use changes

Today, cities are considered one of the most important centers in the consumption of resources and energy and the producer of air pollutants, especially greenhouse gases, due to their population density and all kinds of social and economic activities, so that cities around the world consume about three-quarters of the natural resources needed by the world.Energy is a vital resource needed in industrial and agricultural production, transportation, human quality of life, etc.In recent decades, environmental challenges and problemsaboutenergy have become one of human concerns.Due to human activities such as: Fossil fuelconsumption, deforestation and environmental degradation, greenhouse gas volumes in the atmosphere have increased, and global temperatures have increased day by day. Among greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide accounts for about 60 percent of all greenhouse gases and has the greatest impact on global warming. 81% of all greenhouse gases are also obtained from fossil fuel consumption, which increases carbon dioxide emissions and other pollutants, including suspended particles, and ultimately leads to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels in various forms of Road Transport include: cars, trucks, motorcycles and buses. 60% of the traffic is caused by "cars, motorcycles and buses" and the remaining 40% of the road transport is "trucks". According to the World Bank, in 2020 between Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia became one of the largest carbon emitters in the Asia-Pacific region with 590 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions, ranking second in Malaysia.In this regard, to determine the extent of the impacts on the environment, the most important and comprehensive quantitative indicator presented among the indicators of Sustainable Development Evaluation in this field are the indicators of "ecological footprint and carbon footprint", developed two decades ago by William Rees and Dr. Mattis walkernagel. Currently, Iran's ecological footprint is 22/3, and while the biological capacity is 74/0, we are facing an ecological deficit equivalent to 48/2, which shows the deterioration of the environmental situation and theexcessiveexploitation of Natural Resources and the pressure on the environment. Iran is also the sixth largest greenhouse gasproducer in the world, relying on non-renewable sources for energy consumption, which has led toincreased emissions and bio-deficits. Forests are important in keeping carbon outside its natural cycle for a long time. So the best way to stop the increase in carbon can be to create the right forests, because on a global scale, forests are the largest carbon dioxide absorber on the rise. Numerous internal and external research has been conducted on ecological footprints, which, according to the results obtained from them, have mostly faced a lack of green space compared to this type of gas . today, cities are exposed to a variety ofenvironmental pollution such as soil, air, water, etc. due to the increase in population, and have put more pressure on life support systems than their capacity. One of the most important of these pollutants is the pollution caused by fossil fuels, which are mostly consumed in transportation or in factories. Due to theincrease in the use of fossil fuels in cities, the volume of carbon dioxide gas, one of the most importantgreenhouse gases, has increased, negatively changing the climate of cities or the climate of the country in general. One of the most fundamental ways to sustain the urban environment and deal with the pollution crisis is to protect and develop urban green spaces. Because the ecological footprint of carbon dioxide gas is a part of the forest that is needed to stop this type of gas emitted from fossil fuel. Bostanabad is a city in the East Azerbaijan province, located 45 kilometers east of Tabriz on the transit route of Tabriz-Mia and Tabriz-Sarab and Ardabil، In recent years, this has led to trucking and transportation services being ranked among the most deliberate businesses in the city. It is located between Tabriz and middle cities and is geographically located between 46 degrees 30 minutes and 47 degrees 14 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees 32 minutes and 38 degrees 4 minutes north latitude. The area of the city is 997/2794 square kilometers, which accounts for 6/4 percent compared to the total area of the province. The city today consists of four historical neighborhoods called skikand, bostanabad Aliya and bostanabad sefli and Kara-Kure, each of which was an independent village in the not-so-distant past. Increasing emissions of carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere are the most important causes of this type of challenge. But the most important source of gas emissions is fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel and oil, which are used to generate energy in urban areas. This research is applied and analytical in nature. The current research statistical community is the entire city of bostanabad. The study used written documents and statistical data taken from the Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province and the energy petroleum products statistics of the entire country for the year 1399-1398. Taking into account the importance of the subject in this study, we have tried to evaluate the volume of carbon dioxide gas by using the IPPC method first. So first, the annual fuel consumption and the amount of dioxide gas produced, and then the ecological footprint of this type of gas is calculated. So that a good estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide gas produced from the fossil fuels of the city of bostanabad and the ecological footprint resulting from it is done. The results of the evaluation and calculation indicate that since the city is located on the transit road and has a high traffic rate, and also given that in recent years, driving jobs, especially heavy cars, have increased in the city, as a result, a significant part of the fuel consumption of cars and trucks is carried out in the city, which has increased the amount of ecological footprint and pollution caused by transportation. In other words, during the day, the number of passengers to this area, whether in terms of work, education, circulation, etc., has increased the fuel consumption of gas stations in the city, which is impossible to assess. Therefore, the study was conducted using statistics and authoritative documents related to the city of bostanabad and related computational methods, during which it was concluded that the ecological footprint of CO2 gas produced from fossil fuels especially gas oil(diesel), has been increasing over the years. That is, the use of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel in the city of bostanabad has increased due to the location of the city on the transit route, especially during the years 1399-1398, and the volume of carbon dioxide emitted from gasoline and diesel fuels in 1398 was equivalent to 1434181 and 3672921 tons respectively, and in 1399 it was equal to 1137533 and 4248367 tons. Also, during the results the ecological footprint of this type of fuel during the years mentioned was 5331 and 7/5534 hectares, respectively. However, the area of green space in the city was about 20/67 hectares in 1398 according to the Statistical Yearbook and 1096 hectares in 1399. In addition, the per capita biological footprint of fossil fuel consumption for each citizen of the city of bostanabad in the years 1399-1398 was equal to 92 and 89 square meters of green space respectively. And this is despite the fact that the green space of the city of bostanabad in 1398 was about 20/68 hectares and per capita of each citizen 61/6 square meters(Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province, 1398). Also in 1399, the green space of the city studied was 180 hectares and per capita each citizen was 14/17 square meters(Statistical Yearbook of the East Azerbaijan province, 1399). Taking into account the calculations made in this regard, if we base the year 1399. In addition, the per capita biological footprint of fossil fuel consumption for each citizen of the city of bostanabad in the years 1399-1398 was equal to 92 and 89 square meters of green space respectively. And this is despite the fact that the green space of the city of bostanabad in 1398 was about 20/68 hectares and per capita each citizen was 61/6 square meters. Also in 1399, the green space of the city studied was 180 hectares and per capita each citizen was 14/17 square meters. Taking into account the calculations made in this regard, if we base the year 1399, in addition to the available green space, each citizen of the city of bostanabad has 29.61 square meters of additional green space to absorb the effects of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas. To deal with such a crisis, the municipality is obliged to provide control solutions in the field, to deal with the environmental crisis, to develop and protect the green space of the city, which in the end, according to the results of the calculations, the amount of ecological footprint of the city was greater than its biological capacity, and to prevent and reduce this, the municipality of bostanabad should focus more on implementing appropriate policy for the development and protection of urban green space.

In this research, to anticipate the effects of climate change on the precipitation of selected stations in East Azerbaijan province, including Ahar, Maragheh, Mianeh, Jolfa, Sarab, and Tabriz stations, which had 29-year common statistical data from 1985 to 2014, with The use of LARS-WG6 model were studied. In this research, the effectiveness of the LARW-WG model for generating and simulating daily data of temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours in the study area was investigated using the statistical parameters R2, MAE, and RMSE. The results showed that at the confidence level of 99%. There is no significant percentage difference between the real data and the data obtained from the model, and the model has the necessary efficiency to generate daily data, therefore, after ensuring the model's ability, using HadGEM2 atmospheric general circulation model under RCP 2.6 scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 in the next two periods from 2021 to 2040 were forecasted for the rainfall changes in the studied area. The results of forecasting the average annual rainfall changes of the studied stations of East Azerbaijan province in the statistical period of 2021-2040 showed that According to RCP 2.6, precipitation will increase in all the studied stations in the next 20 years, but according to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, we will see an increase in precipitation only in Jolfa station, and in the rest of the studied stations, precipitation will increase by will be significantly reduced.Climate change is one of the most important and complex concerns of the current and future centuries. The dangerous effects of climate change on human life will cover almost all aspects of life. Drought, rising sea levels, violent storms, reduction of freshwater resources, warming of the air, forest fires, and desertification are among these effects (Mohammadi et al., 1400). Climate change is one of the most important ecological problems of the 21st century. According to the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, these global changes are most likely caused by human factors. Various studies show that this phenomenon can have negative effects on various systems of water resources, agriculture, the environment, industry, and the economy. Forecasting the quantity and quality of climatic changes is one of the complex issues that have occupied the minds of climatologists. Now, with the help of obtaining new technologies and possessing multiple series of necessary data of climatic variables and with the help of knowledge to understand the relationships between these variables, basic steps have emerged in understanding and predicting climatic trends, in such a way that now Computer models all respond to climate forecasting issues and factors affecting climate change within their capabilities (Darvand et al., 1400). Currently, the most reliable and developed tool for investigating climate change and its impacts is the 3D Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (AOGCM). The AOGCM model is based on physical laws. These relationships are resolved in a three-dimensional network around the world. The presented models show climate parameters in the future (until 2099) for different emission periods. By using these methods with different climatic variables, the effects of climate change on the variability and adaptation of plants can be investigated.The research method in this study relies on the LARS WG model. After sorting, processing data, and preparing input files, finally, the model studied in this research was finally implemented for the basic course. In the next step, using the mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and the root mean square error (RMSE) to evaluate the data generated from this model and the real data available in the basic period became After checking the results of the confidence stage and evaluating the capability of the LARS-WG model for simulating meteorological data by considering the low values of the error measurement indices and the high values of the calculated coefficient of determination, the new version of LARS WG6 was used in this research. The required data including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours are collected from the synoptic station of East Azarbaijan province and given as input to the model. The data simulated by the CMIP5 atmospheric general circulation model is related to the period 2021-2040, which under the scenarios of RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 by the LARS-WG model compared to the base period 2014-1985 in the scale of the studied stations. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the average of the calculated profiles for the above model, it has been obtained. In the current research, it has given appropriate and favorable results regarding the study of the effects of climate change scenarios on the precipitation of East Azarbaijan province in the direction of microscale. CMIP5 models are used in LARS-WG6 software, which is one of the most famous and important models for generating random weather data. This model is used to generate the values of precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and sunshine hour in a station, regarding the basic climate conditions as well as the future. For this reason, the study has been done on various stations of the studied area. The daily temperature and precipitation data of 6 stations of East Azarbaijan Province, including Jolfa, Ahar, Sarab, Tabriz, Mianeh, and Maragheh stations, were used for exponential micro-scale as well as temperature and precipitation forecasting during recent years. Then, in the present research, to implement the model, first, taking the 29-year period from 1364 to 1393 (1985-2014) as the base period, the necessary data, including precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, and sunshine hours, were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization.The results of forecasting changes in the average annual precipitation of the studied stations of East Azerbaijan Province in the statistical period of 2021-2040 showed that according to RCP 2.6, the precipitation will increase in all the studied stations during the next 20 years, but according to RCP 4.5 and In RCP8.5, we will see an increase in rainfall only in Jolfa station, and in the rest of the studied stations, rainfall will decrease significantly.

Zinc nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their wide-ranging applications in various fields, including industries, medicine, and nutrition. These nanoparticles are characterized by their small size, which allows for easy absorption into biological systems, enabling them to interact with different tissues effectively. One of the critical areas of concern regarding the use of zinc nanoparticles is their potential impact on kidney health. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering blood, excreting waste, and regulating essential bodily functions. Due to their high blood flow and the capacity to excrete various compounds, kidneys may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of toxins, including nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of nano zinc oxide on antioxidant activity and histological changes in the kidneys of rats. Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing the safety and potential therapeutic applications of zinc nanoparticles in medical and nutritional contexts.

In this research, male Wistar rats were utilized as the experimental model. The rats were randomly divided into six groups, with seven rats in each group to ensure statistical validity. Group 1 served as the normal control group, while the remaining groups received varying doses of nano zinc oxide. Specifically, group 2 received 5 mg/kg of nano zinc, group 3 received 10 mg/kg, group 4 received 25 mg/kg, group 5 received 50 mg/kg, and group 6 received 100 mg/kg of nano zinc. The administration of these doses continued for one month to observe both short-term and potential cumulative effects. After this period, the rats were sacrificed, and their kidneys were isolated for further analysis. Various biochemical assays were conducted to assess total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOS), glutathione levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Additionally, liver enzymes were measured, and kidney histopathology was examined to evaluate any structural changes resulting from nano zinc exposure.

The findings revealed significant alterations in antioxidant activity among the groups that received nano zinc. Specifically, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione levels decreased markedly in the rats that received higher doses of nano zinc, particularly at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. In contrast, there was a sharp increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and total oxidant capacity (TOS) in these groups, indicating heightened oxidative stress. Interestingly, the group that received the lowest dose of 5 mg/kg of nano zinc exhibited no harmful effects on tissue changes or antioxidant capacity, suggesting a threshold below which nano zinc may not pose significant risks. Conversely, in the groups receiving higher doses, observable tissue damage was noted, and these changes appeared to be dose-dependent, emphasizing the importance of dosage in determining the safety and efficacy of nano zinc.

The results of this study underscore the potential harmful effects of nano zinc, particularly at elevated doses, on kidney function and histopathology. The observed increase in oxidative stress markers and accompanying tissue changes highlight the need for caution in the use of zinc nanoparticles, especially in medical and nutritional applications. While nano zinc in low concentrations may offer beneficial effects, such as potential therapeutic properties, the risks associated with higher doses cannot be overlooked. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying these effects and to establish safe dosage guidelines for the use of zinc nanoparticles in various applications. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the safety profile of nano zinc, particularly concerning kidney health, and emphasizes the need for careful consideration of dosage in therapeutic contexts.

Metal particles polluting the air cause damage to living things and plants. Plants grown in a dusty environment show signs of damage. Plants are very efficient at trapping atmospheric particles. Depending on the dust load and duration and tolerance of plants to particles, damage and negative changes may occur in leaf surface, leaf structure and plant growth inhibition, reduction of leaf surface and therefore reduction of total biomass. Investigating the pattern of changes and adaptation of plant species for resistance and survival in the conditions of stress caused by environmental pollutants is useful and efficient in knowing the performance of species and effective exploitation of species, especially in industrial and urban environments. The elements available to plants in the environment are classified into two general categories: essential elements for survival and toxic and non-essential elements. Metals Ni, Co, Zn, MoMn, Fe, Cu are among the low consumption and essential elements for the survival of plants, and metals Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb are toxic and non-essential elements. The presence of the lowest concentration of unnecessary elements in the environment around plants causes complications and the occurrence of biological reactions in order to deal with and adapt to stressful factors in the plant.

Urbanization changes natural landscapes to human-made spaces and uses. With the expansion of cities, many of these spaces give way to roads, buildings and urban facilities and cause changes in different levels of the city, and these changes have very important effects on weather conditions (Shamsipour et al. 2013: 59). )The development of urbanization is one of the effective factors in increasing the air temperature in urban areas, which causes the creation of thermal islands in these places compared to the surrounding environment. This factor can have a negative effect on air quality and endanger the general health of society. (Mousavi Baighi et al., 2010. 190). What is considered as a fundamental defect in monitoring the temperature of the earth's surface is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values. Today, this shortcoming has been solved by remote sensing and it can cover a large area of the earth's surface.

The study area is Amol city. The city of Amol is located in the Mazandaran province and the sides of the Heraz River with a height of 76 meters above sea level at 52 degrees and 21 minutes east longitude and 36 degrees and 25 minutes north latitude and at a distance of 70 kilometers west of Sari, the capital of the province, 18 kilometers south of the Caspian Sea and 6 It is located one kilometer north of Alborz mountain and 180 kilometers northeast of Tehran.In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images and Landsat 5 satellite images were used for 1990 in order to extract the land use map and surface temperature of 2020. In order to remove the effect of cloud cover from the images as well as the high intensity of sunlight, the desired images were taken from the summer season. Google Earth software was used for better accuracy of images, ENVI 5.3 software was used for atmospheric and radiometric corrections, and finally ARC GIS 10.8 software was used to prepare relevant maps.Using the atmospheric correction model (FLAASH), the data were qualitatively controlled and the radiometric error of the satellite images was corrected. In order to obtain a statistical set that represents the spectral pattern of land cover, training data must be selected before supervised classification of images. At this stage, information from the uses and topographical maps of the region were prepared using the visual interpretation of the images for all five floors, to prepare educational data for use in supervised classification operations. Maximum likelihood classification method was used for land use classification. This method is considered a part of the supervised methods for classification and for this purpose it uses a set of training data. In this method, after evaluating the probabilities in each class, the pixels are assigned to the classes that have the most similarity, and if the probability values are lower than the introduced threshold, they are considered as unclassified pixels.After that, the brightness temperature of the sensor is done by converting the digital values of band 6 in Landsat 4 and 5 and also band 10 in Landsat 8 to spectral radiance and converting the spectral radiance to the brightness temperature of the sensor in terms of Kelvin.Then, red and near-infrared bands were used to calculate NDVI to obtain the normalized vegetation difference index. After calculating NDVI we need to get Emissivity. Emissivity is the amount of reflection of a phenomenon relative to the black body. Then the land surface temperature (LST) is calculated. By using LST, it is possible to calculate the temperatures near the surface of the earth. In order to know and evaluate the correctness and accuracy of the classification, the user's accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were calculated in 1990 and 2020.

In this research, in the first step, the classification and the resulting changes were done in a specific time frame in Amol city and its surroundings. The classification results indicate that the classification in both periods, especially in 2020, was highly accurate, and its kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were at their highest coefficient, i.e. 100.After classification, the changes obtained in the area were examined for a period of 30 years and the changes were extracted for each land use in terms of hectares. The change of use from agriculture to the city and also from the city to roads and streets have the most changes. These changes indicate that the increase in urban use has caused a decrease in agricultural use and the size of urban areas has increased.Using Landsat satellite images, the temperature of the earth's surface has been studied in relation to land use and the results showed that the temperature is different in different uses. The highest temperature recorded for the years 1990 and 2020 in Amol city is related to urban use, the recorded temperature of which is 32.6 and 40.5, respectively, which shows the concentration of heat in urban areas. Urban use has the highest temperature due to the presence of man-made factors and heat absorbers such as asphalt, concrete and the presence of machinery. Also, the presence of tall buildings acts as a barrier to the heat escaping to the surroundings and in some way traps the heat inside the cityWith the development of urbanization in Amel city, a significant part of the area of natural and forest areas has been replaced by industrial areas, buildings and other infrastructures. The lowest temperature recorded in Amol city is related to forest use with 23.8 and 28.4 degrees Celsius. In forest areas, due to high albedo, high humidity and more open space, the temperature is lower and heat absorption is low there.The relevant researchers and experts in the region can use the results of this research to obtain information about the temperature of the earth's surface, land use, and also the changes that have occurred in the region, In order to predict the future situation of the region, they will take appropriate and correct policies.

Considering the significant damage caused by thrips species to the bean crops, population fluctuation, species diversity, and spatial distribution thrips’ relationship to the growth stages of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated in the bean farms of Selseleh county (Lorestan province, west of Iran). Sampling was done at the same time as the bean became two leaves until the leaves dried in two farms located in the villages of Cham-Takleh and Dartang during the year 2021. The sampling was done in the farms by moving in a W-shape. In each sampling, 20 leaves were selected and then the thrips were collected by shaking the leaves on a white tray. In this study, 12 species of thrips were collected and identified. Amongst them, the highest frequency was related to onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (69.43%). The results of population fluctuation showed that in Cham-Takleh, the highest density of onion thrips and flower thrips was 166.35 ± 4.99 and 16.85 ± 1.38, respectively, and in Dartang, the highest density was 159.3 ± 3.61 and 22.6 ± 1.32 on average. Also, in both locations, the highest values of biodiversity indices were observed in the reproductive stage of the bean. The highest values of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou evenness, and Margalef richness indices in Cham-Takleh were 2.94, 0.93, 0.95, and 2.98, and in Dartang were 2.89, 0.91, 0.94, and 2.74, respectively. In general, the results of this study showed that the population peak of onion and flower thrips was observed in the reproductive and development of pod stages of beans, and their density gradually decreased in the farms. Considering that at this stage of the bean, thrips can cause a lot of damage to the bean crops, so appropriate management measures can be provided for the farmers.

Abstract Chlorine is an effective disinfection agent to kill pathogenic microorganisms in the municipal water treatment system. However, despite treatment, studies have shown that Acanthamoeba is isolated from different water sources in Iran. In this study, the effect of standard concentrations of chlorine used in urban water treatment systems was evaluated on the survival of Acanthamoeba castellanii and its ultrastructure. Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts were exposed to different concentrations (1-10 ppm) of calcium hypochlorite at different times (30 minutes, 1 and 2 hours). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the ultrastructural changes of amoebic trophozoite. This study showed that conventional chlorine concentrations could not completely eliminate A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts. Cysts were more resistant to different chlorine concentrations and compared to trophozoites, fewer cysts were killed at the same chlorine concentration and exposure time. Alteration of the cell membrane permeability, decrease in the number of pseudopodia, increase in mitochondria, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, and changes in the endoplasmic reticulum were the main ultrastructural changes in the chlorine-treated amoeba. This study showed that standard chlorine concentrations used as a disinfectant could not eliminate the trophozoites and cysts of A. castellanii. Due to the pathogenicity of the amoeba and its role as the reservoir and transmission of microbial agents, revising the guidelines for using disinfectants such as chlorine in the treatment of urban water systems is highlighted by this study.

Perilla frutescens var. crispa, a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is widely used for the treatment of constipation, asthma, and skin disorders, and also as spice. As climatic, environmental, and edaphological conditions of the plant habitats affect active substances of medicinal plants, quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oil content and composition of the plants cultivated in the Research Farms of four regions of Iran (Rasht, Noor, Khorramabad, and Neishabour) were evaluated in the present study in 2020. Aerial organs of the plants were collected at the vegetative stage and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the studied areas, the highest and lowest altitudes were Neishabour and Rasht, respectively. The climatic classification of Rasht and Noor was also more similar. The essential oil contents (%w/w) of the plant samples in Rasht, Noor, Neishabour, and Khorramabad were 1.45, 1.33, 1.26, and 1.16, respectively. In total, 28, 27, 25, and 27 compounds were identified in Noor, Rasht, Khorramabad, and Neishabour regions, respectively. (E)-Caryophyllene (42.4-58.7%), α-cadinol (8.2-16.5%), (E)-nerolidol (3.8-9.5%), α-dehydro-elsholtzia ketone (2.1-7.5%), cis-dihydro-α-terpinyl acetate (1.0-7.5%), and egoma ketone (0.2-5.5%) were the major essential oil compounds at different regions. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (44.9-61.2%) were the major class of the compounds of essential oils. Cluster analysis based on the essential oil compositions classified the studied areas into two distinct groups. Noor and Rasht were clustered in one group and Khorramabad and Neishabour were clustered in the other group. Results showed that temperate regions are suitable to increase the essential oil contents of the plants, while arid and semi-arid regions can improve the quality of essential oils.

In this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the autumn and winter months and the values determined during the spring and summer months. During the autumn and winter months, the low seasonality of Chla was accompanied by increases in both carotenoids and phenol levels which play a major role in photoprotection processes. While the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed diurnal changes during the winter months, such diurnal changes were not observed for the other seasons. These diurnal changes reflected dynamic photoinhibition, as an adaptation mechanism, which may actually protect the leaves against photodamage under cold conditions. During the winter months, increased O–J phase (from the OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence curve) and decreased I–P phase in parallel with the reduction of Fv/Fm, revealed that the cold stress influenced both the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. Interestingly, we found the relationship between diurnal changes of Fv/Fm and those of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and catalase (CAT) activity during the winter months. Diurnal changes in CAT activity represented the differences between the values determined in warm and cold seasons. Compared with the diurnal changes during the spring and summer months, the maximum activity of CAT was observed at 15:00 h during the winter months, which indicated that CAT may play an effective role in protection of photosystems under a high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during cold days.

In the present study, the interaction effect of climate change accomplished by phenanthrene as a representative of contaminants was investigated on the expression of nacrein gene in the mantle tissue of Pinctada radiata. To determine the studied gene expression pattern changes, pearl oysters were exposed to isolated/ combined warming in two levels (24 and 28 °C), acidification in two levels (8.1 and 7.6) and phenanthrene concentration in two levels (0 and 8 ng/L) for 4 weeks. Experimental setup was arranged in eight exposure treatments with triplicate aquaria per treatment and each aquaria containing 15 animals in 20 L. Sampling was performed three times, i.e.,24 h 48 h and 28 days after exposure. After 28 days of exposure, although no mortalities were observed in any treatments, the studied parameters caused significant reduction of nacrein expression in isolated exposure except for temperature, double interactions except for temperature and phenanthrene combination, and triple interaction. The quadruple interaction showed no significant effect on nacrein gene expression. These results demonstrated that the decreased seawater pH and elevated temperature in presence of contaminants caused downregulation of the nacrein gene and might impact the quality of pearl and shell of pearl oyster, P. radiata.

Nowadays, the use of dwarf and semi dwarf rootstocks because of making the uniform orchards with high yield and desirable product quality is necessary to reduce fruit production costs in the horticultural industry. Therefore, the appropriate rootstocks and scion is a critical factor to cost savings in fruit production, adaptation to the regional climate, and increasing the shelf life of fruits. In 2019, the quality and storage attributes of ʻBrabernʼ and ʻGolden Deliciousʼ cultivars apple fruits under the influence of vegetative rootstocks MM106 and M9 were investigated at the dense gardens of Astan Quds Razavi. Results showed that traits such as antioxidants, total phenols, total soluble sugar, titratable acidity, pH, fruit firmness, and weight loss percentage during storage were significantly affected by the interactions of rootstocks and scion. Total soluble solids (13.9%), pH (15.7%), antioxidant activity (21.6%), and total soluble sugar (3.5%) of apple fruits increased and traits such as, titratable acidity (60.8%), phenol content (70%), and fruit firmness (44.5%) decreased during the storage period over time. Fruit weight loss in M9 rootstock started from the second month and in MM106 rootstock from the first month of storage. The highest weight loss (50%) in Golden Delicious cultivar on M9 and the lowest weight loss (64%) in scion Brabern on MM106 was observed on the second month compare to the fifth month. The reduction in tissue firmness during storage was 42% and 38% for Brabern on M9 and Golden Delicious on MM106, respectively.

Climate change is currently considered a serious threat for many species and recognized as one of the most important factors in the global biodiversity loss. Among animal groups, amphibians are known to be among the most sensitive groups of vertebrates to climate change due to their inability to travel long distances, and mountain habitat species are more exposed to climate change pressures than other species. Therefore, in this study, the current distribution potential of five species of amphibians living in the Zagros Mountains was assesed and their response to climate change in 2070 was predicted. To do so, a group approach for modeling the distribution of species (SDMs) was utilized to estimate the risks of losing the desired habitat potential in the event of climate change. Also, to estimate the desired habitat area in the context of climate change, calculations related to habitat area changes for each species were performed. Predictions showed that two out of five species studied, i.e., Azarbaijan Mountain Newt (Neurergus crocatus) and Yellow Spotted Newt (Neurergus derjugini) negatively reaction to climate change and their distribution range was predicted to be decreased and contracted. Habitat displacement behavior in the face of new changes is predictable for two species, i.e., Lorestan Toad (Bufotes luristanicus) and Fire Salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata semenovi). Considering the speed of climate change in the Zagros Mountains, the present study is a step towards identifying the dynamics of habitat changes affecting amphibians of Zasgros region to cope with the impacts of climate change.

Due to the importance of morphometric studies in understanding the taxonomic status and intraspecific changes, In this study, geographical patterns and population characteristics of H. savignyi tree frog were investigated in Two Provinces of Iran: Lorestan and Markazi. In order to investigate the changes in the traits and geographical patterns of populations in this species, 19 morphological characters in more than 67 specimens were studied in 13 different geographic regions. Intraspecific geographic communication pattern was investigated using one-way ANOVA and principal component multivariate analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis with UPGMA algorithm. The results of ANOVA test showed that among the studied traits, 14 traits of SVL, FL, TFL, TML, HW, ND, HD, EAD, T1L, ES, FLL, IMTL, WMT, WUE had significant differences among different populations (P≤0.05). Based on morphometric characters, our analaysis showe that at least two distinct tree frog populations with 100% probability: Makhmal Koh (Group 1) and Lorestan-Markazi (Group 2).

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the analysis and analysis of groundwater quality factors in Farashband region for agriculture and drinking so that by using the drawing methods available in AQQA software, it is possible to provide a suitable solution for plain management. In this study, 19 villages from Farashband city in Fars province were selected and physicochemical parameters along with quantitative changes in groundwater resources were analyzed during 2016. The results showed that, based on the Wilcox diagram in 1995, the southern region is the source and the owner of the C3S1 class with salt water and can be used for agriculture. The rest of the C4S1 and C4S2 class areas are of very poor quality for unsuitable agriculture. In the classification of the quality of Farashband groundwater for agriculture based on WHO, it was found that about 56.2% of groundwater in Farashband region has a relatively favorable quality for agriculture. The groundwater of the region according to the Iranian standard for drinking determined that all the groundwater of Farashband region has good and permitted quality based on the amount of acidity, the amount of sulfate and the amount of hardness for drinking; However,

In this study, post-mortem changes, including chemical, physical, microbial and sensorial changes, were performed in “Gatan” during ice storage. For this purpose, 18 fishes with Average weight 251.4 ± 4.24 g were transferred to the wet laboratory of Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, and in order to adapt to the laboratory conditions and to remove the stress caused by displacement, They were kept under favorable conditions for a week. Samples were catch immediately stored in ice for 72 hours, and meat quality indices were measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after death. The results showed that pH, TBA, FFA indices increased during storage period, TVBN initially decreased and then increased Microbiological studies also showed that the Cyrophile bacteria had no growth during the maintenance period. The amount of mesophilic bacteria at time zero was 2.53 ± 1.53 and then at 6, 12, and 24, it was descending process towards the zero hour. It then gradually increased and maintained at 1.72 ± 0.72 at the Seventy second hour of storage. Sensory evaluation of the fish showed that they had a suitable and acceptable condition for up to 24 hours after storage at the ice. During the maintenance period, the gradual decrease in acceptability was reduced and at 72 hours, most of the sensory analysis indexes obtained lower scores, and samples at that hour were the lowest quality during the maintenance period. Therefore, the use of ice to maintain long-term fish is not an appropriate method.

Cancer is one of the most common diseases around the world. The most important therapies for cancer are chemotherapy that is performed by various medications. One of the common drugs in chemotherapy is “Carboplatin”. In this study, the effects of Carboplatin on oogenesis and uterine changes in NMRI mouse strain have been investigated In vivo. In this study, 30 adult female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, sham and three experimental groups. Experimental groups were injected Carboplatin with 0.36, 0.18, 0.09 mg/ml density for 28 days and all were injected subcutaneously. After describing the animals, the ovary and uterus were separated and subjected to histopathologic and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Blood sampling was performed to study both estradiol and FSH. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and SPSS software. By using Carboplatin,, the number of primordial, secondary, Graafian follicles, corpus lutea and blood vessels decreased and the number of atretic follicles increased. The diameter of ovary in experimental groups decreased, but there was no significant change in diameters of follicles. Uterine studies showed that, the uterine’ diameter and layers, and the diameter of lumen reduced. In addition, the number of uterine glands decreased. Also, the levels of FSH and estradiol decreased. Regarding to using Carboplatin, this drug by decrease in the number of primordial, secondary and Graafian follicles, increase in number of atretic follicles, and also disruption of the hormonal system, the probability of premature aging may increase and has a negative effect on fertility.