threats

In the coming decades, feeding the world's expanding population nutritiously and sustainably will require major improvements in the global food system worldwide. In this research, as a sustainable agricultural and food system, the topic of agricultural added value and sustainable agricultural export and import is mentioned, and these indicators are considered to be a function of temperature, precipitation, inflation and exchange rate. The Midas model was used for fitting and it was concluded that the variables of exchange rate and inflation have a significant effect in all equations and temperature has a significant effect on added value and exports and the amount of precipitation in none of The investigated equations have no significant effect. The reason for the non-significance of the amount of precipitation is due to the small amount of precipitation in Iran as a whole, only the northern provinces and a small part of the western provinces of the country can produce rain due to the influence of the amount of precipitation and in the rest In the regions of the country, regardless of the amount of rainfall in the studied years, agricultural crops are cultivated with successive irrigations. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities.

Reptiles are important components of natural ecosystems but because of limited dispersal ability they are sensitive to habitat destruction, road development and climate change. However, very little is known about their diversity and distribution in protected areas of Iran. In this study, reptiles of Touran Biosphere Reserve were collected, photographed and identified from 2014 to 2021. Results showed that 36 reptile species including 20 lizards, 15 snakes and 1 tortoise are living in the Touran Biosphere Reserve. Families Agamidae and Gekkonidae where the most diverse families among the lizard species and family Colubridae was the most diverse family among the snake species. Testudo horsfieldii and Varanus griseus are species with conservation concern thus they need special conservation programs.

Great bustard as a globally threatened species faces extinction risk in Iran. Great Bustard’s habitat is strongly destructed by agricultural activities and land use change. Urgent integrated activities are obligatory to save it from extinction vortex. Great bustard faces with different levels of threats that put it at the extinction risk like very low abundance, agricultural activities especially in the breeding season, waste mismanagement which attract wild and domestic predators, collecting and even touching the eggs. Stopping farm crops’ harvest for three consecutive years, or to postpone harvesting time while keeping Great bustard strips, phylogenetic study to determine the closest donor population, waste management, predators controlling, species ringing and satellite tracking are some of the high priority activities should be considered.