risk assessment

Gene drive technology is one of the modern technologies that have many potential uses in the agriculture, industries and medical sciences. Like other technologies, this technology has some biosafety issues related to human and animal health and the environment. These issues were discussed in this article. The most important issue is related to changing in Mendelian inheritance template in filial generations and distribution of a specific allele in a local population. Moreover, adequacy of the national and international laws and regulations related to GMOs for gene-drived organisms, and also the risk assessment methods for gene-drived organisms including identification of possible risks of the gene-drive technology and containment of the gene-drived organisms during field experiment were discussed. In the following, the possible risks in release of gene-drived organisms were considered and some related aspects including the risks related to pathogen control, the risks related to invasive species control, the risks related to control agricultural pests, and the other social and economic dimensions were investigated.

Today, gas industries mainly include extraction, processing, transmission and consumption. After extraction, natural gas is directed to the gas treatment unit by the collection network. Gas pressure drop is done in gas pressure reduction stations, so pressure reduction station, feeding network and gas distribution network play an important role as process units of gas supply companies. The use of risk assessment techniques in this area to identify high risk cases will allow optimal control of the system. The analysis of major accidents in these stations shows that a large part of the damage and damages of the accidents and the possibility of their occurrence are not only preventable but also predictable, of course, if measures such as identifying the root causes and final consequences and controlling them are carried out in time. Analysis and risk studies are one of the most necessary steps to increase the level of safety in these stations. The complexity and expansion of chemical and process industries lead to high safety risks and disasters in the world. Some of these tragic events are Fizin, Mexico City, Bhopal (India), Piper Alpha (UK), liquid fuel explosion (North Sea) or Chernobyl (Russia). Transportation of hazardous materials is a major source of hazards that threaten many industries as well as the public. These networks of hazardous material transmission lines are distributed among many industries and their customers, including the general population. Although the transportation of hazardous materials by pipelines seems safe, it still involves safety issues. Although the frequency of pipeline accidents is low, their high potential for consequences can affect the low frequency. Accident databases show that pipelines carrying hazardous materials are just as dangerous as refinery facilities. Pipeline industry It has experienced at least 8 major explosions and more than 55 deaths in 2014 alone. Pipelines are placed in areas that are not normally controlled. In addition, pipelines passing through high-risk areas such as congested areas make the situation even more dangerous. Therefore, high potential consequences, lack of control and passing through high-risk areas have made pipelines a serious source of destructive risks. Risk management should be measured according to the organization's policy and risk evaluation approved by the senior management and carried out through the method approved by the organization. According to the process safety management system, it is suggested to identify and evaluate process risks in the stages of installation, pre-commissioning, commissioning and operation, and in case of making any changes in the process, technology and equipment, document the changes in order to prevent the risks. Prepared from the changes. Some of the risks caused by changes are very small and have no harmful effects, so some others leave harmful effects and irreparable damages, for which it is necessary to take the necessary measures. By comparing the scenarios of accidents in different countries without considering their development status, it shows the existence of some common factors between the accidents that took place. The analysis of these incidents has factors such as human error, too much trust in equipment, design problems in operational units and lack of safety, health and environment units. The most important factor in system safety and risk management is the identification and reduction of risk potentials. In order to successfully control and control the risks, you must have a proper understanding of the risks and how to deal with them and how to identify them. In recent years, the lack of safety has become one of the most important issues and problems in the design and operation of operational units. First, due to the complexity of most processes in modern operating units, there are fundamental changes in control strategies and numerous improvements in process capabilities, all of which lead to an increase in operational problems, and second, due to the accidents that we witness every year around the world and cause loss of life, problems Environmental and loss are produced. It is possible to improve the safety of operational units in the stages of design and operation, if the necessary attention is paid to the analysis and identification of process risks. Risk of injury is the risk that occurs to specific individuals or groups exposed to it in any system or process. Accident analysis points to various factors, including human errors, over-reliance on machine safety, plant design problems, lack of preparation to face and deal with critical situations, and non-compliance with HSE rules.The method used in this research is evaluation-analytical. In the current research, in order to compile the theoretical literature, the background of the research and to identify some research criteria, reliable books and researches conducted inside and outside the country, such as reliable domestic and foreign magazines and articles related to the research topic, were used. Some of the domestic publications used can be referred to as articles indexed in Elsevier scientific database, domestic research journals, and Sulica scientific database. By using the fuzzy-Delphi approach, by preparing a questionnaire and interviewing experts, these factors were screened and reduced to the main factors, and at the end, another questionnaire was prepared for pairwise comparisons of the identified factors, whose values were analyzed using the HAZOP method, and the influencing factors. and were identified as effective. HAZOP is a qualitative, systematic, creative and group method that is very easy to learn and is an effective way to identify hazards and system performance problems by determining their effects. The implementation of HAZOP is as follows:1. Knowledge and general understanding of the system2. Dividing the system into functional nodes3. Identify deviations in each node using the keyword4. Determine the main keywords: pressure, temperature, flow, etc5. Use of secondary keywords: not, more than, less than, as well as etc6. Estimating the probability and consequences of deviations7. Determining the risk level of risks using the risk matrix8. Define controls to reduce risksTo perform the HAZOP method, a team of specialists who have sufficient knowledge of the conditions and risks of the gas station must first be formed. The first step is to fully understand the system and process of the gas station, what equipment the station includes, with what features and functions. In the next step, this system is divided into nodes based on the function of each equipment. These nodes include scrubber filter, separator filter, dry filter, regulator and safety valve. After identifying the deviations in each of the nodes, the risks of each node are determined using the main keywords and secondary keywords. Using the severity of incidents in Table No. 1, the probability of incidents in Table No. 2 of the risk matrix is determined according to Table No. 3. Finally, based on the level of risk and risks of deviations in each of the nodes, controls have been recommended.Out of 12 identified risks, 9 risks were in the acceptable risk group and 3 risks were in the undesirable risk group. This result indicates the favorable situation for the existing protections of Bampur gas station. The risk number of 8 for 2 deviations of separator filter and dry filter nodes is due to the structure of these two nodes, which has a filter valve in addition to the flange. Despite the favorable conditions of the station, due to the harmful consequences of deviations, all safety requirements must be met, therefore, safety recommendations including periodic inspection, personnel training, and timely replacement of gaskets and fasteners have been emphasized. From similar researches, we can refer to the research of Donjo and his colleagues in 2010. This article is entitled to collect the literature related to the HAZOP method. In this research, Donjo collected the literature related to the HAZOP method from books, guidelines, standards, large magazines and conferences with the purpose of classification and conducted research over the years to use this method. In the industries discussed, the method and results of the current research are somewhat in line with the reviewed article. In another research in the field, Alfredo improved the conventional HAZOP analysis through the fuzzy multi-attribute HAZOP technique. The results of the research indicate the identification of critical risks in the subsystem, which showed the sensitivity analysis of the reliability and strength of the final rating. The results of this analysis support preventive maintenance by identifying critical monitored points when scaling up biological biogas upgrading processes, which the results of Donjo's research partially overlap with the results obtained in the present study.

Heavy metals, due to their indestructible nature, pose a serious threat to the health of aquatic animals as well as humans if a high concentration of them accumulates in the tissues of aquatic organisms. For this purpose, the present study was done with the aim of investigating native Bunni and Shabout fishes in tropical fish breeding farms of Khuzestan province with the perspective of contamination by heavy metals and risk assessment for consumers. In present study, the concentration level of thirteen heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, tin and zinc), in the muscle tissue of (Mesopotamichthyssharpeyi) and (Barbus gryous) was measured. The results of this study showed that there were no significant difference between the concentration of heavy metals measured in Bunni and Shabout fishes. The findings of the research indicated that iron and arsenic had the highest and lowest concentrations in the muscle tissue of Bunni and Shabout fishes, respectively. Comparison of measured heavy metals with international health standards showed that the concentration of all metals except lead were significantly lower than the permissible limit (p < 0.05). The concentration of lead was significantly higher than the permissible limit (p < 0.05). The assessment of health risk showed that daily and continuous consumption of these products by consumers is completely safe, except for cadmium and lead and there is no risk for them. The average concentration of all measured metals except lead were lower than international standards. The estimation of daily intake of all measured heavy metals except cadmium and lead were less than global standards. The estimation of daily intake in all metals except cadmium and lead showed that the consumption of Shabout and Bunni fish currently does not pose a risk to human health, however, in order to prevent possible contamination in the future, management should pay more attention to these pollutants and their possible sources.

Extensive construction projects such as dam construction, road construction, water transfer, land leveling, and railways are active in the country, and in all these projects, manpower and equipment play an important and decisive role. The purpose of this research is to identify the ergonomic hazards of the office environment and the activity of machinery in the workshop of section 6B of the Chabahar-Zahedan railway project. In order to collect information, questionnaires were compiled and distributed among workshop experts who were a group of senior managers and middle managers of the workshop. After completing the questionnaire, the obtained data were analyzed using the FMEA technique, and three indicators of probability, severity and probability of risk detection and finally the rank of each risk were determined. The results of the risk assessment of the office environment, including the technical office, HSE, human resources and the warehouse, show 17 ergonomic risks in the office environment, the highest risk is related to the warehouse unit with a risk rating of 196 and the risk of moving equipment. Examining the risks of machinery activity shows 18 risks related to excavators, dumpers, rollers, graders and loaders. The highest risk rating is related to the excavator with a risk rating of 192 with the risk of rock fall from the trench. All identified risks are placed in the group of risks with a low risk rating.The trend of accidents in industrial environments has also increased due to the increase in industrial activities, the development of technology and the increase in the use of machines. In traditional systems, investigating the causes of accidents after the occurrence of accidents, irreparable damage is determined, in other words, system or process defects are determined after the accident. Today, due to the existence of different methods of hazard identification and risk assessment, it is possible to determine critical and accident-prone points before an accident occurs and take necessary measures to prevent accidents and control measures. To identify and prioritize risks, the method of risk identification and risk assessment, which is a structured method, can be used. Risk assessment is a logical method that measures the quantitative and qualitative assessment of risks and the investigation of the potential consequences of possible incidents on people, materials, equipment and the environment. In fact, in this way, the effectiveness of the existing control methods is identified and valuable data is provided for making decisions in the field of reducing risks and hazards, improving control systems and planning for them. The information obtained from the risk assessment has three basic uses, which include prioritizing the degree of importance of risks in order to allocate risks for limited financial, technical and human resources in eliminating defects and improving conditions, determining points that need optimization in terms of occupational safety and health, and Their risk should be reduced to the minimum tolerable level, and finally, the content of classic trainings should be determined while working in the field of occupational health and safety. Among the different methods for risk assessment, there is a useful risk assessment method that, in addition to being simple, should be appropriate to the nature of activities, processes, culture, and other characteristics of the organization in question. Among the existing risk assessment methods, there is the method of analysis of failure modes and their effects (FMEA).The present research is an evaluation-analytical method; And it is survey type. To collect and compile information, the method of library studies and compiling a questionnaire was used. Questionnaires were distributed and completed among 20 senior personnel of the workshop, including the workshop manager, deputy workshop manager, machinery manager, HSE manager and other unit managers located in the Chabahar-Zahedan railway workshop complex, workshop 6B. The accuracy and reliability of the questionnaire developed in this research was confirmed by the experts of the workshop, and the reliability of the questionnaire with the analysis done in SPSS software and the use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the reliability was about 0.85. It has been stated that the evidence of optimal and reliable conditions was compiled with a questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire and data analysis, the data was analyzed using the FMEA technique, and three indicators of probability, severity, and probability of risk detection were determined, and finally, the rank of each risk was determined. Then, the ergonomic risks of office personnel and the risks related to the operation of machines were compared. Analyze the identified hazards by considering the risk factors of occurrence (O), severity (S) and detection (D). The main purpose of FMEA is to allow analysts to identify the failure modes of a system, design, process, product or Prioritize services to allocate limited resources to high-risk cases.The prioritization of failure modes in FMEA is determined through the risk priority number (RPN), which is the coefficient of risk factors D, S, and O for each risk, where O stands for the probability of occurrence, S is the severity of the risk, and D is the probability of detecting the risk. and RPN represents the risk priority number. The three risk factors are presented in Tables 1. As mentioned, the RPN number is obtained from the product of the three components of risk probability, risk intensity and risk detection capability according to formula number 1. According to the obtained risk number formula, they are divided into three levels of low risk, risks 1-300, medium risks including risks 301-600, and high risks with RPN 601-1000. The overall flowchart of the study is shown in Figure 2. The steps of the research are:1. Distribution of questionnaires among experts2. Forming a working group of data analysis experts3. Using FMEA technique for risk assessment4. Comparison of ergonomic risks and machines The purpose of this research was to identify the risks in the two fields of ergonomics and machines activity using the FMEA method. The obtained results indicate that 17 identified ergonomic risks have a higher probability of risk and 18 risks related to the activity of machines have a higher risk intensity. The highest risk rating in the two evaluation cases belongs to the risk of moving equipment and tools of ergonomic activity in the warehouse with a risk number of 196 and the lowest risk rating also belongs to ergonomic activities and the potential risk of inappropriate lighting with a risk number of 60. A total of 35 identified risks are in the group of risks with a low risk rating, which is evidenced by the low number of workshop accidents. At the end, suggestions on control measures for ergonomic risks and machinery activity are presented in Table 4.

The occurrence of drought in the Sistan region and the drying up of the Hamon Lake, as well as the 120-day winds, have created suitable conditions for wind erosion and caused a lot of damage to the natural and human life of the region. These factors have caused the movement of loose sand in the region at a high speed and the sand dunes to expand a lot. Field studies indicate that during frequent droughts in the Sistan region, the movement of sand dunes has been so great that it has caused the burial of a large number of rural houses and the loss of agricultural land, which has led to the migration of the natives of the region in recent years. has followed The dangers caused by the displacement of sand dunes at the level of villages include threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public infrastructure, etc. Several factors such as strong and permanent winds, the low slope and low complexity of the plain, the fineness of the soil, successive droughts and the lack of vegetation play a role in the amount of sand movement in the Sistan plain. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the sand dunes of Sistan plain by using time series mineralogy and using Landsat satellite data and to propose some solutions to reduce the movement of sand dunes and in turn, reduce its destructive effects on the lives of the residents of the area. The research was conducted using Landsat satellite images with resolution of 30 meters from 1997 to 2020 to investigate the changes of sand dunes in the Sistan plain. According to the results, the extent of sand dunes in August increased from 8.23% in 1997 to 11% in 2020, and in July from 8.83% to 12.9% of the total area of the studied basin, which is almost the trend. It shows a significant increase. Also, the changes in the area of Hamon Lake from 1997 to 2020 show that the lake's water volume has decreased greatly, and this indicates that the expansion of sand dunes in different years is directly related to the changes in the lake level in different times, and the reason for the displacement of sand dunes is the erosive winds of the region. Which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan) and the most important facies of harvesting are the saline and puffy areas of the Hamun lake bed and the northern plains.On a global scale, the occurrence of storms and floods are among the most destructive natural hazards (Vesterb and et all, 2022), as most accidents are caused by these two hazards (Yakshin and et all, 2022). Hazards mean natural events that potentially cause danger to humans and what is valuable to them. Hazard has the potential to cause damage, for human health, human, economic, educational activity, damage to property, damage to the environment, loss of flora and fauna, pollution and insecurity of natural disasters are dangerous (Rahimi Harabadi, 2019). The active and dynamic nature of the sand dunes causes the movement of sands towards the settlements to be more frequent and creates many dangers such as threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public facilities, and causes financial losses, migration of residents, and finally, a human disaster. (Jadidoleslami, 2019). Therefore, in order to plan fundamentally to solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the sands, the role of the morphometric parameters of the sand dunes in the extent of their displacement, and considering the fact that the area is residential, the risks of the sands are identified and solutions are provided to reduce the risks. Sand dunes in the realm of the wind process are considered to be one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena on the earth's surface, which are affected by the characteristics of wind speed, direction and frequency on the one hand, and on the other hand by the characteristics of the earth's surface and sedimentary materials (Abbasnejad and Zahab Nouri, 2013). The results of studies on a scale of 1:250,000 show that the sand dunes of Iran include 11 sand seas and 39 hill fields that cover approximately 1.1 million hectares (Abbasi et al., 2019). Sandstorms are one of the most important weather phenomena that spread in many deserts and dry areas of the world, and in recent years, they have received a lot of attention, and every year these incidents cause a lot of damage and casualties in all parts of the world.In order to carry out this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the transport areas and possible harvesting areas, and based on the mineralogical characteristics and the examination of the genetic relationship of the samples, the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the place of accumulation of sands, from different points of possible harvesting areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvesting, transportation and sedimentation) was investigated through the physical and chemical analysis of the sediments. Took Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Hirmand-Hamon) were also studied.According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroad’s traffic issues are considered as an important priority.

Using R2, MAE, and RMSE statistical parameters, the feasibility of the LARW-WG model for producing and simulating daily rainfall data in the study areas was examined in this study. As a result, after confirming the model's capability, the HadGEM2 atmospheric general circulation model was used to forecast the changes in rainfall in the study area for the future period of 2021 to 2040. The results showed that at the confidence level of 99% there is no significant difference between the real data and the data obtained from the model, and the model has the necessary efficiency to generate daily data. According to Elshtar stations forecasted climatic parameters, annual rainfall would rise by 3.6 to 9 mm on average, and in Aliguderz station, rainfall will rise by 0.31 to 2.33 mm on average. indicated an improvement. Additionally, it is expected that the precipitation parameter in Kohdasht station would drop from -0.70 to -3.80 mm. Elshtar station showed an increase in all seasons except for spring, and Aligudarz station showed an increase in all other seasons except for summer, with the exception of Kohdasht station, which decreased in all seasons. These findings indicate that the climate in the province of Lorestan will change drastically from the current climate during the next 20 years. Kohdasht station's findings indicate that rainfall will be less than at the other two locations.

Risks in various industries including oil, gas, petrochemical and power plants can have irreparable consequences. Power plants are always exposed to many risks due to the use of flammable materials as fuel and various activities, therefore identifying risks is necessary to prevent accidents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the most important potential risks in the activities of Bampur Gas Power Plant. In this research, by using the FMEA method, the risk assessment of site visit activities, loading and repairs, cutting and working with millstones has been done. After that, hierarchical analysis of criteria and options was done using Waspas software, and finally, the obtained options were prioritized. The obtained results indicated the identification of 16 risk cases, and the hierarchical analysis of the options with the Waspas software showed that the highest preference was given to the option of working with a grinding stone and then visiting the site with a weight of 0.411 and 0.388, and the lowest weight was given to the activity Repairs amount to 0.340.The failure of a system or the occurrence of accidents due to the use of complex systems in today's society can cause disturbances at different levels and even be considered as a threat to society and the environment. That's why everyone is looking for a secure system with low risk probability. This is where the term risk appears to indicate the probability of occurrence and its severity. It is the risk outcome that determines what damage will be caused to the system by the occurrence of each hazard and what environmental consequences it will have afterwards. Based on the definition, risk is defined as the degree of probability and severity of the occurrence of the risk and its consequences. The World Standard Organization's definition of risk includes the possibility of an accident and its consequences. According to the report of the International Organization (ILO), 2 million occupational accidents leading to death and 266 million non-fatal accidents occur every year, the economic consequences of which are equal to 4% of the gross national product. Risk assessment and management is one of the important pillars of HSE management. Organizations must constantly evaluate risks related to HSE. In order to identify specific risks, assess and control risks to an acceptable level, activities must be evaluated. The use of risk assessment as a systematic and organized method to identify risks and risk assessment for risk ranking is to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. Risk assessment has different methods with a range of quantitative and qualitative methods. Due to the importance of identifying and prioritizing the main risks, there are many methods to perform these tasks, and the failure mode and effect analysis method (FMEA) is one of these methods. The FMEA method is one of the main techniques used to identify and analyze relevant risks that are effective in improving safety. In this method, the indicators of a given system are basically used for qualitative analysis. Systems or subsystems of an assembly are examined to assess the effects of potential faults on other system components to identify potential faults. In addition to determining the risk levels of various processes, risk assessment enables us to make appropriate decisions to take the necessary measures to protect people. Safety, because of its general and universal value, all cultures should do their best to maintain and implement it. Risk, safety and its strategies are necessary to implement comprehensive risk and safety management among other countries and organizations. The information obtained from the risk assessment has three basic applications, including determining the points that need to be optimized in terms of occupational safety and health in order to reduce their risk to an acceptable risk, prioritizing the degree of importance of risks to allocate various limited resources, including financial, technical and human resources, it is in removing defects and improving conditions and finally determining the content of on-the-job training in the field of occupational health and safety. Among the existing methods, the method of analysis of failure modes and its effects (FMEA) is a method that has recently been widely used in order to investigate the potential of defects in various products, processes, designs and services. This method analyzes the components of the system and relates the conditions of the components to the conditions of the system and tracks the defects of the components in order to determine its effect on the system. The WASPAS method was proposed by Zavadskas in 2012. This method is one of the relatively new methods of multi-criteria estimation with very high accuracy, which is actually a combination of two methods, the weighted addition model and the weighted multiplication model (WPS3). The accuracy of the WASPAS method is higher than any of the two mentioned methods. The purpose of FMEA is to determine the causes of defects in systems and provide solutions to reduce or eliminate identified defects in order to increase process reliability.The present research is of the type of present research based on evaluation-analytical method; And it is survey type. In this research, using the FMEA method, the most important potential risks of the power plant were analyzed based on pseudo-accidents and power plant accidents. For each potential risk, risk probability, risk severity, risk discovery probability and finally risk rating were determined according to table (1). The focus of the FMEA method is prevention-based and completely subjective. This method requires predicting errors and providing a solution to prevent errors. After determining the risk rating of each activity, using WASPAS software, hierarchical analysis of criteria and options was done, and finally, the prioritization of options was determined. One of the parameters that can be considered in choosing a multi-criteria decision-making method is the accuracy of these models. Also, these researchers suggest that the combination of two models can increase the accuracy of the results of the models. The accuracy of the results of multi-indicator decision making models (WSM) (weighted summation model) and WPS (weighted production model) is relatively well known. Also, the accuracy of composite models has been analyzed by researchers. The results of researchers' studies have confirmed that the accuracy of the combined model is much higher compared to the accuracy of these models before being combined. One of these combined models is the cumulative weight production evaluation model (Wasps). This model can be highly effective in complex decision-making problems, and the results obtained from this model are highly accurate. The model process is as follows:First step: obtaining and standardizing the decision matrix;The second step: calculating the variance of the values of the initial normalized criteriaThird step: calculation of variancesFourth step: Calculate Qi and to rank the optionsThe purpose of this research was to identify and analyze potential risks in the power plant using the combination of FMEA and Waspas methods. In total, site visit activities, repairs, loading, cutting and using grinding stones; A total of 16 risks were identified, and among the 16 identified risks, noise pollution and vibration in the power plant were assigned the highest degree of risk probability with the number 7 and 5, respectively. The highest risk intensity number is number 9, which includes the activities of visiting the combustion chamber, air cutting, repairs and loading. The most important control measures proposed to reduce the risk of loading activity are periodic inspection of equipment and use of rigger. For the site visit activity, the proposed measures include rotating visits of the personnel to the site and placing a camera and an emergency way in the place of the combustion chamber. Suitable control measures for repair activities are the use of personal protective equipment and periodic inspection of the used equipment. Considering the preference of working with a grinding stone due to the possibility of breaking the grinding plate and other things, safety glasses and helmets should be used when working with it. Bahrami et al. (2017) conducted a research titled environmental risk assessment of Kermanshah Petrochemical Complex using FMEA method. that the result of the research was the expression of more fuzzy noise pollution, which is in line with some of the results of the present research.

The study aimed at investigating the groundwater quality for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses by Wilcox and Schuller diagrams using Chemistry Software, Langelier Saturation Index (Is) and evaluating hazards caused by physical-chemical compounds using the health hazard parameters such as chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) in EPA formulas in some parts of the Shiraz Plain, Central Fars Province. First, the data of 10 quality parameters affecting above-mentioned uses, including EC, Ca2+, K+, PH, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, TH, Mg2+ and TDS were collected corresponding to the study area’s 22 wells and their normal distribution was ensured. Regarding Wilcox and Schuller quality indices, the groundwater is classified as average for agricultural uses and as acceptable for drinking use. According to the Langelier Saturation Index, the existing water resources were reported corrosive to scale forming. During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. Thus, the programs such as water resources management and announcement of banned situation for the plain should be applied to improve the water quality over time.This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The studied area is a part of the Shiraz plain with an area of 278 hectares, where the wells supplying the city's water are located. There are 22 active drinking water wells in this area, which are mostly located in the urban context. In this study, the parameters of sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hardness, total dissolved solids and pH were investigated as parameters of resource quality indicators listed in the guidelines book of the World Health Organization. These parameters can affect the taste, smell, and appearance and generally acceptability of water.

During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. To investigate the spatial variations of groundwater quality in respect of drinking, agricultural and industrial water uses, various studies have been done across Iran based on the Schuller and the Wilcox diagrams and the Langelier Saturation Index. The results of the present study were in good agreement with the studies carried out by Jafari and Bakhshandehro (2014) in Isfahan Province, Rostamzadeh et al. (2015) in the Hastijan Plain, Mohammadyari and Basiri (2017) in the arid areas of Mehran and Dehloran, and Rafi Sharif et al. (2017) in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain. Therefore, considering the low quality of the groundwater, especially in the around wells, it is suggested that, in addition to prohibition of drilling new wells, the amount of water discharge from the aquifers is managed. Regarding the reduction of surface water input to the region in the recent years and the increase of pressure on the plain’s aquifer, the farming type must be changed based on detailed studies and the salt resistant crops needing less water should be developed. To manage the water resources, the qualitative and quantitative maps of the region’s water should be prepared and analyzed using the modern and precise geo-statistical methods once every couple of years. The capability of increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture was not fully implemented. It is recommended to carry out applied and basic studies for producing aridity-tolerant and salt resistant crops and inventing irrigation methods and technics compatible with the region’s current conditions. It must be cared that the application of new irrigation technologies is consistent with the climatic and agricultural conditions. The data of this study showed that one of the issues of the available water resources in Shiraz plain was the high amount of their salt and soluble materials indicating the significant impact of the geological formations (evaporates, shales, carbonates) and the salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of their quality. Thus, the ongoing programs such as announcement of banned plains must be continued to improve the water quality over time.

The results of the study indicated that the water resources of the study area were within the range of waters with completely hard origin. Generally, the increase of salts and soluble materials in water results in the reduction of groundwater quality. The chemical quality type of the aquifer’s water samples was of bicarbonate and sulfate type and their facies was calcic.According to the Schuller diagram, 11 wells of the region (37%) classified as good and acceptable in respect of drinking and were potable. Only two wells (7%) classified in the average group and the remaining 16 wells (55%) were in inappropriate, completely inappropriate and non-potable groups. Considering agriculture, the Wilcox diagram showed that 24% of the Plain’s wells classified as good to permissible and 14% were in the permissible to doubtful group (farming salt resistant crops).Meanwhile, most of the region’s wells (62%) classified as unsuitable for agriculture. Considering the Langelier Saturation Index, 76% of the aquifer’s wells were in the scale-forming category and the remaining ones were in the corrosive category in the industrial respect. Although, the government has made some efforts to constrain groundwater level drop in the context of various projects, but they were not sufficient. Most of the works carried out in the banned plains, were physical, structural and supply management actions, while it might be addressed by the demand management. Since the available water resources are limited and the final cost of water discharge increases, it is necessary to encourage the users to allocate water to the plans with the maximum efficiency per one unit of water. Analysis of the all-over cost of the user’s plans is critical for their comparison and prioritization. Considering the above discussions, some recommendations are given in the following sections to reduce excessive discharge of groundwater.

FMEA is one of the experienced and very useful methods for identifying, classifying, analyzing faults, and assessing the risks arising from them. This study aims to identify, evaluate, prioritize, and analyze the risks associated with the equipment of Sahand municipal wastewater disinfection unit using traditional and fuzzy FMEA method. The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study that was conducted in a period of about 6 months. First, a team of 5 experts was formed and the traditional FMEA worksheet was completed. Then the fuzzy functions were determined by the MATLAB program according to the opinions of experts and the severity, probability of occurrence, and probability of detection and risk priority number (RPN) became fuzzy. According to the fuzzy logic outputs, the risks were prioritized and corrective measures were proposed according to the type of risk. In this study, a total of 28 faults were identified for chlorination unit equipment. The traditional FMEA results showed that a total of 28 faults (100%) identified for the equipment of the Sahand municipal wastewater chlorination unit is in the low-risk range. While according to the results of fuzzy FMEA, one fault (3.6%) is in the low-risk range, 24 faults (85.7%) are in the medium-risk range and 3 faults (10.7%) are in the high-risk range. The results of the risk assessment of the chlorination unit of Sahand municipal wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy FMEA are more accurate and better compared to traditional FMEA. Using experts’ opinions in risk assessment using fuzzy FMEA leads to more realistic results as well as better and clearer prioritization of corrective actions.

Safety is the distance from potential hazards, which includes a set of actions, regulations, and activities performed to prevent and reduce accidents by eliminating or controlling hazards. Human error has long been considered as one of the important factors in the occurrence of accidents and disruption of planned performance. Given that the types of behaviors performed by operators are affected by specific conditions, so the identification and evaluation of factors affecting human performance due to the great impact of these factors on the performance of the operator during the task, to prevent or reduce human error to improve safety In industry, it is considered a necessity. Since in the industry of Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk company, the existence of various processes that directly depend on the operation of the operator and creating errors in the performance of the task by the operator can cause heavy human and financial losses. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate human error in the occurrence of occupational accidents in Pegah Golpayegan Pasteurized Milk Company.

The present study was conducted in Golpayegan pasteurized milk production company in the spring and summer of 1400. In the first stage of occupational accidents for a period of 5 years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016), the factory was examined and then the HET technique was used to determine human error. The statistical population of the present study was all accident workers for 5 years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016) who were selected and surveyed by census method. Document review, observation and interview methods were used to collect data related to occupational accidents. The HET human error technique worksheet was used to determine human error. After an initial visit to the Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk production plant and a preliminary assessment of the working environment, the personnel files of all the victims along with the reports of accidents were reviewed over a period of five years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016). A person involved in the accident was extracted and registered. Factors examined include age, work experience, occupation, marital status, injured member, cause of accident, time and shift of the accident. Inclusion criteria were having at least one year of work experience. Finally, the safety performance of the factory in the past year was collected and recorded using available statistics and files. Then human error was investigated using HET technique. So that the workstation of people who had an accident from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016 was selected and their human error was investigated and recorded in the HET worksheet.

Studies showed that a total of 19 accidents occurred in this 5-year period. The mean age and work experience of the injured were 37.21 and 10.84 years, respectively. The highest frequency of accidents was recorded in October with 31.57%. Hand and finger with a frequency of 64.42% was the most injured organ. In terms of injury outcome, limb amputation occurred with a frequency of 36.84% more than other outcomes. Body contact with sharp and winning objects with a frequency of 36.84% has been the main cause of accidents in the pasteurized milk industry. 36.84% of accidents occurred between 9 and 12 noon. The average number of lost work days was 13.36 days per accident, and the occurrence of 19 accidents in the mentioned 5-year period resulted in 254 lost work days. The study of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory showed that according to the quantity and quality of accidents, the studied factory was in a more favorable situation in terms of accident rate and severity of accidents than the dairy industry.Examination of human error status showed that more than 80% of human errors detected in various work processes were at an acceptable level. However, it is necessary to take control and preventive measures against identified errors with high risk, due to the importance of human error in the occurrence of occupational accidents in this factory. Investigation of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory in a 5-year period and comparison of accident rates with different industries in different studies showed that due to the quantity and quality of accidents, the studied factory is more favorable than other industries in terms of accident rates and There have been a number of accidents that have occurred, the most important reasons for which can be the mechanization of the production line and minimizing the involvement of manpower in the work process. Also, due to the establishment of the HSE unit, which has existed since the beginning of the industry, accident hotspots have been identified in the industry and potential hazards have been controlled. Investigation of accidents and comparison of results with the findings of other studies showed that the victims had a low age and work experience. Due to the hours lost due to accidents, it was determined that most of the accidents were not very severe and people returned to work after a few days. The findings of this study have shown that the main cause of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory is the existence of sharp and sharp surfaces such as metal can lids or metal sheets available for making cans and colliding with people or these surfaces. Eliminating unsafe conditions can reduce the rate of accidents related to this factor. These measures include not placing metal sheets in the traffic lane and using anti-cut gloves when working. Considering that an important part of accidents is the result of human behavior and error, which in the safest conditions of this factor can lead to an accident, the study of human error status of more than 80% of human errors identified in various work processes has been at an acceptable level. However, due to the importance and role of human error in the occurrence of accidents, it is necessary to control and follow up with effective measures of identified errors that have a high risk.

Abstract The development of safety in various industries, especially the oil and gas and petrochemical industries is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize HSE risks. For this purpose, in this study, the data envelopment analysis approach was used. The method of data collection in this study was a questionnaire on the degree of importance of risks. The software used in this research was DEA SOLVER. The case study of this research was Lordegan Petrochemical Company. According to the results of this study, the most important HSE risk indicators include: ergonomic problems during computer use, unpleasant odor during activity, inhalation of chemicals during activity, exposure to chemicals during work activity, burns during welding, head collision with obstacles during activity, exposure At high temperatures, there were scratches during handling, exposure to chemical fumes and falling pallets. The results of this study also showed that the most important HSE risk factors in Lordegan Petrochemical Company included exposure to chemicals as well as temperature conditions.

Tremendous growth of carbon monoxide poisoning statistics in recent years in Isfahan province shows the unfavorable condition of residential buildings for the use of thermal energy production system, which contradicts the objectives of national building regulations. The process of producing thermal energy using natural gas in buildings is subject to the energy contained in the system components. The unintended release or conversion of these energies into each other is due to the occurrence of emissions and increased carbon monoxide concentrations purposes. Thus, the present study was conducted in 1977 with the aim of identifying and managing effective risks using the ET & BA method which is a suitable tool for identifying errors by tracking the energies in it. Experts' verbal variables in the fuzzy environment were used to allocate the risks. The results showed that kinetic energy is one of the most important energies of the system and human errors during operation are the most risk factors. The inability of human senses to detect carbon monoxid emissions, is the most important stakes , the use of carbon monoxide detectors and alarms , extensive training for users through medias and implementation of 22 national building regulations were recommended as safeguards.

Oil and petroleum products have a lot of environmental and safety risks that failing to observe the safety and environmental regulations cause damage to humans and the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and environmental risk assessment in the process of discharging petroleum products at the gasstation by the FMEA method (a case study of Shahin Shahr city). In this research, safety and environmental hazards at the time of discharge of petroleum products, including gasoline at the gas station, were evaluated and assessed by the questionnaire and its distribution among the experts identified. The FMEA methodology identified the identified risks. . The results of this study indicate that the risk associated with the installation of panels containing environmental warnings to prevent the spillage of the product has been identified as the most significant risk.

Marine ecosystems are contaminated with heavy metals through industrial discharge, agricultural and urban ‎runoff, ‎and municipal waste. Aquatic organisms in such waters, so, are presumably to be contaminated with ‎heavy metals and unsafe for consumption‏.‏‎ This research was done in the coastal regions of Bushehr in 2016‎‏ ‏to ‎determine the heavy metal (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni) concentrations in white shrimp (Metapenaeus‏ ‏Affinis) and ‎their consumption risk. Shrimp samples were collected from several stations of Bushehr coastal regions ‎randomly‏ ‏using the boat and fishing net. the Preparation and analysis of the shrimp samples were done based ‎on the standard methodology‏ ‏and the concentrations of the heavy metals‏ ‏were determined using the flame ‎atomic absorption spectroscopy. Estimation the daily intake and potential risk of heavy metals resulted from ‎shrimp consumption were performed according to the program of the EPA. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, ‎Mn, and Ni in shrimp muscle were 130.02, 65.61, 35.81, 10.2 and 10.66 mg/kg dry weight respectively. Based on ‎the results, the concentration of Fe, Zn, and Cu were lower than world standards. The Ni concentration was ‎significantly higher than the FDA but lower than other standards. The estimated daily and weekly intakes were ‎observed lower than the reference dose presented by EPA. In the present situation, this shrimp species were ‎found to be safe for consumption and continuous consumption‏ ‏‎(70 years) causes not non-carcinogenic ‎effect.‎

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is considered an important plant fibers and was cultivated 150-200000 ha in Iran. Damage of pests has been estimated more than 30 percent in Iran. Chemical insecticide like Endosulfan or Metasystox that has adverse effects on the environment are traditionally sprayed 10 to 12 times on cotton during the growing season. In order to reduce the use of pesticide, Bt cotton technology was introduced by developed countries. This method has many advantages, including minimized use of pesticides, better control of insects and pests and more efficient fibers. Although the availability of transgenic seeds is the first controlling factor, but there is urgent need for to produce modern Bt cultivars and also create and improve awareness among farmers about this product. Nowadays there is an increasing trend to use of Bt cotton Due to its significant benefits. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the scientific aspects of risk assessment of transgenic Bt cotton cultivation.

Nowadays environmental pollutants, heavy metals attracted many researchers as one of the most important factors are threatening humans in many areas. The present study was done in order to determine concentrations of heavy metals, He, Pb, Cd and As in the two species fish Tor grypus and Capoeta capoeta in Helle River from Bushehr in 2014. In this research 60 samples of fish were prayed from Helle River. Evaluation of heavy metals was occurred by atomic absorption Perkin Elmer 4100. The concentration of heavy metals mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in two fish species were 0.0604-0.0755, 0.213-0.255, 0.108-0.134 and 0.109-0.142 mg/kg. In this study, the risk index heavy metals mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic about Tor grypus and Capoeta capoeta fish consumption by adults was lower than 1, but risk factor for mercury, cadmium and lead for children was higher than more 1, respectively. Concentration of Pb in two fish species was higher than more other metals (P

In the early stages of the emergence of new technologies, technological risks scrutiny and consideration of advantages and problems arising from it, often accompanied with insufficient knowledge about the subject and its unfair analysis. In recent decades, due to the significant progress in synthetic biology, discussions about the benefits and potential risks to human health and environment and the social, economic and ecological effects, has been intensified. Now the question that arises in the scientific and legal community that is there strategies to achieve an acceptable level of safety in relation to this technology? Since assessments conducted based on the precautionary principle, focus should be on the cases that maybe have severe complications and uncontrolled and irreversible effects. However, it should be noted that the closest technology to synthetic biology is genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms. To determine legal framework for activities in synthetic biology field, transgenic existing laws should be revised and according to differences and similarities between them, framework laws to be set for synthetic biology. In this article some aspects of safety, possible risks and legal structures for synthetic biology are described.

1. During the past fifty years’ air pollution impacts has been proven to the scientific and medical societies. The air human inhales continuously are significant to his health regardless of race, location and level of health. Children, elders and cardiovascular and pulmonary patients are the most sensible ones compared to the others. But healthy adults could be also damaged by destructive effects of contaminated air while acting at low quality atmosphere.
2. Methodology Study area
The Shrine’s parking area is included of four sub-areas that nine evaluation stations are installed in them and one station is installed in the outside air to determine the quality differences of inner and outer air. Sampling Method Sampling is accomplished for three times in fall and spring employing Carbon sorbent tube method and Chromatography. Before sampling in the initial step method validation, method optimization and preparation of standard solution was done in the Lab which took about two months. According to utilized method a sorbent tube of SKC Company is installed at the crossing path of the air to the sampling pump while the mass flow of air is low. Then using digital calibrator, the sampling pump is aligned to the mass flow of 100 ml per minute. Afterwards the sampling procedure would be accomplished for five hours in which 30 liters of air would be collected for each station. During installing and sampling the mass flow of the pump was aligned by Rotameter calibrated by another flow meter that its calibration plot was accessible for different times. The sorbent tube is installed vertical in the area of the staff inhalation. To determine CDI proposed equation by RAIS are employed. These equations consider human inhalation exposed to each of pollutants separately. Noncarcinogenic impacts of the pollutants are calculated by eq (1).
3. Evaluation of cancer risk: In the issue of carcinogenic impacts, the minimum contacts to carcinogenic pollutants could be resulted in cancer. Using Table 1 cancer CDI of cancer risk unit is calculated. According to Table 3-6 the maximum risk exists in stations six, nine and four respectively and the minimum risk exists for stations one and ten. The total risk for station six depicts that probable hazard of cancer is 176 per 1000000 people.
4. Concentration of pollutants in fall is greater than concentration of pollutants in spring. Noncarcinogenic CDI in all stations except station one and station ten is upper than one which conclude adverse effects on staff of the parking area. The maximum cancer risk is 176 per 1000000 people at the sixth station. Benzene plays the most significant role in both CDI and risk index.
5. Recommendations
Due to high concentration of pollutants in the most stations appropriate air conditioning system could solve the problem significantly. In other way protective masks and changing place of parking staff to the other parts are recommended