جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « phytochemical » در نشریات گروه « شیمی »

Ficus auriculata L., commonly known as, “elephant ear fig” is a species of fig tree in Moraceae family and globally found in tropical and subtropical forests. The present comparative study investigated the GC-MS analysis, phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant assays and antidiabetic activity of methanol and hexane extracts from the fruits of Ficus auriculata which was collected from two different agro-climatic conditions in Uttarakhand, namely Almora (Hill region) and Haldwani (Tarai region). The GC-MS analysis of Almora unripe hexane fruit extract (AUFHE) and Haldwani unripe hexane fruit extract (HUFHE) gave rise to the characterization of two chemical profiles composed of 37 and 40 bioactive compounds with γ-sitosterol (15.46% and13.44%) as the most abundant component, respectively. Moreover, in Almora unripe methanol fruit extract (AUFME) and Haldwani unripe methanol fruit extract (HUFME), 24 and 23 bioactive compounds were characterized among which linoleic acid (71.41%) and hexadecadienoate (26.42%) were the most prevalent compounds, respectively. In view of the obtained results, HUFME exhibited prominent total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. AUFME also showed potent antioxidant activity when using DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay (IC50 =447.45 ± 0.53 µg/mL), whereas strong metal chelation assay was found for HUFHE (IC50= 502.07 ± 2.50 µg/mL). Furthermore, AUFME and HUFME displayed potent anti-diabetic activity. In addition, ADMET study predicted that F. auriculata could be considered an effective bioactive source of phytoconstituents for various biological efficacies. The observed pharmacological properties could be attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and fatty acids in F. auriculata fruit.

The secondary metabolite isolated from plant has been the main source of novel drugs which bears valuable therapeutic activities such as anthelmintic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Indigofera diphylla a semi–woody herb of dry sandy area belongs to the family fabaceae. The plant is being used as antidotes. The study was aimed at determining the chemical constituent of the extract in ethyl acetate of the root of Indigofera diphylla utilizing GC-MS. The plant was harvested and dried by air after that the root was separated and processed into powder. To obtain ethyl acetate extract, extraction by maceration was used. The Agilent GC-MS machine was utilized to analyze the chemical composition. There were found to be forty-five (45) different compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of root of Indigofera diphylla, among which 2-isopropoxyethyl propionate showed the highest peak area of 17.12% and 1-nitro-2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-d-mannitol showed the lowest peak area of 0.028%. The major identified compounds were methenamine, 5-fluoro-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino)thiazole, hexadecanoic acid, 1,1-dimethylester, and n-hexadecanoic acid. The phytochemical result revealed that glycoside, saponins, and tannins were present.  The phytochemical identified from the ethyl acetate extract of Indigofera diphylla may contribute to the plant's medical effectiveness and is a potential source of therapeutic medications.

This research aimed to investigate in vitro antimicrobial property of Acalypha wilkesiana against some selected pathogenic microbes that are resistant to drugs. The crude and defatted methanol extracts were screened for the presence of secondary metabolites as well as analysed for in vitro antimicrobial activity using agar-well diffusion method. The phytochemicals in the leaf include flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, cardeinolides, and cardiac glycosides. The methanol leaf extract showed activity against some microbes in a concentration-dependent manner, with highest inhibition zone against Salmonella typhi (24.67±0.33mm) at 500 mg/ml with insignificant difference as compared with to the inhibition zone of the standard drug, Ciprofloxacin (20 mg/ml) [25.00±0.57] and the lowest zone of inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had the least zones of inhibitions of 7.00±0.00, 7.00±0.00, 7.00±0.00, and 8.00±0.00, respectively, at 100 mg/ml. S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans had no zones of inhibition and no zone of inhibition shown at any concentrations on Aspegillus niger. The antimicrobial susceptibility test shows that Acalypha wilkesiana had the highest activity against C. albicans (19.00±0.57), while no activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Although the residual portion had the best antimicrobial effect, thus, this study has provided guide that the compound(s) responsible for the antimicrobial effect could be polar in nature.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are one of the known safe compounds, and their low toxicity makes them suitable for waste water remediation. An environment-friendly approach of synthesizing nanoparticles is the use of plant extracts which are rich sources of phytochemicals as reducing agents. In this research, aqueous extracts of four different plants’ leaves were analyzed and found to contain anthocyanins, steroids, phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Optimization study prepared the precursors (zinc salt and plant extracts) in varying volume-ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1; a higher yield was observed for the ratio 1:1 having calculated percentage yields of 50.0 %, 64.1 %, 21.8 %, and 68.0 % for leaves of guava, tropical almond, lemon, and Mexican a, respectively. The TEM characterization of these biosynthesised nanoparticles have sizes in the range 0.22 nm and 5.80 nm, while the EDS spectra presented these nanoparticles as highly pure having major elements of zinc and oxygen. The small sizes and very high purity of the biosynthesised nanoparticles make them fit for adsorption applications such as waste water remediation.

Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder that causes white patches on the skin and mucosa. It has an impact on a patient’s mental well-being, physical well-being, and human lifestyle. These depigmented macules were originally mentioned in pre-Hindu, Vedic, and ancient Egyptian manuscripts more than 3,000 years ago. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using phytochemicals over synthetic compounds in the pharmaceutical field. To better understand the effectiveness of natural products in the fight against vitiligo, large-scale clinical trials are required. Here, in this study, we summarize a list of vesicular formulations, with and without phytochemicals, that have been used and will be utilized in the future to treat vitiligo. To assist further progress in this vitiligo review we hereby mention an overview of pathophysiology, recent updates on clinical trials, and patents.

Vigna subterranea, a legume regarded as a ‘super food’ in Nigeria has been grossly understudied and underutilised and this study investigated the constituents of the various parts of this plant for possible utilization. The seed, leaf and root of the plant were analysed to assay the phytochemical constituents using standard gravimetric methods, nutritional and amino acid constituents using both gravimetric and spectroscopic as well as the antimicrobial activities using Agar well diffusion method. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed high percentage content of alkaloids (0.34 ±0.02), flavonoids (0.373 ± 0.01) and tannins (0.327±0.013) on the leaf followed by the root with the highest saponins content (0.433 ± 0.02). Steroids were found in moderate quantities on all tested parts. The nutritional analysis showed high protein content on all the parts. The leaf had the highest vitamin C content (6.453mg/100g) while vitamin B3 was found to be highest in the seeds(2.123mg/100g) The total essential amino acids (g/100g) in seed, leaf and root were 42.44, 39.85, and 30.82 respectively, while total non-essential amino acids (g/100g) were 50.05, 46.84, and 38.25 respectively. The antimicrobial analysis showed n-hexane extract of the root having the highest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 ± 1.41 mm zone of inhibition). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for n-hexane extract was 100 mg/L while the Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was 200 mg/L.  indicates a good antimicrobial agent. The leaf and root of Vigna subterranea can no longer be regarded as post -harvest wastes but potential sources of drugs and nutrients.

India presently comprises 23 species of Chlorophytum which are commercially utilized as ‘White gold’ or ‘Divya aushadhi’. There are pressing demands on the biodiversity and bioresources of Western Ghats and Chlorophytum is one of the highly demanded medicinal entities, as Chlorophytum has export value and there is a vast demand for its roots under the trade name ‘Safed Musali’. The roots of various species are collected from nature. Even all the species of Chlorophytum are not studied properly for taxonomy, morphology, medicinal value and antioxidant contents. The present review proposes a comprehensive impression of phytogeographical survey, morphological, genetic and phytochemical diversity, medicinal properties and uses, field studies and breeding practices of genus Chlorophytum. Conclusively, the anticipated article is an endeavour to provide a complete update of several studies led by members of the genus Chlorophytum that will possibly be utilized systematically and appropriately in different conservation strategies and sustainable development.

The antifungal and antibacterial effects of medicinal plants have long been known. The root bark decoction of Strychnos innocua (a Loganiaceae plant) has been used to treat skin infections, candidiasis, and other disorders. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of root bark extracts of S. innocua. This is the first time a study of this nature is been conducted using the root bark of the plant. Maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents was used in the extraction process, while the phytochemical analysis of the extracts followed a standard procedure. This confirmed the presence of flavonoids, coumarines, triterpenes, steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols, anthraquinones, quinones, carbohydrates, phlobatannins, glycosides, cardiac and alkaloids. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against MRSA, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. krusei, A. fumigatus, C. albicans while no activity against E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. typhii, A. niger and K. Pneumoniae were observed. MIC and MBC/MFC were also determined. In conclusion, the root bark of S. innocua is thought to be rich in phytochemicals and has antifungal and antibacterial effects against some of the tested pathogens.

Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) is a popular plant whose fruits are use in all parts of Nigeria as remedy for various diseases. In this present study, the phytochemical contents, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of extracts from the various layers (peel, rind, pulp and seeds), of watermelon fruit were evaluated. The phytochemical contents were evaluated qualitatively while NMR and GC-MS used to identify phytoconstituents present. Antioxidant activities were examined by DPPH, H2O2 radical scavenging, ORAC, FRAP, and ABTS assays. In vitro cytotoxic activity was examined by MTT assay while apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry as well as fluorescence microscopy. Phytochemical evaluation showed the presence of various metabolites in the pulp and seed extracts. GC-MS and NMR elucidations of compound revealed the presence of methyl stearate ester. Antioxidant evaluations by various radical scavenging showed that the pulp (PP) had IC50 value of 8-22 µg/mL, indicating potential antioxidant effect. In vivo evaluation of superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and total proteins in serum of rats further confirmed the in vitro studies. Antiproliferative study showed that the pulp and the seeds significantly displayed concentration-dependent effects. These results were further replicated in the cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7 and HMVII cells with much reduced IC50 on MCF-7, as well as early and late apoptosis after 72 h caused by exposure of pulp extract in vitro. Our study showed that the pulp and seed layers of watermelon contain phytochemicals which were responsible for its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects

Aromatic herbs have special applications in pharmacy and cosmetics due to their secondary and medicinal compounds. For this reason, aromatic plants are especially suitable for multifunctional sustainable crop models. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate of chemical compounds of essential oils in different organs of Satureja rechingeri belongs to Asteraceae family. The plant was collected and then dried in the shade for a month at room temperature. Essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation and were analyzed by GC-MS apparatus. The results of this study showed that the different organs can be effective in main compounds of essential oils. Antioxidant efficacy of extract and essential oil of S. rechingeri was determined by DPPH method. The most important compound identified in of S. rechingeri essential oil was carvacrol, which was found to be 83.90%, 81.11% and 95.70% in the leaves, flowers and stems of this plant, respectively. The results of the present study showed the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the plant. This is probably due to the presence of flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds. Satureja essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity of S. rechingeri extract had stronger antioxidant effects compared with its essential oil. Therefore, S. rechingeri extract can be useful in food hygiene and medicine.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, while multiple drug resistance constitutes a major problem in management of infectious diseases. The aforementioned problems necessitate continuous investigations for development of novel antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Here, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, 70%-ethanol and methanol extracts of Parquetina nigrescens leaves were investigated. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation assays. Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albican and Penicillium spp.) activities of the extracts were examined using agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical investigations revealed presence of various phytochemicals, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. Total phenolic contents were in the range 0.321±0.030–0.432±0.030 mg gallic acid/g extract, while total flavonoid contents were in the range 0.020±0.003–0.064±0.006 mg quercetin/g extract. The extracts displayed moderate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing power; having TAC values in the range 0.820±0.060–0.876±0.030 mg ascorbic acid/g extract and reducing powers in the range 0.01–0.68. The extracts showed moderate to high activities against DPPH radical, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation; having IC50 values in the range 59.3±10.8–87. 1±14.2 µg/mL, 52.7±10.6–56.9±10.1 µg/mL, and 58.9±18.6–101.3±10.2 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl-acetate extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activities, while n-hexane extract demonstrated narrow spectrum antifungal activity. These findings suggest that P. nigrescens leaves have potentials as source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Depression has become burden to the society with millions of people suffering from annually. Symptoms of depression are including difficulties in concentration, sad mood, loss of interest, guilt, feeling of hopelessness, sleeping difficulty, restlessness, appetite loss, decreased energy, suicidal attempts among others. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the antidepressant activity of extracts from seventy six medicinal plants belonging to forty four plant families. Methodology such as open field test, force swim test, tail suspension test and beam walking assay were used for the determination of antidepressant activity in plants extracts. Different extraction techniques and solvents were utilized to extract phytochemicals from the plants materials. All information regarding the antidepressant medicinal plants in this research study were obtained from various research articles published in fifty nine Journals. The results indicated that the medicinal plants in this review possess significant antidepressant activity. These medicinal plants extracts may serve as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression.

The medicinal plant has been in perpetual use as a traditional medicine in most Asian and African countries. One such plant is Desmostachya bipinnata Linn., a perennial plant of Poaceae family, which has been widely used to treat some infectious diseases. The screening of this plant revealed substantial phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and other constituents, which possess a wide range of biological activities such as anti-ulcerogenic, anti-helicobacter, anti-inflammatory and other antimicrobial activity. The major compounds found in D. bipinnata are L-limonene, camphene, β-eudesmol, trycin-7-glucoside and trycin. So far, research on this plant demonstrated that, the isolated compounds are safe for human use. However, further activities of the phytochemicals and their medicinal aspects needs to be studied so that more new compounds can be identified, which can be used for the treatment of different bacterial infections.This review is an attempt to comprise all the study of plant phytochemical and antimicrobial properties.

In this study we investigated the chemical constituents, phytochemical screening of the essential oil from H. sabdariffa (L) Seeds, (Sudanese Karkadi) and evaluated its potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities, using Soxhlet method to extract the essential oil. The chemical constituents of H. Sabdariffa (L) Oil were identified and quantified by GC-MS, where DPPH and paper, disc diffusion assay were employed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Triterpens, Streols, Tannins and phenolic compounds are present in seeds of the H. Sabdariffa. Thirty eight components have been identified which classified in to four categories; 31 fatty acid ester derivatives , the majority of them are; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (16.94%), 9,12- Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) -, methyl ester (21.93%), 9, -Octadecadienoic acid (Z), methyl ester (30.11%), methyl stearate(7.39%), Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid (3.17 %), Dotriacontane(2.17 %), two phenolic derivatives; 1,3-Benzodioxole,4methoxy-6-(2-propenyl)- (0.01 %) and Apiol (0.04 %), two steroidal derivatives; 17 -Androstannone, 3-(3, 4-dimethylphenyl) (1.81%) and Stigmasta-4,7,22-trien-3.beta.-ol (0.41%) and three Pentacyclic triterpenes derivatives; Beta.-Amyrin (3.82%) (3.17 %), Alpha.-Amyrin (1.65 %) Urs-12-en-3-ol, acetate,(3.beta.) (1.17%). The DPPH assay, showed moderate antioxidant potential (50 ± 0.01 compared with standard 89 ± 0.01; the antibacterial showed high inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis (13mm). In conclusion, the study showed that the Oil of H. sabdariffa seed is a good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolic compounds, also is a potential source of natural antibacterial, and justify its uses in folkloric medicines.

In this work reports the synthesis of iron oxide along with the complex formation from the neem cake using the biosynthesis and precipitation method. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and sodium hydroxide were used as the precursor precipitating agent, respectively. The resultant specimens were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), soil test, biochemical, and phytochemical analysis. To test the effect of the synthesized specimen as the nanofertilizer in the seed germination and the growth, the sample was incorporated in to the red soil and the agronomical traits including plant height. Number of leaves were studied over a survival period of 75 days of the selected plant species vigna mungo using POT analysis. The plant samples were harvested, and then the biochemical and phytochemical studies were carried out for alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, protein and total chlorophyll content. The results showed that the nanoparticles incorporation enhanced the plant growth and increased the concentration of the bioactive compounds in an appreciable level.

Thymus kotchyanus L. is an aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family and has promising traditional uses to treat some rural disorders. This species like other wild species of thyme is an aromatic plant and has been extensively used as an antiinflammatory, expectorant, spasmolitic, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-infection agent. The present work concerned with ethnopharmacology as well as the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC) and antioxidant activity of of Thymus kotchyanus L. extract in Semnan Province, Iran. In this regard, the aerial parts of plant were collected in the blooming period from Tash Mountain (2120 msl) in September 2015. Then, ethanol extracts of the plant were obtained by maceration and ultrasound-assisted methods. In addition, TPC and TFC were determined through the standard spectrophotometric methods using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 approaches, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro by the methods basing on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power (RP) assays. The ultrasonic extract of plant was found to have higher amounts of TFC (81.17±1.07 mgQUE/g) and TPC contents (103.14±2.5 mgGAE/g) accounting for its high potential antioxidant activity (IC50=14.12±0.1 mg/mL) especially using the DPPH method. There was a strong positive correlation between influence of extraction methods on TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of plant indicating that T. kotchyanus posess remarkable antioxidant activity and can be used potentially as a good source of natural antioxidant activities.