural compound that is in a large variety of plant species in roots, leaves, fruits and seeds have been identified. In order to investigate the effect of melatonin on some physiological characteristics of chickpea seed and seedling (Arman cultivar) under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in 2017 at the Yasouj University. The factors included melatonin at concentrations of without-prim, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 μM as the first factor, and different levels of salinity include 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM sodium chloride, as the second factor. The results showed that in salinity levels of 100 and 50 mM, melatonin with concentration of 100 μM increased the seedling proline. In non stress conditions, priming with 25, 75 and 100 μM melatonin increased seedling potassium content. Also, in 100 mM salinity stress, priming with 50 and 75 μM melatonin increased potassium content in the seedling. Priming reduced the sodium content of seedling at salinity levels of 100 and 75 mM by 25 and 75 μM melatonin concentrations respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that chickpea tolerate salinity stress at germination stage up to 100 mM, and the use of melatonin at these stage due to salinity tolerance has not a significant effect on the physiological indices of the seeds, and only hydropriming in this condition compared to non-primed by helping to absorb water by the plant has had a positive effect on the physiological process during germination.

A pot experiment was conducted during spring and summer of 2017 at collage of agriculture of Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahan, Iran, in order to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of foliar ascorbic acid application on the response of sorghum (speedfeed cultivar) to salinity. Treatments included two salinity levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl) and five concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l). Treatments were arranged as factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Salinity decreased potassium concentration, potassium/ sodium ratio, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and shoot and root dry weights, while salt enhanced the concentrations of sodium and proline and the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. The decreases due to salinity at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l concentrations of ascorbic acid were 30, 27, 24, 27 and 20 percent, respectively. Foliar application of ascorbic acid improved plant growth parameters, the concentrations of proline and the activities of antioxidant enzymes while decreased sodium concentrations in sorghum plants. The highest increase in plant dry matter due to the application of ascorbic acid in both non-saline (30%) and saline (41%) conditions were obtained at 100 mg/l ascorbic acid. The increases due to ascorbic acid application in the antioxidant enzyme activity were greater for superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase as compared to catalase. Based on the results of this experiment, ascorbic acid application not only improved the growth of sorghum plants, but also alleviated the negative effects of salinity in this plant.

In an orchard experiment, the effects of foliar application of kaolin, potassium, phosphorus and their different combinations were examined on photosynthesis parameter 8-years-old pistachio trees cv.Kalle-ghouchi in 2016. There were ten treatments, including two rate of P (1 and 2%), two rates of K (1.5 and 3%), kaolin 5%, kaolin 5%+ P 1%, kaolin 5%+P 2%, kaolin 5%+ K 1.5%, kaolin 5%+ K 3% and control (use of distilled water). Foliar application of above treatment were performed in mid Jane when embryo growth is started (the maximum demand for photoassimilates). Photosynthetic parameters (photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and sub stomatal CO2 concentration), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and PI), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total and total carotenoids) were measured in 5 stages (the first stage was one day after treatment and the others  were performed with one week interval). The results showed that non of treatments could improve photosynthesis parameters expect Ci while chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were improved by kaolin treatments and photosynthetic pigments were increased by most of experimental treatments. The result also showed that photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased with time and sub-stomatal C02 concentration was decreased. Chlorophyll fluorescence indices and photosynthetic pigments were also increased with time. Totally, the effect of experimental treatments on photosynthetic parameters was under our expectation.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of the putrescine on some growth characteristics and mineral elements content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genove) under salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment was performed based on completely randomize design. The treatments included four levels of salinity with irrigation water (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl) and three levels of putrescine (0, 1 and 2 mM) in three replications. The results of this study showed that the interaction of the salinity and putrescine were significant on all of the studied traits. The mean comparison indicated that the highest dry weight (4.03 g/plant) of aerial parts, RWC content (72.7%), P (1.5%), K (1.7%), Zn (22.3 mg/kg), Ca (1.31%), Mg (0.53 %) and Mn (89.05 mg/kg) were observed at the treatment with 2 mM putrescine foliar application without salinity stress. Whereas, the highest Na (0.9%) were observed at 120 mM salinity stress without putrescine application and application of 2 mM putrescine decreased it. Under salinity stress, putrescine improved the mineral elements content and caused to increase fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and RWC of basil; but in the most studied traits there was no significant difference between two concentrations of putrescine.