gelatin

During the last few decades, with the advancement of the science of knowledge of materials and the ability to investigate their structure in molecular and atomic dimensions, this ability has been created for humans to think of a way to target medicine to the desired points of the body with the help of various tools in nanotechnology. In order to release the drug exactly at the desired point and release it in sufficient quantity, he should conduct many researches and studies in this field. Today, three-dimensional structures are used as suitable drug carriers in various forms to deliver the desired amount of drug to the target points and release it at a controlled rate. In this study, a three-dimensional scaffold based on poly-caprolactone was used. Three different percentages of 1, 3 and 5% by weight of hydroxyapatite (HA) were used in the made inks. Morphology studies and identification of elements showed that 3D PCL3%HA scaffold is more suitable than other scaffolds. Based on this, gelatin and HA of 1, 3 and 5% by weight were used to coat the PCL3%HA scaffold. Studies were done on the final scaffolds. In order to investigate the initial morphology of the 3D scaffold, an optical microscope was used. Investigation of HA particles was investigated using SEM. EDS test studies showed that with the increase in the weight percentage of HA, the atomic ratio of calcium to phosphorus also increased. The compressive strength of these scaffolds PCL3%HA-3%HAG, PCL3%HA-1%HAG and PCL3%HA-5%HAG has reached 35.0±8.6, 44.0±3.6 and 47.0±5.6, respectively. The results of this study show that despite coating the printed scaffolds with gelatin,  no significant increase in the Young's modulus of the scaffolds was observed. After 24 hours, the PCL3%HA-5%HAG scaffold had the highest swelling percentage of 98%. Also, after 12 days, 33% of the scaffold was destroyed. The survival rate of the scaffold is 105% and its release rate in 10 hours is 45%. According to the conducted studies, it can be stated that PCL3%HA-5%HAG scaffold containing anticancer drug is a suitable candidate for use in bone tissue engineering.

Antioxidant and antibacterial gelatin and HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) based edible films have been studied by the incorporation of clove and cinnamon cinnamon powder and it’s ethanol extract as natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents. In addition, was used linseed oil as a plasticizer. Color, opacity, water activity, water solubility, morphology and weight analyzes were performed on edible films. High water solubility was detected in non-oily edible film samples. The water solubility value, which was 94.87 in non-oily film samples, decreased to 78.00 with the addition of oil. It was determined that the addition of natural preservatives increased the opacity value, but decreased the water activity and water solubility value. The highest opacity value of 0.13 was determined in the film samples containing cinnamon powder. For the opacity value, which is of great importance in the packaging material, the addition of oil to the films and the film-forming material was not found to be statistically significant. It has been observed that HPMC-containing films have inhomogeneous morphology compared to gelatin-containing edible films, and this heterogeneous distribution is increased by the addition of oil and natural preservatives. Linseed oil addition resulted in lower water activity and water solubility values than non-oily film equationtions. Three different film solutions were selected among 20 different edible film samples and the muffin cakes were coated. The functional, sensory and microbiological properties of edible film-coated muffin cakes were determined by comparing them with the uncoated cake sample. Cake samples were subjected to moisture content, pH and titratable acidity, texture and microbiology analysis during the storage period (1st, 8th and 15th days). After 15 days of storage, it was determined that the clove extract film coating had a more positive effect on maintaining the moisture value of the muffin cakes compared to the cinnamon extract film coating. There was no statistically significant difference in the moisture value of muffin cakes covered with edible films containing plain and clove extract during storage. While the moisture values of the muffin cakes covered with cinnamon extract film were similar on the 1st and 8th days, this value was different on the 15th day. It was observed that muffin cakes with film coating during storage presented lower hardness and titration acidity values than the cake without coating, so the edible film coating formed a moisture barrier. According to the results of performed analysis, it was concluded that the film coating had a positive effect on nutrition, sensory, and texture of muffin cake.

This study aimed to assess the potential of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and extracted platelets from rabbits in promoting bone regeneration by utilizing Bioactive Glass (BG) and chitosan/gelatin membranes. The objectives were to accelerate the healing process, enhance biocompatibility, and provide anti-inflammatory properties. Silver nanoparticles ranging from 8 to 10 nm were incorporated into the scaffold to prevent microbial growth. The findings indicate that PRP injection into the lesion or in combination with synthetic BG can accelerate bone cell growth and regeneration while avoiding inflammation or infection. Moreover, the mechanical performance of the regenerated tissue was enhanced, and favorable biological properties were observed. The results demonstrate that PRP and BG can effectively treat bone lesions by promoting cell adhesion and early bone tissue regeneration. The data suggests that an increase in total porosity leads to a corresponding increase in overall porosity, with S4 exhibiting the highest overall porosity of over 70%. Furthermore, as total porosity increases, the percentage of apatite formation also increases, with S4 displaying the highest formation percentage of over 48%. Additionally, incorporating BG and chitosan/gelatin membranes, along with silver nanoparticles, enhances the material's biocompatibility. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical potential of this approach.

This study was conducted to determine the mechanical and physical features of the gelatin film containing C. aurantium Essential Oil (CEO) and the effect of this film on the chemical and sensory properties of the shrimp were investigated. Evaluation of physical properties including moisture content (7.22%), water vapor permeability (0.46 ×10-11 g/ m s Pa), and solubility (10.46%) in water showed that adding 5% of CEO improves the physical properties of the film. Based on the scanning electron microscope images, the CEO led to the creation of pores and heterogeneous phases on the surface of the gelatin film. In addition, the CEO led to an increase in elongation at break and a decrease in the tensile strength of the gelatin film. Elongation at break and tensile strength of the gelatin film containing 5% CEO was 15.54% and 31.61 MPa, respectively. Investigating the chemical properties of shrimp showed that pH, Peroxide Value  (PV), and total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) of samples treated with gelatin film containing CEO were preserved in an acceptable range during storage. During the storage, the lowest pH (7.57), TVB-N (18.09 mg/100 g), and PV (1.9 meq O2/kg) values were observed in the samples coated with 5% CEO, which confirms the ability of the film enriched with CEO to increase the shelf life of shrimp. In addition, the evaluation of sensory features showed that the shrimp wrapped with gelatin film enriched with CEO had a higher overall acceptance than the control sample. Based on the results, the gelatin film containing CEO can be introduced as an environmentally friendly active packaging with the potential to increment the shelf life of marine products.

This study utilized potassium permanganate and natural polymers starch and gelatin as stabilizing agents to the green fabrication of manganese dioxide nanoparticles MnO2-NPs for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. MnO2-NPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, as well as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). XRD confirmed the amorphous nature and purity of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of MnO2-NPs was examined by the degradation of methylene blue dye under neutral pH. Results showed 95% dye degradation within 45 minutes under repeat cycling, indicating the excellent photocatalytic performance. The green synthesis method and effective photocatalytic activity demonstrate of starch and gelatin-stabilized MnO2-NPs as sustainable photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants. The produced potential in the two beds with starch and gelatin was examined.

This work aimed to prepare pH-sensitive nanofibrous mats as a drug releasing system using a green method. Gelatin nanofibers were first prepared by electrospinning and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. To evaluate the capability of this product as a drug delivery system, vancomycin was loaded into the nanofibrous mats in different doses as a model antibiotic drug. The chemical structure of the prepared material was investigated by (Fourier transform-infrared) FT-IR. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations showed that uniform bead-free nanofibers with an average diameter of 157 nm were successfully fabricated. The drug release studies revealed that the relative rate of drug release in buffer media with pH =2.0 was higher than that in a buffer solution with pH =7.4. The drug release mechanism of samples was determined by Korsmir-Pepas model. Moreover, the incorporation of vancomycin into the nanofibers provided an effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms. The developed antibiotic loaded nanofibrous mats can be considered as a promising novel antimicrobial wound dressing material.

In this study, samples of iron oxide nanoparticles in magnetic form (MNPs) were produced by co-precipitation technique. Prepared MNPs was coated with gelatin or gum Arabic to decrease toxicity and enhance stability. The characteristics of coated and uncoated MNPs were investigated. Structurally, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated that the produced nanoparticles were pure and crystalline, with diameter averages of 27.21, 39.35, and 55.30 nm for MNPs, gelatin-coated MNPs, and gum Arabic-coated MNPs, respectively. Spectrophotometry, Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Zeta Potential, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) had been used for more characterization. In contrast, the bioactivity of coated and uncoated NPs was determined. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. MNPs demonstrated significant and large diameters of growth were 27.5 and 30 mm against S. aureus and E. coli at 1000 µg/ml, respectively, but coated MNPs with either gelatin or gum Arabic had weak antibacterial activity against both species tested. Finally, the MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic of coated and non coted MNPs against cancer cell line ( MCF-7) and normal cells (WRL68 ) as a control. MCF-7 had a viability of 65.1% in the presence of 400 g/ml of prepared MNPs, whereas WRL68 had a viability of 75.03 % . on the other hand , GAM demonstrated considerable vitality of 69.9% when examined against MCF-7, while it was 80.05% against normal cell line. GAM is a good

In this work, natural polymer Gelatin grafting was carried out with succinic anhydride by ring-opening polymerization then complexion with (Cr+3), (Mn+2), (Ni+2), and (Zn+2) was synthesized. The structure was characterized using FT-IR and UV-Vis. The results revealed that the structures of these complexes are Octahedral. The spectroscopic result of the ligand showed a bidentate behavior through the coordination via oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The newly synthesized polymers were tested as corrosion inhibitors on carbon steel alloy. The results of corrosion test indicated the corrosion decrease by using the new polymers on the service of the alloy. Inorganic polymers are appealing metals and alloys as corrosion inhibitors in various applications as they are cost-effective, renewable materials that are readily accessible, non-hazardous, possibly biodegradable, and biocompatible with the natural environment.

In this work, graphene oxide/activated clay/Gelatin (GO/AC/G) composite blends were prepared by a simple solution mixing method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were investigated to study the novelty in the structural characterization of the samples. The thermal stability was pursued by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).The obtained results showed a homogeneous mixture was able to be formed between AC, GO, and G. XRD indicated a successful intercalated structure was created in the composites. The disappearance of montmorillonite and GO peaks at 2 = 8.1° and at 2 =13.5° respectively was observed, indicating the homogenous distribution of GO sheets onto activated clay structure. The interlayer spacing increased from 19.4 to 23.5 Å due to the insertion of gelatin molecules into the sheets of clay.The IR spectrum of (GO/AC/G) composite revealed the presence of C-O-C bonds, C=C bending, C-OH vibration, and C=O bending. These results suggested that GO had been composited with AC structure. Further, an intense band of N-H at 3419 cm-1 of gelatin was ameliorated through combination with absorption bonds of O-H, indicating the interaction of gelatin with the clay.A comparison of the thermograms of GO/AC and GO/AC/G showed that the thermal stability had been improved.

Solid waste disposal and accumulation from various packaging materials made of synthetic polymers have led to intensified environmental concerns during the last decades. However, extensive research has been conducted on bio-nanocomposites as an alternative material for synthetic polymers in packaging applications during recent years. In this study, gelatin-based films modified with nano-caly and chitosan are proposed for food packaging. Nano-clay is used to improve various features such as mechanical strength and water vapor barrier properties. Also, chitosan is added to the gelatin matrix for anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties. The as-prepared nanocomposite films were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. Also, tensile strength, transparency, swelling behavior, water contact angle and permeability tests were performed. Based on the results, increasing nano-clay up to 5 wt. %, results in 25% tensile strength enhancement in the nano-composite film. Higher nano-clay contents led to strength decline. Elongation at break is reduced by increasing the nano-clay content from 25% to 40%. The contact angle was also reduced by increasing the nano-clay content from 95o to 90o showing a small hydrophobicity reduction.

In this study, the nanoporous γ-alumina catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method using hydrolysis of aluminum isopropoxide in the presence of TX-100 or gelatin/TX-100 mixture. Catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, BET-BJH and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. To investigate reactivity and selectivity of the synthesized catalysts, dehydration reaction of 2-octanol was carried out in a plug flow vertical reactor at 200 °C. The main products of elimination reaction were 1-octene, 3-octene, cis- and trans-2-octene, which were identified by GC-MS. The reaction conversion and yield of the products were determined using GC. The prepared catalysts had nanometer-sized pores, high surface area and large pore volume. Their catalytic activity for dehydration of 2-octanol was higher than non-porous γ-alumina catalysts. These compounds could be used as effective catalysts for dehydration of alcohols.

Electrospinning has been recognized as an efficient technique for the fabrication of polymernanofibers. Recently, various polymers have successfully been electrospun into ultrafine fibers.Electrospinning is an extremely promising method for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds.In this study, nanofibers gelatin was electrospun at 20% v/v optimized content. To produce gelatinnanofibers optimally, production parameters need to be investigated. In the electrospinning, device(voltage and distance) parameters were determined to be effective; as a result, these parameterswere researched and the influences of electrospinning device parameters (voltage & distance)on properties of gelatin nanofibers were evaluated. These parameters affected the diametersize, uniformity, hydrophilicity and thermal degradation of electrospun gelatin nanofibers. All ofthese properties were examined by SEM, FTIR, CA, BET, XRAY and TGA tests and finally optimumgelatin nanofibers can be used in many applications including cell culture, drug delivery and tissueengineering.

In recent years, nanocomposite scaffolds made of bioactive polymers have found multiple applications in bone tissue engineering. In this study composite nanofibrous structure of gelatin (Gel)/chitosan (Cs)-polycaprolactone (PCL) containing hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated using co-electrospinning process. To assay the biocompatibility and bioactivity of electrospun nanocomposite scaffolds, the behavior of human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) on fabricated nanofibers was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy analysis, measuring calcium deposits and MTT assay. The SEM micrographs at days 3 and 7 showed high cell attachment and spreading on the nanofibrous scaffolds. The MTT results demonstrated the proliferation of MG-63 cells during 10 days and the positive effect of nanofibers in comparison of cell culture plate. Considering the proliferation rate and calcification extent, the Gel-Cs-HA nanofibers reveal highest biocompatibility for osteoblast cells which could be attributed to the smaller diameter fibers and more mechanical strength in the Gel-Cs-HA scaffold.

In our previous work, the effect of use of a water soluble CDI/NHS system as nontoxic cross-linking agent on fabrication of gelatin nanoparticles was investigated. In this research, the effect of variation in some synthetic parameters of gelatin nanoparticles cross-linked by CDI/NHS system such as type of gelatin and formulation of cross- linking agent on their size and distribution was examined. The conventional two step desolvation method was used for preparation of gelatin nanoparticles. The morphology, mean size and size distribution of the formed nanoparticles were evaluated and compared with each other. In addition, intrinsic viscosities of all the nanoparticles were measured and compared under different conditions. The results showed that the presence of more NHS and absence of NHS catalyst in CDI/NHS system lead to the large particle size and broad size distribution of nanoparticles that were attributed to the fast and slow cross-linking rate, respectively.