waste

Hydrolyzed collagen is a form of collagen broken down into smaller peptide chains. In this study, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed collagen derived from fish skin and chicken feet were investigated. Collagen was extracted using an acidic method, and its quality was assessed through FTIR, biuret, ash content, and Kjeldahl tests. Antibacterial effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were evaluated using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH assay. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency of collagen was 2.5% for fish skin and 2.1% for chicken feet. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of amide bands A, I, II, and III, while the biuret test validated the presence of proteins in the collagen. Antioxidant activity increased with higher collagen concentrations: at 100 ppm, 31% of DPPH radicals were inhibited, and at 500 ppm, the inhibition reached 58%. Additionally, hydrolyzed collagen at a concentration of 50 mg/mL exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest that hydrolyzed collagen possesses notable antioxidant and antibacterial properties and may have potential anti-cancer effects.

In the near future and with the cost of energy becoming more expensive, more plants tend to use waste for energy production. The cost of landfilling is increasing and it is increasing the cost of recycling. On the other hand, alternative fuels are necessary for the production of efficient cement from an economic point of view. Wastes, packaging, and other materials can replace expensive fossil fuels such as coal and oil. But first, they should be converted into high-quality fuel (RDF: Refuse Derived Fuel) and stored safely in factories. This is a duty cement production companies set for themselves by being a member of the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The goal has been to replace expensive fossil energy sources such as coal, gas, and oil in production and reduce CO2 emissions. This study provides valuable insights into RDF production as a sustainable component of an integrated MSW management system, especially for developing countries, in order to achieve 17 SDGs (17 Sustainable Development Goals) and a circular economy. Suitable RDF has higher moisture, ash, chlorine, sulfur, and nitrogen content than LHV municipal solid waste.

Waste can be described as any type of material or object that has no other use and is to be thrown away. Perspective, the generation of waste materials is unavoidable in a consumption-based society, and it makes waste management a major challenge considering the huge amounts of waste produced globally. In fact, in 2014, about 2.6 billion tons of waste was generated in the European Union (EU), of which 41% was disposed of in landfills, 36% was recycled, 10% was used in excavation operations, 7% was treated in sewage treatment plants and the remaining of 6% was burned for creating energy or oxidation and stabilization of waste. Accordingly, in recent decades, humanity has changed its focus on traditional waste management from the concept of "collection and disposal" in favor of hierarchical management of waste to increase sustainability.Nevertheless, even when environmentally friendly practices such as recycling and reuse are carried out, many operations are "downcycling", meaning that the recycled product has less economic value than its original objective, and is not as valuable as the original product made from strong raw materials. In this way, the linear economy model based on the pyramidal hierarchy of waste materials, which is used today, also has limitations. Indeed, there are still opportunities to increase productivity in many industrial processes, but these gains are likely to be increasingly marginal and undifferentiated. Therefore, the future acceptance of the circular economy concept, as opposed to the current linear model, is a necessary paradigm shift. This new concept is increasingly considered a source of innovation in products, processes, and business models and opens up great opportunities that should be used by companies and organizations as competitive advantages in a dynamic market to be used globally. The processing of raw biomass to produce energy, fuel and chemicals through a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising path to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. The main processes related to energy recovery and biofuel production are considered under the concept of biorefineries. This waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. In general, energy and biofuel production technologies from waste are classified into three main thermochemical, biological and chemical processes. Thermochemical technologies include processes of combustion/incineration, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; biological technologies include the processes of anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzyme purification, and microbial electrolysis, and chemical technologies include hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion.

The present research is a descriptive-review study whose data was obtained through library studies and various sources were used to process the material. Considering the importance of biofuels as a source of renewable energy, we tried to use as much as possible the most relevant and up-to-date sources containing valuable points regarding the types of energy and biofuel production technologies from biomass. In this review article, the possibility of using the remaining post-processed waste as available and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries has been investigated. Waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. Accordingly, in this paper, we briefly study the current status of the main WtL and WtE technologies in order to use them as a tool for the management of residual post-processing wastes and by-products resulting from them, and finally about Future developments on the mentioned technical options are briefly discussed.

In this review research, the possibility of using the remaining waste after processing as abundant and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries in the future was investigated. Existing waste streams have a complex and diverse composition according to their source, which require new logistics platforms of classification and valuation. With the exhaustion of the linear economy of "collection and disposal", new methods of waste management are inevitable in the long term. In this way, waste biorefineries that generate green energy and produce virtual products with high value and zero waste (no waste) in a "closed loop" and "up-cycling" approach are the "landfills" of the future. It is expected that they will be very important and vital in bringing sustainable waste management into the real world that will allow transformative economic growth under the concept of circular economy. However, from the technologies reviewed, it can be concluded that individual WtL and WtE processes are almost always limited in their scope and produce multiple unwanted products. In this regard, the gasification process is largely considered a technology with greater potential and scope in individual applications. However, even this process has drawbacks such as reactor design, feed system, and bitumen production that require costly post-treatment and/or further technical improvements. In contrast, the combination of several WtE and WtL processes in an integrated waste biorefinery allows reducing and eliminate the drawbacks of each process. For example, in gasification, some of the unwanted materials produced may be used and valued by further chemical processing, and even syngas can be upgraded. This new pyramid of waste valorization creates opportunities for specific technologies such as explosive depressurization and drying to become practical applications by reinforcing other well-established technologies in an integrated approach. Future research should primarily focus on establishing a hierarchy of processes to produce the highest value products, and then gradually progress to low-cost products and energy production. However, for this vision to become a reality, an increased effort by researchers is required with continued and sustained support from all potential stakeholders. More pilot or semi-pilot scale demonstration projects should be realized in the coming years, focusing on aspects such as energy balance and cost-benefit analysis that will ensure the viability of the proposed solutions

Todays One of the important environmental challenges is excessive production of municipal waste and its management. In a world that is moving towards a future with an urbanization approach , the growth rate of urban waste production as an important by - product in urbanization is increasing more than the growth rate of urbanization . The negative effects caused by the lack of sanitary management of wastes put the health of humans and other living beings at risk. Action must be taken to solve this problem , otherwise we will face environmental problems in the not too distant future. Due to the fact that the cost of burying solid waste materials is increasing and the suitable land for burial is limited, recycling is an effective option instead of burying. Recycling and processing is the second priority in the hierarchy of urban waste management. In MRFs , by separating waste and compressing waste , leachate collection and purification is done , as a result , it will play an important role in reducing production leachate. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of building processing and recycling facilities in the proposed location , which is south of the ring road from Sarpol Zahab to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province.

The research method is descriptive - analytical and it was carried out using Iranian matrix or modified Leopold based on library studies , field visits and interviews with experts . The advantage of using Iranian or modified Leopold matrix compared to other methods is that it is a quantitative method and even if the evaluator is inexperienced and incorrectly values a parameter , due to the averaging of all parameters , that error can be adjusted to a large extent. and it does not create a problem in the whole conclusion. Based on the studies carried out in the project's knowledge sections and the environmental characteristics of the studied area, the potential of various types of environmental effects resulting from the implementation of the construction project of urban waste processing and recycling facilities , separated by the construction phase and operation on the physical and chemical , biological and socio-economic environments , were scored and predicted using the modified Leopold matrix . The Iranian Leopold matrix , considering the effects of project implementation in both the construction and operation phases on the environmental components , are applied methods for environmental impact assessment which is the average initial score in the Iranian Leopold matrix . Then the average of four environmental components was calculated. Finally , the final score is calculated with the sum of the scores in the construction and operational phases.

The findings from the Iranian Leopold matrix show that in the construction phase , the most negative effects are related to the creation of the access road , to access the site, an access road of about 1. 5 km from Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin should be created , this operation causes changes in the natural shape of the land , these changes are associated with negative effects. After the construction of the access road , earthmoving operations have more negative effects. As a result of this operation , a volume of soil is moved . With the operation of machines , amounts of polluting gases are discharged into the environment and cause the degradation of air quality. The largest amount of positive effects is also related to the installation of project facilities and equipment , which causes an increase in the demand for materials , machinery , equipment and facilities.In the construction phase , the most positive result is related to the creation of employment. All operations in this phase will create employment and eliminate unemployment. After that , industries and mines and investment have the most positive consequences. Considering the extent of the project, which includes Ezgole , Rijab and Sarpol Zahab , it can be considered a big project, which attracts investment. The most negative consequences in this phase are related to the effect on health and hygiene, traffic and lack of safety , pasture and animal husbandry. In the operation phase , the most negative effects are related to the fermentation and processing and transportation of waste , and the most positive effects are related to the production and sale of the product . In the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to health and hygiene, air and sound quality, and the most positive consequences are related to creating employment and investment , respectively. In the construction phase , the most negative consequences are related to the biological, physical - chemical and socio - economic environment, respectively. But in the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to the physical - chemical environment , but the socio - economic environment has the most positive consequences in both phases. Based on the results of the Iranian Leopold matrix, the most negative effects on the environment were observed in the construction phase , while there are more positive effects in the operation phase than the construction phase.

In general , a total of 204 effects - consequences have been identified in the evaluation of the plan , of which 141 effects - consequences are related to the construction phase and 63 effects-consequences are related to the operation phase. To investigate the feasibility of establishing urban waste processing and recycling facilities in the proposed area , which is south of the Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province , according to the analyzes performed and also according to the principles of Iranian matrix analysis , considering that the average number of classifications in Columns and rows of matrix tables, the number of ranking averages is less than -1/ 3 less than 50 Percent . Therefore , the project is approved subject to corrective and prevention measures and reduction and control of negative effects and consequences and continuous environmental and health monitoring.

Systematic management of waste as a principle of sustainable development is considerable from health- environmental perspectives. Sanitary disposal of waste with methane extraction meet these goals and also consider renewable energy extraction. This study paid to the potential of methane extraction during period of 24 years (1997-2021) in Zanjan landfill (Mehtarchiee), based on quantity and quality of Zanjan wastes in three time section (2004, 2009 and 2016). For this purpose, the proposed model by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Waste Model), the effect of climate (temperature and humidity) on extractions and time pattern of emissions are studied. Results indicated that due to the high percentage of decomposable organic compounds (60-70%) and relative humidity (69%), Zanjan's wastes have a high potential for methane extraction. During the study period, 43.34 Gg of methane and an ascending- descending pattern have been emited. The best climatological conditions are warm-humid and temperate- wet, respectively. Waste incineration in compare with sanitary disposal (with methane extraction), despite a significant reduction in volume and rapid energy recovery, is not a good option due to the high humidity level and limitation of combustible material and faced with environmental consequences.

Like it or not, we live in a society full of disposable products, and it's not just paper products and fast food containers that we throw away. We use televisions, computers, mobile phones, clothes and other products until something better comes along and then we throw them away. The earth is full of garbage that we create everywhere (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the increase in the amount of waste along with the lack of space to empty it has polluted all the cities of Iran and the world (Kordi, et al., 2008). But what if people could find someone to take their old junk off their hands? Or what if people can find a needed sex that someone else has thrown away? It is better to know that Freecycle responds to this need. This website was created as a recycling concept, to reduce the pressure on the earth and reduce the generation of consumer waste. This site, which uses a forum structure, works well because of its simplicity. This site connects people who have items to throw away with people who need them and vice versa. Since the start of this site in Tucson, Arizona in 2003, today there are millions of members who have formed thousands of user communities in more than 75 countries. They say that they change the world with their every gift. This site is one of the most popular non-profit sites in cyberspace, and this reputation has been achieved within a few short years, without using any advertising other than word of mouth or free advertising. Anyone can join this 24/7 virtual garage sale and membership is free. In fact, the basic rule of Freecycle is that you can only give things away for free. Sellers and receivers contact each other via email and then arrange to send or receive in person. The founder of the site estimates that an average item on the Freecycle site weighs about one pound, which means that Freecycle's daily movement prevents 300 tons of waste. Therefore, Freecycle has created another cycling option that is growing rapidly and can also affect the buying habits of consumers (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the present researchers decided that due to the large volume of waste in Iran and the lack of waste management and the principled and engineering method of waste disposal in all regions of the country, and as a result, serious damage to the environment and the health of people who live in the waste dumping areas. , examine the challenges facing the flow of "free-cycling" in Iran, as a method of recycling second-hand goods that can be used in various matters, in order to reduce the amount of waste. Because free-cycling is the previous and the first step in relation to waste and is the so-called prerequisite for the rest of the methods (separation, burial, burning, etc.); Because the amount of existing waste should be reduced first, and then destruction or recycling engineering methods should be used for the amount of waste created.

The current research is a qualitative type of research, in which, using in-depth interviews in WhatsApp and content analysis approach, the basic issues and challenges facing free cycling in Iran, from the point of view of 4 marketing experts and also 3 environmental experts, were analyzed. Along with the theoretical review of the findings of the researchers and the opinion of the freecyclists of the countries that are active in the freecycle course, they were found.

The findings in five main areas include "1. Issues related to the structure of Freecycle (including: Freecycle rules, the support provided by Freecycle, the uses of items donated in Freecycle); 2. supports that are better or necessary from the government, companies and organizations and product designers; 3. Issues related to free cycle users or free cyclers (including: motivations and behavior of gift givers and gift recipients); 4. Challenges related to people in the society (their point of view towards free-cycle and participation in it, culture-building of free-cycle); 5. Free cycle effects (including: environmental effects and social effects)" were categorized.

Nowadays, it is not enough to imagine that products have only one owner in their whole life and then they go away and become waste and disappear; On the other hand, because without considering the key and fundamental role of urban waste producers, i.e. citizens, all solutions will fail, and without their participation, there will be no change in the amount of waste produced daily; Following such a problem, in recent years, with the participation of citizens, efforts have been made to manage waste, and measures such as collecting wet and dry waste in separate bins, clean neighborhood plan, collection program Smart collection of waste and other such cases have been implemented, and according to the experts interviewed in this research, while achieving relative success, they have also faced major failures, and the reason for them, in addition to the lack of correct science and knowledge, lack of investment from the government; Because they believed that, for example, in all provinces and cities of Iran, there are no waste recycling factories and equipment, and there are no engineering methods for burial and disposal, and there are not enough facilities to transfer waste from all parts of the country to places with existing equipment. There is no, or in some areas, a garbage truck transports wet and dry garbage at the same time, and practically, the separation of wet and dry garbage has been useless, and the environmental damage is still strong. In this regard, considering that the basic rule and law of Freecycle is that the providers offer their goods only for free to the receivers and in no way have the right to sell and earn profit from them or even They do not have barter; on the other hand, the receivers must really need the goods and not intend to sell or abuse them. Therefore, the providers should be able to donate their extra items to others with different motivations and non-economic goals and without obtaining financial profit, and the receivers should not have the intention of abusing and demand the received goods only to satisfy their needs. Of course, if Be careful in the interactions of the Iranian society, the act of free cycling and donating goods and even financial aid has existed informally in Iran since the beginning, and members of the society often donate their second-hand goods or new goods to others (generally relatives). or acquaintances, but the main purpose of Free Cycle is to prevent some people from buying goods (on the one hand), and throwing away the same goods used by some people (on the other hand), by connecting these two group of people to each other, whether the recipient has purchasing power or not; Of course, gift givers usually choose the recipient of their goods based on various criteria and usually try to choose the person who needs the goods most and most vitally among the applicants. In addition, it is necessary that the government, while officially accepting Freecycle, by setting special tariffs for the transfer of items that need to be sent and received in absentia and through mail, as well as programs to encourage people in the community to join Freecycle, and Of course, technical and financial support for the website and its networks, participate in this movement. Finally, due to the fact that Iran is one of the Islamic countries and in its religious teachings, the virtue of forgiveness and gifts is highly recommended, and its people are also in different and sensitive crises and situations (such as floods, earthquakes, etc.), the desire They have proven themselves to help their fellow citizens, so it is expected that Freecycle will be well received.

Today, population growth, urban development and economic prosperity, increasing the quality of life and increasing consumer choice have led to an increase in the amount of waste produced in urban communities. Since waste production is inevitable in any society and waste management is considered as one of the key environmental issues and therefore there is a growing demand to analyze and compare the efficiency and environmental and technical effects of various waste management policies. Is.According to the amount of waste produced in the world, more than 70% of this waste is not properly reused or recycled, and this indicates a lack of large volumes of resources and a lot of pressure on the primary resources of the planet. Regular problems with solid waste management are very complex due to the multiplicity of factors, such as the quantity and quality of waste generated, the rapid expansion of urban areas, financing problems, rapid technological advances, as well as energy and raw material constraints.Municipal solid waste management in developing countries is a complex issue due to rapid population growth, rapid and unplanned urbanization, and public health problems due to a lack of adequate health infrastructure. In addition, governments' ability to manage waste is limited, and this partnership is often inefficient and inadequate. Also, the existence of informal workers, people's resistance to pay for services, inefficient collection system, illegal burial and lack of a clear legal framework are other problems in this sector.In Iran, according to statistics, one-fifth of the country's household waste is produced in Tehran, which produces 320 kg per year of municipal waste. According to the Tehran Municipal Recycling Organization, the economic value of Tehran's organic waste, which accounts for about 70 percent, is estimated at $ 250 million a year. Therefore, improving the efficiency of the collection system will mean environmental development, improving the urban landscape and storing economic resources.Considering that the city of Tehran as the capital of the country and its large population needs useful and effective waste management and Tehran Municipality has taken effective measures in this regard, but the problem of final waste disposal in Tehran is still one of the most important concerns of urban management. A significant part of the problems can be imagined by identifying the effective factors in waste management, which are sometimes also a major challenge, and create the conditions to achieve a logical relationship between the container and the container. It is necessary to identify the drivers of waste management promotion. Therefore, this study intends to plan for municipal waste management based on a new planning perspective, using specific futures research methods. In this regard, and considering the nature of the research, this research has been conducted with the aim of answering the question that; What are the key drivers of promoting waste management in Tehran?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory research in terms of the nature of the subject. The required data and information have been collected through documentary-field and field libraries (questionnaires). At this stage of the research, the questionnaire was completed by the elites in the field of urban development and waste management by snowball method (10 experts). In this regard and in order to analyze the data, after extracting the effective factors in urban waste management through theoretical foundations and using expert opinions, content analysis (CVR) was performed, then a questionnaire of interaction was asked of experts and finally, the propellants were identified using structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis.

Content analysis for factor validity using the opinions of 10 experts, showed that out of 43 primary factors, 20 factors have obtained a coefficient (CVR) above 0.75 to be considered the final factors of this research (expert workforce, Motivational schemes, consumption pattern, revenue generation, segregation scheme, partnership, waste segregation organizations, natural resource protection, environmental hazards, educational and cultural programs, public social awareness, investment, planning Implementation of operations, infrastructure, financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive waste management plan, layout and management expertise and foresight are the most important factors in promoting urban waste management. Using the retest method, they showed that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability (the reliability of the first time is equal to 0.794 and the second time is 0.807).Regarding the identification of waste management improvement factors that used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis, the findings showed that research and research factors and expertise and management efficiency with penetrationrate of 18 have the greatest impact and protection of natural resources and hazards. Environment with the penetration rate of 1 had the least impact.The results obtained from the classification of research variables also showed that in the group of autonomous variables, specialized labor force factors (X11) and motivational schemes (X20) are included (factors that have weak influence and dependence). In the group of dependent variables, consumption pattern factors (X2), revenue generation (X7), source separation plan (X18), partnership (X1), waste segregation organizations (X5), natural resource protection (X9) and environmental hazards (X10) (factors that have high influence, power and dependence, and in fact, any action on these variables will change other variables). In the group of related variables, the factors of educational and cultural programs (X3), public social awareness (X4), investment (X8), planning and execution of operations (X12) and infrastructure (X14) are included. (Factors that have a high degree of influence (stimulus) and dependence. In fact, any action on these variables will change other variables) and in the group of independent variables (key), financial resources and budget (X6), Advanced technology (X13), research (X15), master plan for waste management (X16), productivity and management expertise (X17) and foresight (X19) (factors that have high penetration and low dependence These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and must be emphasized in the first place for a fundamental change in system performance.

In this study, based on this logic (which is a useful method to discover the factors governing the promotion of urban waste management, interpretive structural research model due to the use of expert opinions and content validity) the most important factors to improve management were tried. Tehran municipal waste should be identified and the impact of each of them on each other should be analyzed. In this regard, the results showed that among the 20 important factors studied, factors of financial resources and budget, advanced technology, research, comprehensive plan of waste management, productivity and management expertise and foresight), compared to other factors of priority They have a lot to improve waste management and in fact the key to improving waste management is to improve these factors. In emphasizing these factors, one should not neglect other factors. Therefore, it can be inferred that by attaching importance to conducting more and more quality research, improving technology and its proper use, financing and increasing government budget, employing efficient, effective and specialized management, having plans Codified and foresighted and finally the comprehensive plan of waste management, we will see the improvement of waste management in Tehran. It should be noted that the above factors are interrelated with each other in a chain. In such a way that by improving the situation of each factor, the ground is prepared for the improvement of the next factors. For example, funding and increasing government funding and improving the quality of research can advance technology and its use, and increase its management capacity and effectiveness.

In this research, the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were measured in waste obtained during producing of essential oil and rose water process and compared this compounds with methanolic extract of petals which are the main source of these compounds. 24 populations of Damask rose were collected from 11 cities in both East and West Azerbaijan provinces. Extracting essential oil and rose water were done in each of samples and finally, all wastes were sampled and methanolic extract of petals were obtained based on usual way. Total phenol of samples was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total amount of flavonoid was determined by Aluminum chloride colorimeter method. The antioxidant activity of samples was also measured in two way, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Iron reduction. The obtained results in all measured factors were significant (p> 0.01). The obtained values of total phenol showed that the wastes can be used to extract of 44.5% of total phenol that extracted by methanolic extraction. In total flavonoid, obtained values of wastes showed that about 92% of total flavonoid in methanolic extract can be extracted from wastes. The measured antioxidant activity also showed that waste samples had the activity range of 0.14-1.30 mmol Fe++ /g DW in iron reduce method; in DPPH they also inactivated 17 to 71% free radicals. According to the results of this research, waste of essential oil and rose water producing can be used as a suitable and cheap resource to obtain natural antioxidants.

Multiple dangers and dangers of the deadly COVID-19 virus started in the world since December 2019 Initially, it was expected that the treatment of this virus would be available to everyone quickly and according to the progress of science, and the virus would not reach all over the world. But despite everyone's misconceptions and beliefs, the virus spread quickly around the world and caused many environmental problems. One of the crises that viral pollution can cause is the crisis of pollution of drinking and non-drinking water by the virus's influence on underground and surface water resources. Although drinking and non-drinking water is not given to people in all parts of the world without strong disinfection, in a few circumstances, water pollution may bring into the human body and other living creatures and lead to infections. This research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, investigates the possibility of coronavirus affecting water resources around Tehran, as well as measuring the probability in case of positive or negative conditions.

The purpose of this study is optimal location for waste disposal in Ilam city. A questionnaire and a survey of experts was used to conduct the research. For this purpose, three main criteria were considered: environmental, hydrology, access roads and population centers. For each main criterion, sub-criteria were considered. The data were then weighted based on the network analysis (ANP) process and used ArcGIS10.2 software to integrate the information layers. Based on the criteria and sub-criteria studied, 4 areas for waste disposal were suggested. By determining the weight and ranking of the criteria and the coefficient of each of the criteria and the formation of paired comparison matrix tables, the most appropriate option was selected among them for landfilling. The results show that area one with a weight of 0.419 and an incompatibility rate of 0.05 is more appropriate than the four selected options according to the criteria and sub-criteria studied such as main communication routes, vegetation and animal status, hydrological status and even geology.

Today's world, with the expansion of population, the growth of urban communities, the increase in consumption and subsequently with them, witnesses an increase in waste and, consequently, many environmental problems. this is considered a serious threat to public health and the environment. Accordingly, the present study sought to identify the role of waste in the spread of infectious diseases using fuzzy Delphi technique. The results of the present study indicate that according to the opinions of experts and experts in this study, among the indicators considered after the approval of experts, based on the definite average, the highest level of expertise and the components of disease transmission through incineration Waste, disease transmission during the collection, transportation, transportation and non-hazardous stages of waste and disease transmission through waste disposal and the lowest level of agreement with the component of disease transmission through discharge of untreated wastewater in rivers. Therefore, in order to minimize the negative effects of waste on the environment and human health, waste that is the source of all kinds of pollution should be managed as soon as possible based on the principles of health and environmental improvement.

Today, one of the current needs in municipal waste management system design communities is to monitor waste. However, in the waste management system, depending on the amount of waste generation and composition, there are different management options that involve different environmental burdens in addition to economic costs. Therefore, it is necessary to take a comprehensive look at the different ways of waste management in societies in order to find the option that has the least environmental impact. the present study investigates the environmental impacts of different waste management options in Chahar Bagh using life cycle approach. For this purpose, after reviewing and identifying the current status of waste management of Chahar Bagh and the quantity and quality of the types of waste and existing methods for waste disposal in the city, it has attempted to define and model different scenarios according to the conditions of Chahar Bagh. The results showed that out of the five scenarios modeled for the Chahar Bagh waste management system, the fourth scenario was selected as the best environmental option. Also the third scenario, which somehow reflects the current conditions of waste management in Chahar Bagh, was selected as the worst scenario in terms of environment

Concerns caused by the rapid population growth have led to a major concern for energy security and solid waste management. Welfare has a role to play in increasing waste production and should be managed in some way. There are several methods, including biogas, burial, and burning. The best management is to turn problems into opportunities because today one of the most important problems of urbanization is the growing trend of waste production, and reduction of waste production and proper disposal is essential. The collection, disposal, recycling and basic management of solid waste in Iran is very different from other countries in the world, so the use of any technology without the knowledge of materials and compatibility of local factors is not worthwhile. The use of household wastes for energy can help to protect the environment, on the other hand, to reduce waste disposal costs. In this paper, waste management has been emphasized with emphasis on energy supply based on collecting methods and urban waste disposal standards. This article is a review article that has been used for validated documents and literature and library studies related to the topic

the purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility of energy production from animal and plant waste from the Kureh Gaz tourism camp located near the Mohammad Abad Kurah Gaz Village in the middle of the southern desert. For this purpose, feed intake of digestion was selected based on random sampling from waste garbage (mainly vegetable and vegetable compositions) and animal waste. Samples were loaded in five steps. Physical and chemical characteristics, volume of methane and produced biogas were measured. During this process, the pH value varied from about 5.8 to 7.5. In the early days, the pH value was gradually reduced, and the pH was measured to about 10 until the tenth day. The gas production curves for the entire 25-day delivery period showed an increase in gas up to 15 days, and then, after a peak increase in gas production from the 15th to the end of the cycle, we see the process of reducing the gas output, which shows the stability of the system. As a result, we can see the 15-day time requirement for the complete digestion process in an anaerobic system, which, on day 15, seeks to increase the activity of methane bacteria.

Systematic management of waste as a principle of sustainable development is considerable from health- environmental perspectives. Sanitary disposal of waste with methane extraction meet these goals and also consider renewable energy extraction. This study paid to the potential of methane extraction during period of 24 years (1997-2021) in Zanjan landfill (Mehtarchiee), based on quantity and quality of Zanjan wastes in three time section (2004, 2009 and 2016). For this purpose, the proposed model by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Waste Model), the effect of climate (temperature and humidity) on extractions and time pattern of emissions are studied. Results indicated that due to the high percentage of decomposable organic compounds (60-70%) and relative humidity (69%), Zanjan's wastes have a high potential for methane extraction. During the study period, 43.34 Gg of methane and an ascending- descending pattern have been emited. The best climatological conditions are warm-humid and temperate- wet, respectively. Waste incineration in compare with sanitary disposal (with methane extraction), despite a significant reduction in volume and rapid energy recovery, is not a good option due to the high humidity level and limitation of combustible material and faced with environmental consequences.

Considering the increase of solid waste due to population growth and urban development as one of the environmental pollutants, it is necessary to pay attention to solid waste management in order to protect ecosystems. Therefore, solid waste management will not be possible without information on its physical components. In this Study, a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in the city of Iranshahr by sampling in a one-year period Study in four seasons from winter of 1396 to autumn of 1397, and the samples were manually separated to separate the physical components Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software. The results showed that in Iranshahr, the percentage of waste components for metal was 0.78%, paper and carton 5.37%, glass 2.8%, plastic 6.55%, other wastes 16.3% and corrosive organic materials 68.2%, and the average of organic materials and other waste has a significant difference in seasons (p <0.05). Therefore,The most organic waste and metal waste constitute the smallest waste components in the city of Iranshahr, which can be reduced through the implementation of environmental pollution programs and earn revenue.

In recent years the use of chemical fertilizers, have adverse environmental effects and consequences on the health of humans and other living organisms. Compost is a mixture of organic materials processed, for a long time due to certain unique Moderators effects on characteristics of physical, chemical and biological of soil and thus grow and increase the product has been beneficial. Formless of compost, provides many problems in distributing them at ground level or at the time of mixing with other potted mixtures. The use of pellets compost is one of the ways to resolve this problem. The aim of this study was examine the contents of the composting of organic materials and other waste produced by the larvae of Potosia cuprea and compare them with the vermicompost and capabilities pellets they were chosen by the larvae. For this purpose, kitchen waste, leaves of vines, mulberry, cut lawn, and mixtures of different leaves (figs, paulownia, mulberry and grapes) were used. Results showed that the highest electrical conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus was obtained in compost the kitchen waste. The highest pH, converting the waste to composting and compost uniformity were related to cut lawn. The results showed that the larvae Potosia cuprea had a significant impact on the production of pellet compost. Although pH and electrical conductivity in produced Compost, were higher than vermicompost but, the top of other content and pellets, the use of which makes it possible.

In attempts to remove toxic metal lead, distinct types of algae biomass have been scrutinized as alternatives to conventional physicochemical technologies. In this research, the absorption of Lead by nanoalgae Scenedesmus sp. was studied at concentration of10 to 100 mg/L, pH 3 to 8, temperature 15 to 40 °C and exposure time of 10 to 60 minutes)in a batch culture system. The concentration of Lead was determined by Atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, the absorption results were described using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order synthetics and thermodynamic equation of absorption. Optimal adsorption (a removal of 99.13 percent) was obtained at adsorbent amount of 0.05gr, concentration 40mg/L, pH = 4, temperature 30°C and equilibrium time of 20min. At reviews the correlation coefficient, adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order model and equilibrium is well described by Freundlich isotherm. According to the adsorption thermodynamics, the reaction found to be spontaneous, endothermic and accidentally. FTIR spectrum revealed that functional groups C-O, -OH and -NH played a major role in the adsorption.

Along with the increase in urban population, consumption of natural resources is also increasing, consumption and performance of any substance not a hundred percent and There is always some waste. In this paper we understanding the resources of urban waste and its physical and chemical analysis was conducted in Isfahan and it was found that the largest share of waste is accounted for residential areas. Municipal solid waste management due to cultural and economic level of the area of each region is different and requires its own strategy. Due to the growth of the human population the amount of waste production also increased, but per capita production of solid waste in the city of Isfahan 570 grams per person is estimated that compared to the world average, it is less. Daily 1000 tone waste in the city of Isfahan produced that 30 percent of it is recycled, but due to the weakness of the plan Waste separation of the origin of the waste, only 12 percent of it is recycled. Finally, in this paper, strategies and incentive policies for citizen participation in source separation plan is offered.