water quality

In general, rivers have a hydraulic connection with aquifers and they affect each other quantitatively and qualitatively. River water percolates into the underground along its path and after passing through the subsurface layers, it feeds the aquifers. During the infiltration of water inside the layers, the concentration of contaminants in river water is reduced as a result of river bank filtration or because of some processes in the porous media. This makes the quality of the passing water inside the subsurface layers much better compared to the quality of the river water before infiltration and purification.In the east of Golestan Province and in the vicinity of the Doogh River, one of the main branches of the Gorganrud River, two Felmann wells have been drilled. The discharge of each Felmann Kalaleh wells is about 200 liters per second, which is equivalent to 5 deep wells drilled for drinking water in the Gorgan Plain. The water of these two Felmann wells is used to supply almost 20% of the water of the urban population of Gonbad Kavous. In addition, using the Felmann well method plays an important role in reducing water treatment costs (especially physical treatment). Therefore, the mentioned method can be of interest to water and sewage companies and water affairs located in the northern provinces of IranPrevious studies showed that Felmann Kalaleh wells have a good efficiency in improving the water quality of the Doogh River. However, the river discharge effect variations on the amount of water parameters extracted from Felmann Kalaleh wells is still unknown and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the investigation of the factors affecting the quality of the river water feeding the wells of Felmann Kalaleh, as well as its effect on the quality parameters of the wells, is important for the optimal and appropriate use of their water for drinking water. Hence, the current research is aimed to investigate the role of Doogh River discharge fluctuations and its effects on the water quality parameters of the river and Felmann well.

Doogh River is one of the important sub-basins of Gorganroud River and it drains parts of the three provinces of Semnan, North Khorasan, and Golestan. A part of the Doogh River catchment located in Golestan province has many differences with other parts of the basin in Semnan and North Khorasan provinces in terms of climatic conditions, vegetation, geology, physiography, and geomorphology. It plays a very important role in the agriculture of the region in addition to controlling the floods in the east of Golestan Province. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative study of Doogh River water is very important in terms of agriculture and drinking.In general, there are two Felmann wells in Kalaleh City, which play an important role in supplying drinking water to Gonbad Kavous City. These two wells were drilled by the water and sewerage company of the province in 2013 in the vicinity of the Doogh River (one of the main tributaries of the Gorganrud River) and in the vicinity of the two villages of Ajen and Qarakhoja. The approximate depth of these two wells is about 20 meters, the diameter of their main opening is about 3 meters, at the end of which 12 radial galleries with an approximate length of 30 meters are drilled, which bring water into the water supply network of Gonbad Kavous City with a flow rate of about 200 liters per second.In this research, for the physicochemical and microbial analysis of well and river waters, samples were taken simultaneously from Doogh River and Felmann Kalaleh wells following the existing standard methods. For this purpose, 10 samples of river water and 10 samples of each of Felmann Kalaleh wells were collected at the same time in a period of approximately five months from October 2019 to February 2019. Also, the discharge values of Doogh River were collected from the hydrometric station in the vicinity of Felmann wells.Correlation test was used at the probability level of 0.05 to investigate the relationship between discharge fluctuations with the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann wells and also the relationship between river discharge fluctuations with the river's physicochemical characteristics. All statistical tests were performed in MINITAB 17 software.

Results revealed that most of the values related to chemical parameters such TDS, sodium, calcium, etc. are within the permissible limit for drinking water according to the 1053 standard of Iran and World Health Organization (WHO). However, the amount of turbidity and total coliform is higher than the permissible limit and needs to be purified for use in the drinking sector.Based on the p-value of the paired T-test for only 6 factors (including TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese) out of 24 qualitative factors between the physicochemical characteristics of river water and Felmann 1 and 2 wells that were collected simultaneously and, no significant difference was observed. But this difference is evident in 18 parameters. This indicates that the riverbank filtration as a result of processes suchas surface absorption, aerobic, and anaerobic decomposition by microorganisms and filtration of sediments was not effective on the values of TDS, fluoride, sodium, chloride, nitrite, and manganese parameters.Based on the results of the removal efficiency by riverbank filtration, most of the removal rate due to riverbank filtration is related to turbidity, total coliform, and color, respectively, at the rate of 97.52, 96.91 and 79.17 for well number 1. However, similar numbers were obtained for well No.2. Also, the results revealed that during the riverbank filtration, the amount of some parameters such as calcium, total hardness, etc. increased in Felmann well due to the change in water chemistry and interactions taking place in the active zone created in the river bed.

Results:

 revealed that riverbank filtration played an important role in reducing some quality parameters, especially total coliform, turbidity, and color. But this amount has decreased significantly in nitrate. While some parameters such as bicarbonate and electricalconductivitynot only did not decrease much, but also slightly increased. This can be a result of change in water chemistry and the environment during the filtration process, as well as the change in pressure. Also, the mixing of water obtained from filtration with groundwater water can affect the concentration of these parameters.Investigation of the relationship between river water fluctuations and the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of river showed that 13 of 24 factors investigated include turbidity, color, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and total coliform. There is a significant relationship between the values of these 13 qualitative factors and the Felmann well, and for 11 qualitative factors, no significant relationship was observed between discharge fluctuations and the quality characteristics of river water.As expected, there is a direct, linear, and positive relationship between the changes in Doogh river discharge with turbidity, color, sodium, and electrical conductivity. This relationship indicates the existence of geological formations such as marl and clays containing evaporite minerals in a large area of sub-basins of this river in North Khorsan and Semnan Provinces, which the intensification of rainfall and the subsequent increase in the discharge of the Doogh River cause the dissolution of this formations in water, and consequently, increase in the amount of dissolved and suspended solids in Doogh River water.Contrary to the mentioned parameters, the changes between Doogh River discharge and total coliform of whole relationship are direct, linear but negative. So, with the increase in flow rate, the amount of total coliform of Doogh River decreases significantly.The results of the correlation test, to investigate the significant relationship between the river discharge and the physicochemical characteristics of Felmann well, revealed that the value of 12 factors out of 24 factors investigated in Felmann number 1 including turbidity, color, EC, TDC, total hardness, calcium hardness, ammonia, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform are dependent on river discharge fluctuations. For 12 other qualitative factors, including nitrate, nitrite, pH, sodium, potassium, etc., no significant relationship between discharge fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed for this well.The results of the above test for well number 2 showed that only in 8 of the 24 investigated factors, including turbidity, color, total hardness, calcium hardness, calcium, magnesium, COD, and total coliform, a significant relationship between these parameters and discharge fluctuations was observed. In Felmann number 2, for 16 other factors, no significant relationship between flow fluctuations and qualitative characteristics was observed.Based on Durov Diagram, there is no specific geochemical evolution direction for water resources, and the distribution of samples related to Doogh River and Felmann wells is at the same location. Water type of samples is bicarbonate type in the recharge areas (margins of the heights). Based on the rectangle related to pH, the value of this parameter in Doogh River (7.75-7.85) is slightly higher than in Felmann wells (>7.55). It seems that after the river bank filtration, the value of this parameter decreases due to the processes that occur in the active zone.

The Ziarat River is one of the tributaries of the Qarah-su catchment, and a part of this river flows through Gorgan City. To investigate the environmental hydrogeochemistry of the river, 11 water samples were collected. Physicochemical parameters, the concentrations of major ions and metals, and the biological parameters were analyzed. The obtained results show that pH and EC of the water samples vary from 7.2 to 7.9, and from 701 to 1422 μS/cm, respectively. The highest pH and EC values were observed near the discharging point of cowshed effluents and the Ziarat hot spring, respectively. Based on hydrogeochemical studies, the chemical composition of water samples is mainly controlled by the dissolution process. The water type changed from Ca-SO4 upstream to Na-Cl downstream, probably because of natural and anthropogenic factors. Regarding the major ion concentrations, all water samples are in the acceptable range for drinking usage. Based on the Wilcox diagram, and regarding the calculated residual sodium carbonate and sodium percentage values, the studied water samples are suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes; however, regarding the values of the magnesium hazard index, most of the samples are not appropriate for agricultural usage. Metal pollution indices show that studied samples are highly polluted, especially those samples that were collected at the wastewater discharge points. The values of dissolved oxygen in all samples are within the permissible limits. However, in some stations, BOD and COD levels are higher than permissible values, and the highest amount of these parameters is observed near the discharging point of the cowshed and agricultural effluents. All water samples are microbially polluted, and the lowest microbial pollution is observed in upstream stations. The values of Water Quality Indices indicate that all studied samples are classified as low and very low quality.

In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlenvironment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlorine, bicarbonate and calcium also increased in 1993 and decreased to 94 in 94 years. These changes are more apparent near the Mollaani and Ahwaz stations, which are urban areas. The zoning results of the NSFWQI and WQI index are down from 92 to 94, and are getting worse and ranked bad. Although the water quality in the year 93 was slightly better than in the year of 92, it returned to decline in 94 years. Based on the zonations of the worst condition of water quality, they are also intermediate between the stations of Mollasani to the end of the river boundary. In this study, the importance of remote sensing studies, in particular, interpolation techniques in the ARC GIS environment, was identified due to reduced cost of studies in water quality assessment.In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlIn this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chl

Water quality is the process to determine the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water bodies and identifying the source of any possible pollution or contamination which might cause degradation of the water quality. Due to the rapid growth of industries, the disposal of liquid and solid wastes is increasing, thereby polluting soil and water. If the waste is not disposed of properly, then it percolates into the ground and causes problems like groundwater contamination, degradation of vegetation, soil contamination and modification of soil properties, etc. Nevertheless, traditional methods of water quality monitoring are often expensive and time-consuming. This is especially important for large water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers where sampling does not cover the entire body of water. Publicly available RS data are collected at regional scales and temporal resolutions (i.e., repeat collection time) that are much more frequent than field sampling campaigns. The physics and chemical characteristics of water can be determined from spectral signatures. Also, extracting water quality measurements directly from satellite imagery can allow rapid identification of impaired waters, potentially leading to faster responses by water agencies. Remote sensing data is an appropriate alternative to monitoring water resources due to its time and cost-effectiveness in a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Currently, there are various types of remote sensing data such as hyperspectral and multispectral data that can be used to monitor and evaluate water quality. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have been used extensively to assess the water quality all over the world. The Euphrates River is one of the most important rivers in Iraq, which has hosted various civilizations in the ancient Mesopotamia region since ancient times and is still of great importance to the urban and rural communities of Iraq. The Hillah River is one of the two main branches of the Euphrates River, which flows eastward by branching off from it. This river is the most important river in the Babylon governorate in Iraq, which passes through a wide area and several small streams flow from it to supply water to agricultural lands in other governorates. The Hillah River passes through several cities and is affected by industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater, which has received less attention than other areas of the Euphrates River. For this purpose, in this research, a detailed assessment of the quality and pollution of the Hillah River in the Babylon governorate is carried out using different methods of remote sensing, GIS, and field and laboratory operations to determine the quality of this river.the purpose of its performance is to assessment the quality of water and soil for the area of Hillah river in Babylon governorate in Iraq. The method of collecting data and information needed to perform quantitative and qualitative analyzes in research was based on field, laboratory and library operations, and various software tools were used in data processing. In order to determine and collect water and soil quality samples, field operations have been used. For this purpose, the area of Hillah city is considered as the base point and samples have been collected parallel to the river Hillah in the north and south of the city. Accordingly, in terms of number, distribution and accuracy in field sampling, 10 points were collected from the area by using Garmin handheld GPS device, 7 points were taken from water and 3 points were taken from the soil of the area. The field work to determine the sampling locations was based on several reconnaissance trips and as a result, the locations of the main water sampling stations were identified. Then, they visited the desired places twice a month, and each time they visited, relevant samples were taken. The samples were collected in standard plastic bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters and their lids were tightly closed. Paying attention to the change in composition, soil samples were taken with a wider spatial distribution and from places with far distances from each other in the Hillah river basin, and the volume of each soil sample varied between 1 and 1.5 kg. Two different laboratories in Babylon governorate have been referred to perform quality tests on the collected samples. The laboratory measures have been carried out in two separate stages. In the first step, the measures of preparing the samples and separating them from each other have been carried out, which includes labeling, determining the date of water and soil samples, and classifying the samples for laboratory analysis. In the second stage, laboratory equipment and operations have been used for the qualitative analysis of the samples, and various devices such as CRISON have been used to test the physical and chemical parameters on the samples. Using laboratory tools and facilities, various physical and chemical variables of water quality have been measured based on the collected samples. For this purpose, 13 parameters have been tested on the samples. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured using an EC meter and pH using a pH meter according to the relevant methods. The capacity of calcium and magnesium ions in water samples has been measured using the weighing method. Soluble sulfate, phosphate and nitrate were measured by a spectrophotometer. Sodium concentration in water was measured by flame photometer. Chloride in water was estimated from the scaling method using silver nitrate standard solution and using potassium chromate solution as the relevant guide and the results were expressed in ppm. Total hardness was measured as calcium and magnesium in water as milligrams per liter or ppm. Turbidimeteror is used to measure water turbidity. Finally, the iodometric method has been used to measure dissolved oxygen in water. In soil quality measurement, in addition to the parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium and sodium, which are also evaluated in the measurement of water samples, other parameters were also measured. including sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and calcium carbonate (CaCo). For the measurement of the mentioned two elements, special laboratory tools have been used like other elements. WQI index has been used to evaluate the water quality at the region of the Hillah river. For this purpose, the data related to the stations sampled from the water level were entered into the calculations of the WQI index, and based on this index, the water quality was evaluated on a monthly basis, and water quality maps were prepared for the region. The WQI index equation creates a range between 1 and 100, where 1 means the poorest and 100 the best water quality, and within this range, five classes are set to classify the water quality as very poor or inadequate, poor, moderately good, good and excellent. For satellite images processing, Landsat satellite imagery data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database archive has been used. In this regard, the image of Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor for the date 2021/06/27 of the area has been selected as the main satellite data for processing.The research results can be presented in several sections. In the analysis of water quality in terms of quality parameters, it has been determined that, except for several cases in different months, in most cases, the concentration of chemical parameters of water did not exceed the permissible limit, and the physical parameters were appropriate. However, the results of the drinking water quality index have shown that the water of the Hillah River is at a poor and very poor level in terms of quality according to the location of the samples, and the spatial quality map of the Hillah river has also shown that the central to northern areas are of a more suitable quality than The southern regions have it, the main reason of which is the concentration of agricultural lands and the entry of waste and various effluents into the water in those areas. The results of evaluating the physical and chemical quality of soil in the studied area have also shown that soils with sandy texture are richer than mixed clay soils in terms of parameters such as electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and SAR, and on the other hand, pH and calcium carbonate of Clay soils were more than sandy soils. The evaluation of the correlation of the parameters between the values of the water and soil samples has been done and the coefficient of the orrelation between them has been obtained, and in some cases, there has been a high correlation between the parameters. Finally, by evaluating the correlation between the quality parameters and the Landsat image bands in terms of combinations and band ratios, it has been determined that there was a direct correlation in a few cases, and on the other hand, the linear relationship also indicated the absence of a relationship between the WQI index and the spectral bands.

The study aimed at investigating the groundwater quality for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses by Wilcox and Schuller diagrams using Chemistry Software, Langelier Saturation Index (Is) and evaluating hazards caused by physical-chemical compounds using the health hazard parameters such as chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) in EPA formulas in some parts of the Shiraz Plain, Central Fars Province. First, the data of 10 quality parameters affecting above-mentioned uses, including EC, Ca2+, K+, PH, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, TH, Mg2+ and TDS were collected corresponding to the study area’s 22 wells and their normal distribution was ensured. Regarding Wilcox and Schuller quality indices, the groundwater is classified as average for agricultural uses and as acceptable for drinking use. According to the Langelier Saturation Index, the existing water resources were reported corrosive to scale forming. During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. Thus, the programs such as water resources management and announcement of banned situation for the plain should be applied to improve the water quality over time.This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The studied area is a part of the Shiraz plain with an area of 278 hectares, where the wells supplying the city's water are located. There are 22 active drinking water wells in this area, which are mostly located in the urban context. In this study, the parameters of sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hardness, total dissolved solids and pH were investigated as parameters of resource quality indicators listed in the guidelines book of the World Health Organization. These parameters can affect the taste, smell, and appearance and generally acceptability of water.

During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. To investigate the spatial variations of groundwater quality in respect of drinking, agricultural and industrial water uses, various studies have been done across Iran based on the Schuller and the Wilcox diagrams and the Langelier Saturation Index. The results of the present study were in good agreement with the studies carried out by Jafari and Bakhshandehro (2014) in Isfahan Province, Rostamzadeh et al. (2015) in the Hastijan Plain, Mohammadyari and Basiri (2017) in the arid areas of Mehran and Dehloran, and Rafi Sharif et al. (2017) in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain. Therefore, considering the low quality of the groundwater, especially in the around wells, it is suggested that, in addition to prohibition of drilling new wells, the amount of water discharge from the aquifers is managed. Regarding the reduction of surface water input to the region in the recent years and the increase of pressure on the plain’s aquifer, the farming type must be changed based on detailed studies and the salt resistant crops needing less water should be developed. To manage the water resources, the qualitative and quantitative maps of the region’s water should be prepared and analyzed using the modern and precise geo-statistical methods once every couple of years. The capability of increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture was not fully implemented. It is recommended to carry out applied and basic studies for producing aridity-tolerant and salt resistant crops and inventing irrigation methods and technics compatible with the region’s current conditions. It must be cared that the application of new irrigation technologies is consistent with the climatic and agricultural conditions. The data of this study showed that one of the issues of the available water resources in Shiraz plain was the high amount of their salt and soluble materials indicating the significant impact of the geological formations (evaporates, shales, carbonates) and the salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of their quality. Thus, the ongoing programs such as announcement of banned plains must be continued to improve the water quality over time.

The results of the study indicated that the water resources of the study area were within the range of waters with completely hard origin. Generally, the increase of salts and soluble materials in water results in the reduction of groundwater quality. The chemical quality type of the aquifer’s water samples was of bicarbonate and sulfate type and their facies was calcic.According to the Schuller diagram, 11 wells of the region (37%) classified as good and acceptable in respect of drinking and were potable. Only two wells (7%) classified in the average group and the remaining 16 wells (55%) were in inappropriate, completely inappropriate and non-potable groups. Considering agriculture, the Wilcox diagram showed that 24% of the Plain’s wells classified as good to permissible and 14% were in the permissible to doubtful group (farming salt resistant crops).Meanwhile, most of the region’s wells (62%) classified as unsuitable for agriculture. Considering the Langelier Saturation Index, 76% of the aquifer’s wells were in the scale-forming category and the remaining ones were in the corrosive category in the industrial respect. Although, the government has made some efforts to constrain groundwater level drop in the context of various projects, but they were not sufficient. Most of the works carried out in the banned plains, were physical, structural and supply management actions, while it might be addressed by the demand management. Since the available water resources are limited and the final cost of water discharge increases, it is necessary to encourage the users to allocate water to the plans with the maximum efficiency per one unit of water. Analysis of the all-over cost of the user’s plans is critical for their comparison and prioritization. Considering the above discussions, some recommendations are given in the following sections to reduce excessive discharge of groundwater.

Limited access to water or the presence of pollutants in the source has a significant effect on the health and productivity of animals.

240 laying hens were tested completely randomly with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Experimental treatments include treatment 1: hens with free access to drinking water, treatment 2: hens with free access to water + low concentration of chemicals, treatment 3: hens with free access to drinking water + high concentration of chemicals, treatment 4: hens access to water every night + low concentration of chemicals and 50% limitation in average daily water consumption, treatment 5: hens access to water every night + high concentration of chemicals and 50% limitation in average daily water consumption.

The performance indexes were significantly affected by the effect of the treatments. Egg white and shell weight, specific gravity, egg shell shape and thickness index, corticosterone, aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and blood calcium index as well as the number of white blood cells, number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were not affected by experimental treatments.

Over the last few decades, the aquaculture industry has grown and developed as one of the major food production industries. Increased stocking density and cultivated area are two ways to increase aquaculture production. Stocking density increases result in a decrease in water quality and the spread of pathogens. As a chemical substance, antibiotics are not widely accepted by consumers as a means of reducing pathogenic agents in aquaculture. Nowadays, probiotics are crucial to maintaining the health of farmed aquatic animals and increasing production performance without negatively affecting consumers. Probiotics are being used in more studies to achieve environmentally friendly sustainable aquaculture goals. Probiotics have been shown to improve water quality, feed efficiency, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immunity, and resistance to pathogens in shrimp aquaculture. The presence of probiotics helps shrimp under stressful conditions, such as handling, grading, transportation, vaccination, and disease treatment. In the aquaculture industry, probiotics are mostly Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Carnobacterium species. This study examines the use and importance of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture, as well as their effects on water quality, growth performance, and immunity.

In recent years, the indiscriminate withdrawal of water from aquifers in the south of Iran and the unprincipled disposal of municipal sewage and agricultural wastewater in receiving water bodies have caused a decrease in the quality of groundwater in most of these plains. The limited nature of these underground resources and their excessive use has created problems in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the chemical, physical, and biological qualitative characteristics of groundwater to specify the appropriateness of water for the intended use (Sedaghat, 2008). Various studies have been conducted in the field of groundwater quality and the effect of different factors on it. In a research, the evaluation, modeling, and zoning of groundwater quality in the Kashan Plain region were conducted using geostatistics and deterministic models. Five water quality parameters to determine the irrigation index and drinking water quality were determined using the Wilcox diagram. The final map showed that the groundwater quality increased from north to south of the studied area (Feizi et al. 2019). According to the research conducted in Saveh county, Kashan aquifer, and Zahedan plain using different groundwater quality indices, the high concentration of ions and high EC values indicates the unsuitability or problematic use of groundwater resources. Therefore, the main objectives of this research include (1) the use of hydrogeochemical and graphical methods to determine the factors affecting the groundwater quality in Fasarud plain (Darab county), (2) the use of different parameters, diagrams, and indices such as electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, corrosiveness ratio, and permeability index for classifying water for irrigation, and (3) comparing the chemical parameters of water samples with the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the use of Schoeller's diagram for the classification of drinking water for the study area.

This research investigated the groundwater quality in the Fasarud plain of Darab County, where wells are mainly used for irrigation and in some places for drinking, using quality parameters and indices. Darab County is located in the southeast of Fars province and a has range of 54o 11’ to 54o 47’ east longitude and 28o 33’ to 28o 49’ north latitude at a distance of 250 km from Shiraz. The total area of the studied area is 6500 km2 with an altitude of 1180 m. According to the De Martonne index, the climate of this county is semi-arid, the average annual temperature is about 25 Co, the average annual rainfall is 350 mm, the average annual wind speed is about 1.2 m/s, the average annual potential evapotranspiration is about 1821 mm, and the average annual sunshine is about 9.4 hours per day (Bahrami et al., 2020). In this regard, the results of a period of chemical analysis related to 31 wells in March 2018 were used. Electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, corrosion ratio, and permeability index were used to classify water for irrigation.

A relatively wide range of changes in electrical conductivity was observed in the studied area with the lowest amount (394 μmho/cm) in well No. 22 and the highest amount (5544 μmho/cm) in well No. 24. The electrical conductivity in most of the wells is in the good and acceptable category, one well is in the cautious use class, and three wells are in the unacceptable category. Irrigation of soil with high electrical conductivity can increase the concentration of soil salts, and due to its cumulative property in the soil, it damages agricultural lands and agricultural products. Considering that the water quality in most samples is good and acceptable for agriculture in terms of salinity hazards, there is no need to amend the soil after using the water. The results showed that 39% of the groundwater samples were in the good range, 48% in the average range, and 13% in the unsuitable water range for irrigation. A comparison of the average values of qualitative parameters with the permissible values of standards 1053 of Iran and the World Health Organization showed that the average concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, and Cl ions are within the permissible range for drinking purposes, while the mean of K, HCO3, and NO3 was more than the allowed values of both standards, which indicates the entry of pollutants into the unground water of this plain through agricultural runoff and domestic sewage. Agricultural runoff has a great effect on degrading the groundwater quality, which is more effective in hot and dry areas. Also, evaporation from these solute-containing wastewater causes the solutes to be left in the upper layer of the soil during infiltration into the ground and transferred to the groundwater with subsequent irrigation or rainfall. The concentration of carbonates in natural waters is more dependent on the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, cations, and some soluble salts, which are more concentrated in groundwaters than in surface waters. Also, the comparison of each of the 31 wells' water quality studied in this plain with the Schoeller's standards showed that the water in 19 wells is acceptable or permissible for drinking, seven wells are relatively suitable, five wells are unsuitable, and the hardness in 30 wells are less than 50 mg/L. In general, the results reveal that the water in most of the wells in the study area is suitable for drinking and only the water of five wells is unsuitable due to the higher amount of some elements compared to the permissible limit of the national standard and WHO, which the contaminant has entered groundwater through agricultural wastewater.

The results showed that 58 percent of the samples are in the excellent, good, and acceptable ranges for agriculture, and in other wells, at least one of the indices is in unacceptable or cautious use classes. Also, the water of 26 wells can be used for drinking and the hardness of 30 wells is less than 50 mg/L. It is suggested to continuously monitor the groundwater resources in the study area, taking into account the existing potential of water resource pollution, including the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers for the fertility of agricultural lands within the limits of these resources.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

The effluents of cage culture, mainly uneaten food and faecal, are released directly into the environment and result in many environmental problems such as eutrophication, and changes of benthos communities .Therefore, studies related to the effects of this type of activity on marine ecosystems seem to be very necessary. In this study, the possible effects of cages culture Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer) on water quality in coastal waters of Rigo region of Qeshm Island in Hormozgan province during a period of six months during 2008 were investigated.

Water sampling was performed to measure some of water quality parameters in three stations, including the first station in the center, the second station at the end of the cages and the third at a distance of 1000 meters from the cages (reference site). A total of 540 water samples were collected using a Nansen sampler bottle to measure nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, total ammonia and phosphate). All nutrient samples were measured based on colorimetric method by spectrophotometer. Measurements of temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, turbidity and chlorophyll a were performed by multiparameter in the water column. To classify water quality, trophic status and risk of eutrophication in coastal waters of the study area, scale and upscale trix indices were used.

The water temperature range in this study is equal to 22.56-31.48 Co; Salinity, 36.98-37.55 ppt; Dissolved oxygen, 3.03-5.92 mg/l ; pH, 8-8.46; Turbidity, 4.3-27.4 NTU; Nitrate, 0.005-0.04 mg/l; Nitrite, 0.001-0.003 mg/l; Total ammonia, 0.003-0.04 mg/l; Phosphate was 0.002-0.043 mg/l and chlorophyll a was equal to 0.1-3.8 µg /l. The results of one-way analysis of variance test showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the studied at the location of the cages culture and the refrences site in terms of measured water quality parameters (except water temperature, pH and salinity) also the concentrations of nitrate, total ammonia, phosphate, nitrite, turbidity and chlorophyll a measured at the location of the cages were much higher than farther from the location of the cages (the references site). The mean value of Trix index, eutrophication risk index, trophic efficiency coefficient and N: P ratio in the coastal waters of the study area were 4.97, 3.98, 0.2 and 3.6, respectively. Based on the amount of Trix index, the level of trophy at the location of the cages culture was high, the water quality was moderate, and the trophy efficiency coefficient and the Eutrophication risk were high.

In general, the results of the present study showed that fish farming activities in cages could decrease water quality, increase trophic levels and the risk of eutrophication in the waters adjacent to the cages, while the effects of such activities on the coastal waters of the study area were ineffective at the time of the study.

In an investigation of the effects of the effluent of fish farms on the water quality of the Marbor River in Isfahan province based on biological indicators, some cases of infection of macrobenthos with horsehair worms (Nematomorpha: Gordiidae) were observed. About 76% of the observed worms were observed to leave their hosts. the horsehair worms were identified in only three families of aquatic insects, including Hydropsychidae, Limoniidae, and Chironomidae. About 24% of the observations were free living worms in the sediments. The highest and the lowest frequencies of observations were recorded in spring (47.7%) and autumn (0.92%), respectively. The seasonal abundance of free-living mature and fertile worms was a coincidence with increasing the reproductive activities of aquatic insects. Aaccordingly, it can be concluded that the ecological rules enforced such a simultaneous phenomenon to ensure that the worm larvae can find a proper host.

Study on the groundwater quality of Bardsir using the CCME-WQI quality indexDocument Type: Research Paper Marjan Salari1*, Faezeh Ghaffari21* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology2 Undergraduate student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of TechnologyCorresponding author's email: salari.marjan@gmail.comAbstractThe water quality index is a crucial part of the water resource management system, and it is the Richter scale used to evaluate the water quality and categorize various water consumptions. In this study, we employed the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water (CCME) to evaluate the groundwater quality of Bardsir for drinking and agricultural purposes following the standards of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Samples were taken from 20 wells for two water years (2017-19). This research aims to study the qualitative parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH. The groundwater samples are categorized into 5 categories (from perfect to undrinkable). The results show that the WQI average is estimated at 6/027 following WHO standards and 2/261 following FAO standards in 2017-18; in addition, the CCME average is estimated at 79/186 following FAO standards, and 64/429 following BIS standards. These results also exhibit that the WQI is 6/905 following WHO standards and 3/130 following FAO standards in 2018-19; the CCME average is 81/966 following FAO standards and 64/297 following BIS standards. The overall results show that the quality of the groundwater in all the sampling wells is categorized as perfect considering WQI and based on FAO and WHO standards; considering the CCME and based on BIS, and FAO, the groundwater quality of most wells were categorized as perfect, and only a few were categorized as undrinkable. This will be discussed thoroughly in the conclusion.IntroductionWater is one of the most vital substances on earth and the lives of all living creatures such as humans, animals, and plants depend on it. Water is known as a universal solvent because of its capacity for solubility. Water is a common substance that exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms. The most significant water resources on earth are groundwaters (wells, springs, and aqueducts), meteoric waters (rain and snow), and surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans); some are in the form of atmospheric water vapor, and others are in the solid form found in natural glaciers. Groundwaters are used for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the world. Various elements exist in groundwaters in different measures which can be beneficial or harmful; therefore, the quality of these resources should be studied and categorized. The quality of groundwaters depends on various factors like precipitation, aquifer power supply resources, water table surface, and geochemical processes. The World Health Organization reported that approximately 80 percent of diseases originate from polluted water. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the quality of groundwaters and preventing any kind of pollution is vital. The quality of groundwaters is evaluated through their physical, chemical, and biological traits. The water quality index is a beneficial agent in demonstrating the water quality through significant parameters CCME, and WQI which are among the most practical tools for the evaluation and management of groundwaters. WQI and CCME were employed to study the quality of groundwaters in Bardsir. Parameters EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH were studied following WHO -FAO -BIS standards.Methodology Bardsir is a city with a pleasant climate, located in Kerman province, southeast of Iran. There is a 65 kilometers distance from Bardsir to Kerman. The climate is temperate and alpine, which means sad the summers of Bardsir are breezy and winters are cold and snowy. It is 2044 meters above sea level. This city has four central sections called Negar, Lale-zar, and Gol-zar. The population of Bardsir is estimated at 81,983 according to the 2016 census. Selection of sampling areasThe data on the quality of groundwater used in this research was gathered from several wells during two statistical years (2017-19) by Bardsir's regional water authority (presented in table 1). A few parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of the area and they are EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and pH (the measurements are presented in tables 2 and 3). Determining the qualitative parameters is the most important factor in assessing WQI. The effects of these parameters on water pollution depend on the standards presented by international and regional organizations. • WQI IndexThe water quality index for drinking or irrigation purposes expresses the overall water quality through a single number at a specific time and place based on different water quality parameters (Yogendra & Puttaiah, 2008).• CCME IndexIn the current research, the method provided by the Canadian Ministry of Environment under the title of CCME was used to determine the condition of the underground water quality of Bardsir city; In this method, for water quality rating, the following three parameters should be determined first (Al-Hamdani et al., 2021):1- Territory (A1) : This parameter indicates the number of variables that are not within the scope of water quality standards.2- Frequency (A2): This parameter represents the percentage of unit tests that do not fall within the range of standards (unsuccessful tests).3-Frequency (A3): It shows the number of rejected tests that do not fall within the scope of the standards.ConclusionIn this research, the quality of groundwater in Bardsir was evaluated based on WQI following WHO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH); additionally, based on CCME following FAO standards for parameters (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH), and following BIS for parameters (EC, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, TDS, TH, SO42-, Cl-, pH). The results show that the water quality of all wells is categorized as perfect based on WQI and following WHO, and FAO standards; and based on CCME and following BIS and FAO standards, the water quality of the majority of wells is perfect and only a few are categorized as undrinkable.keywords: "Groundwater Quality", "Bardsir Plain", "Water Quality", "WQI Index", "CCME Index".

In the present study, the effects of startup and addition of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) salts for 4 weeks before fish stocking on efficiency of biofilter for removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) from water, survival rate, growth performance, ammonia metabolizing and urea cycle enzymes activities as well as mucosal immunity of African cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) fingerling. The experimental unit was a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with water holding capacity of 200 L in which 20 fingerling fish with average weight of 3.06±0.07 g were stocked and cultured for 30 days. The experimental groups included the RAS without startup and adding salts (control, group 1), startup of RAS before fish stocking (group 2) and startup RAS with adding salts (group 3). Water from each experimental unit was sampled after 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of fish stocking. The results showed that the TAN concentration in the groups 2 and 3 was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Nitrate concentration in the groups 2 and 3 was higher than the control group (P<0.05). The highest nitrate concentration was observed in the group 3 (P<0.05). Growth performance including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR%), daily growth index (DGI) and body weight increase (BWI%) were higher in the groups 3, 2 and control, respectively (P<0.05). The food conversion ratio (FCR) in the groups 2 and 3 was lower than the control (P<0.05). The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and ornithine carbamyl transferase enzymes in liver and muscle tissues increased in the control and group 2 compared to the group 3 (P<0.05). The total immunoglobulin, lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) of skin mucus increased in the groups 2 and 3 compared to the control; the highest levels were observed in the group 3 (P<0.05). The findings indicate that the startup of RAS with the addition of salts before fish stocking can be an effective way to improve the efficiency of biofilter in converting water ammonia to nitrate, survival rate, growth performance and health of the fish.

The growing population of the world, along with the expansion of agricultural and industrial activities to provide food on the one hand and successive droughts in recent years on the other, has led to the availability of fresh surface and groundwater resources in most countries in the arid zone. Reach the peak of its exploitation and consequently put too much pressure on water resources. These conditions have been prevalent in Iran for a long time. On the other hand, the development of urbanization and industrialization has led to the production of a huge volume of wastewater, the main problem in this field is how to dispose of wastewater, so that it did not lead to environmental and health risks. In this regard, one of the best methods of wastewater disposal is its use in agriculture, this requires special management that while using it optimally, does not have environmental and health risks to soil, plants and surface and groundwater resources. One of the main solutions to deal with the water crisis is the use of water chain in proportion to changing its quality in various sectors of consumption. Another solution is the optimal use of existing conventional and non-conventional water and the use of efficient and high-efficiency irrigation systems. ا Since wastewater is considered as fresh but polluted water and its treatment cost is much lower than other methods of water supply, wastewater reuse is proposed to compensate for the lack of some water needs. In addition, municipal effluents are rarely affected by drought. Therefore, reuse of effluent can be a reliable source for use in dry and low rainy years. The use of low quality water, including municipal wastewater, for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Iran, is increasing. Pollution caused by such waters, including nitrate and phosphate, accumulates in agricultural products and causes various diseases when it enters the human body. Methemoglobin (a disease of children) caused by the entry of nitrate into the human body and osteoporosis caused by the entry of phosphate. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in some plants along the Kal-e-Shor river in Sabzevar. The study population in this study is some crops and non-crops in the lands of Dolatabad and Aliabad regions that are irrigated using the water of Kalshur river. Due to the diversity of the crop in the region, two agronomic species (wheat and pistachio) and two non-agronomic species (straw and turmeric) have been selected for the study, which have been collected in three samples and examined for nitrate and phosphate concentrations. According to the results, the phosphate concentration in the green of the plants was as follows: Wheat leaf irrigated with effluent> Control wheat leaf> Kalshour turmeric leaf> Irrigated pistachio leaf> Control turmeric leaf> Kalshour straw leaf> Control straw leaf> Control pistachio leaf The greenery of the wheat field of the farm has the highest concentration of phosphate and the greenery of turmeric has the lowest concentration of phosphate. Nitrate concentration in greenery of plants was as follows: Wheat leaf irrigated with effluent> Wheat leaf control> Kalshour turmeric leaf> Pistachio leaf irrigated with effluent> Control turmeric leaf> Kalshour straw leaf> Control straw leaf> Control pistachio leaf, which Wheat leaves irrigated with effluent had the highest concentration of nitrate and pistachios of control fields (irrigated with well water) had the lowest concentration of nitrate. The higher phosphate concentration in the experimental farms compared to the control farms was due to the use of chemical fertilizers in the fields and poor field management. Nitrate concentration in the greenery of plants irrigated with wastewater (experimental farms) was higher than the greenery of control plants, which is due to the presence of nitrate in the effluent or poor farm management. According to the results, the concentration of phosphate in the effluent of the study area is 0.610 mg/l, while the standard concentration of phosphate in the effluent for discharge to surface waters by the Environmental Protection Organization is 6 mg/l. The concentration of phosphate in the effluent is less than the allowable limit with a probability of 99%. The concentration of nitrate in the effluent is 9.266 mg/l and the standard limit announced by FAO for irrigation is 5 mg/l and for discharge to surface water is 50 mg/l. The concentration of nitrate in the effluent for irrigation is 95% higher than the standard, but for entering surface water is less than the allowable limit, so the concentration of nitrate for irrigation should be monitored. Higher phosphate concentration in the leaves of experimental farms compared to control farms is due to the use of chemical fertilizers in farm management. Nitrate concentration in the leaves of experimental field plants is higher due to the presence of nitrate in the effluent or poor field management. There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in wheat, straw and turmeric plants of Kalshour and control fields. The average concentration of nitrate in wheat leaves irrigated with effluent is 13.24 and in control wheat is 12.76. Also, the permissible concentration of nitrate in wheat (maximum concentration of nitrate in wheat) according to EU standards is 50 mg/kg, which indicates the measured values. Nitrate content in wheat irrigated with effluent is higher than allowed. The average concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the pistachio plant irrigated with effluent is higher than the pistachio plant in the control fields, this is probably due to the use of more fertilizer in the experimental pistachio fields.

Macrobenthos can serve as a bioindicator for natural or anthropogenic environmental changes. Ghareh-Aghaj River is one of the most important rivers in Fars province that supply potable, agricultural and industrial water. This study aimed to investigate the changes of macrobenthos in different months and stations for one year from September 2018 to August 2019 to determine the water quality of Ghareh-Aghaj River in Fars province. For this purpose, 10 stations were selected from 190 kilometers of river length and sediment samples collected once every 45 days. Identifications were done using binocular stereomicroscope and benthic identification keys. BMWP, ASPT and Shannon Wiener indices were used to evaluate water quality. From the midstream zone to the Persian Gulf (stations 7 to 10) has severe pollution. These stations are surrounded by extensive farmlands that use pesticides and herbicides in a large scale, resulting agricultural runoff containing a variety of contaminants flowsinto the river. In addition, in the downstream stations, especially in ​​Kavar (Station 7), the effluent of sand mines flows into the river, which has caused a severe change in the ecosystem of the lake. According to the results, the water quality of Ghareh-Aghaj River is relatively badand placed in the category of moderate to severe polluted.

In this study, the role of probiotic and halophilic bacteria were studied in biofloc system using different carbon sources including corn starch (treatments 1 and 4), beetroot molasses (treatments 2 and 5), rice-bran (treatments 3 and 6), with sugar cane vinasses (used in all treatments) at presence of commercial probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans) (treatments 1, 2 and 3) and combination of probiotics and halophylic bacteria (treatments 4, 5 and 6) at salinity of 60±5g/L during 42 days. Minimum concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were recorded in treatment 6 and lowest ammonia in treatment 1. The highest floc volume were produced in treatments 2 and 5 (41-48mL/L). In terms of nutritional value, significantly higher protein (20-25%) and ash (75-80%) were detected in treatments 2, 3, 5 and 6. But significantly higher carbohydrate (64%) was detected in treatments 1 and 4. Fatty acid analysis of the bioflocs showed that treatments 2 and 5 had highest PUFA n-3 (32%) and treatments 3 and 6 had significantly higher MUFA (22-25%). Results of this research showed that different carbon sources had significant effect on biofloc quality, but the use of probiotics separately or in combination with halophilic bacteria had no significant effect on biofloc quality.

Macrobenthos communities are used as the second and third levels of food chain, and can be considered as an index of total production and water quality. This study aimed to investigate the density and abundance of macrobenthos in the Zayandeh-rood River in 2017 and use them to determine the river water quality. For this purpose, 6 sampling stations were selected completely randomly and sediment samples was collected at each station with three replications in 4 seasons. Benthos identification was performed using binocular stereomicroscope and Benthos identifiers keys. Finally, 9 families and 7 order were identified, among which Monhysteridae, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea had the highest abundance. All seasons and stations are classified as serious organic pollutants based on the ASPT index. According to the EPT index, in spring, water quality was assessed as good. Summer and fall were in poor and winter in very poor quality class. Shannon Weiner index for all seasons is in the moderately pollution class. All of the seasons according to the BMWP index, were in moderately class. Based on BMWP index, stations 1 and 3, the water in poor quality and the other stations were in the moderately quality.

This research was conducted to compare the water quality of the major rivers of Azna city in Lorestan province. For this purpose information on the chemical parameters of the 4 rivers of Kamandan, Marbareh, Darehtakht and ChamZaman was prepared in the April of years 2001, 2006, 2012, 2016 and 2017. For compare the water quality of these rivers for drinking, farming and determining the water type, Shouler, Wilcox and Piper charts were drawn. Samples are within the range of WHO and ISIRI. Calcium has the highest amount of cation and The highest amount of anion is bicarbonate. The amount of SAR increased in rivers from years 2012 to 2016; Altogether, the Kamanan River in year 2017 has been of the best quality for farming and drinking. The quality of rivers in the city is good and in different years the important quality elements of rivers are in the standard of Iran and the world. The results of the Piper diagram show that the water type of the studied stations is calcium-bicarbonate and magnesium-bicarbonate. According to Schuler and Wilcox Diagrams, it can be concluded that overall the rivers have good quality for drinking and are suitable and slightly saline for agriculture.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a qualitative analysis of Zayandeh-rood River water using benthic invertebrate communities in fall 2017 to Spring 2018. To do so, we select 6 stations and 3 sediment samples were collected in each stations. Sediment samples were fixated and various animals were extracted from the samples and were grouped and identified according to fauna benthic identification keys were used for the identification of the sample. Finally, in spring 8 family belongs to 6 order; in autumn 11 family belongs to 7 order and in winter 6 family belongs to 4 order were identified. According to all indices, all stations and all seasons were in polluted category. Regarding the Zayandeh-rood drought, during the last decade, the flow of water in the river, especially the refinery stations and the Shakh-kenar and Sharif Abad, is practically the industrial wastewater, sewage of the cities and adjacent villages. For this reason, contaminated species in these ecosystems are species resistant to pollution.