sea

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

 The importance of the sea and coasts and their role in the geopolitics of the world is undeniable and it is necessary to pay attention to it. The plan of power development (winning the war at sea) means challenging and risking a serious conflict with another sea power is established. This article examines four case studies, three of which study the naval ideals of the great nationalist powers of the 19th and 20th centuries, and one case study examines China's recent ambition to achieve naval capabilities and the desire to become a great world power. This research focuses on the maritime nationalism of these countries in the context of their distinct geopolitical conditions and the challenges of their continental security interests, and explains the failures of the maritime expansionism of France and Germany; And in relation to the single case of China, it studies the material and nationalistic sources of China's maritime ambitions. It also analyzes China's recent naval expansionism in the context of China's post-Cold War geopolitical context, considers the prospect of China's success, and examines its implications for major powers such as the United States.

This research is practical in terms of type and has been discussed with the method of historical comparative analysis.

This research suggests that maritime nationalism, as opposed to "realistic strategic considerations or an unrelenting drive for security or immediate national security interests," drives costly revisionist incentives and counter-strategic maritime achievements that divert attention from realistic policymaking. That is, this strategy (maritime nationalism) often contributes to the failure of important strategies.

Nationalist movements explain not only the costly failures of French and German naval ambitions discussed in this article, but also the failed naval ambitions of France in the early 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars, Russian naval ambitions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japanese naval ambitions In 1930, it also explains and concludes the naval ambitions of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

The sea is an important place where borders and border arrangements are multiplying, and it is a place where countries' maritime surveillance policies and strategies can be examined. The goal of national governments in maritime interception is to make their maritime territories impervious to undesirable elements and at the same time remain permeable to desirable groups and individuals as well as certain goods and services. The immigration policies of destination countries play an important role in the expansion of migration routes and smuggling operations. At the same time as the authorities make offshore arrangements, people smuggling operations also change their tricks and routes. All over the world, the intensification of border measures leads to the complexity of smuggling networks, and they are likely to take measures that increase the risk and cost of migrants' journeys. Interception at sea provides the possibility of spatial and geographical stretching of borders and has made maritime borders mobile. Migrants who are detained at sea are basically arrested for a crime they have not yet committed because they have not yet crossed the borders of their destination country. Countries of origin, destination and transit have each adopted different maritime strategies to contain and block the sea routes of illegal immigrants and it is important to identify and analyze these strategies.

This research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Part of the information of this research has been prepared and analyzed through documents and libraries, and in the other part, it has been tried as much as possible from the information and data available on the websites of the International Organization for Migration, EU border guard and other databases related to migrants and maritime transit should be used.  In this article, three types of spatial strategies in the field of maritime border arrangements in three separate regions are examined. In all three discussed regions, the destination countries take measures based on the concept of externalization. These measures are carried out with the aim of preventing immigrants from entering the sovereign territory and preventing access to a range of legal rights, social services and economic facilities.

The argument of this research is that the new geographies of executive measures have gained a special place and a set of spatial tracking strategies has cast a shadow over all territories where executive measures are applied. This research tries to identify these types of patterns in areas where national governments have invested heavily in maritime surveillance. To trace these patterns, the United States' maritime interception strategies and arrangements in the Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans, Australia's actions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the operations of EU member states in the Mediterranean have been used as examples

The investigation of the maritime interception strategy shows that the national governments exercise their sovereignty with a geographically flexible method and while encroaching on the territory of others, they push their borders to the offshore side. As a result, the peripheral areas of the dominant powers' sovereignty are both ambiguous and flexible. The borders of powerful destination countries are less permeable and according to maritime interception strategies, they have expanded towards the sovereign territory of other countries. On the contrary, the borders of less powerful countries of origin and transit have become more permeable and are increasingly out of the control of their sovereignty.

The goal of this study is identifying opportunities and utilizing them due to developing Babolsar township marine and beach sports.Mixed research method has been done in two levels qualitatively and quantitatively.In qualitative level the opportunities have been determined in qualification level by semi-structured interview and then a questionnaire has been codified and it distributed among 25 human samples.In quantitative level in three rounds by Delfi method, as in first and second round the answer of questions was in type of yes or no questions and in third round, the questionnaire has been distributed in 5dimensions among samples with the 5-point Likert value.Statistical society includes professional of physical education and science sport,masters of tourism,masters of economic,province and township youth and sport department, coaches and national heroes of marine and beach courses.Friedman Test has been used In order to analyze data from SPSS software and rank the dimensions and variables. The findings shows that the geographical-tourism and infrastructure dimension is the most important dimension in this study which the existence of river and sea and beach has been determined as the most important opportunities in this dimension.The other dimensions have been determined in order of importance in geographical-tourism and infrastructure dimension, economical, human resources, management-communicative and cultural-social. It has been suggested to sport managers of the country and Mazandaran province due to determined opportunities reference of dimensions according to the ranks in this study and similar studies proceed to utilize them in order to develop marine and beach sports of Babolsar Township.