ارزیابی

This study aimed to assess the impact of public participation on the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces in Quchan City. The data was collected through survey research methods and questionnaire techniques. Using Cochran's formula, the sample population consisted of 384 citizens from Quchan city. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to collect research data. Statistical methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient and mean comparison test were used to analyze the data. In this study, the development and maintenance of urban green spaces were measured and evaluated in four dimensions: social factors, cultural factors, economic factors, and environmental factors. The results indicated that the strongest correlation was observed between economic factors and the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces (R=0.632). Social factors were ranked second, with a significant relationship with the development and maintenance of green spaces in Quchan City, with a correlation coefficient of (R=0.614). Environmental and cultural factors were placed in the last categories of this study with (R=0.45) and (R=0.418) respectively. The findings of this study suggested that the desire to develop and maintain urban green spaces increases significantly with the increase in the economic power of citizens. In addition to this, social factors, as well as improving citizens' environmental knowledge and culture, can play a significant role in the maintenance and development of green space in Quchan City.

Alterations in river systems are inevitable and affect theenvironment. Rivers have played a very important role in creating and maintaining life on theearth since a long time ago. In other words, rivers are vital for sustaining life and ecosystems,providing essential freshwater for irrigation, drinking, and industry. However, humaninterventions including changes in land use patterns, construction near rivers, exploitation ofwater resources, and flood and storm management have significantly impacted on these crucialenvironmental systems. They can actually alter the spatial distribution and velocity ofgeomorphological processes such as sediment transport, erosion, and deposition, consequentlyleading to significant changes in river morphology. Therefore, assessing their morphologicalquality is important for their management and restoration. In this study, morphologicalassessment from the upstream to the midstream of the Talar River as a pilot has been conductedusing the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) to evaluate the morphological status.

First, Talar River was divided into two landscape units, three segmentsand 23 reaches based on the hierarchical approach and according to the physiographiccondition. Then, geomorphological functionality, artificial structure and Indicators of channeladjustment have been assessed by MQI which includes 28 parameters.

The results obtained from 28 MQI parameters in 23 reaches showedthat about 15% of the reaches have a "good" condition; almost 35% have a "moderate"condition, and more than 50% have "poor" and "very poor" conditions. Based on the assessmentalong the Talar river, the areas that are in the urban area due to the large amount of agriculture,urban development and road crossing have poor and very poor morphological quality class, andthe areas that are in the forest area are natural and have good morphological quality. Also, theresults of the assessment indicate that the average quality class of the investigated reaches is in"moderate" conditions.

The results show that most reaches of Talar River requires urgent measures for itsrestoration. In addition, although the MQI method can be appropriate and effective tool indiagnosing hydromorphological challenges. However, it is not still enough for an integratedmanagement and restoration, and it should be integrated with other indices regarding humanpressures i.e. water quality, hydrological and biological pressures.

The growing and diverse trend of human social needs has led to a change in people's attitudes about the environment and natural resources. As a result, the importance of ecological and environmental functions of forest resources is increasing. This change of attitude has led to the development of the philosophy of sustainable and multi-purpose management of forests. The aim of the present study is the spatial zoning of the environmental capability of Kheyrud forest ecotourism based on special environmental model with a sustainable management approach. The ecological, socio-economic and environmental capability models presented for Hyrcanian forests were used as the basis of the present study. After preparing the required layers, the evaluation of the environmental capability was done based on three scenarios of high, medium, and low severity, and a spatial zoning was done. In this research, the smallest planning unit was selected based on the hydrological response units (HRU). The results of the implementation of the special model of the environmental capability of ecotourism, which is the integration of ecological and socio-economic models, showed that the integration of layers in scenarios with high, medium and low severity, for determinitig of suitable areas for ecotourism in the study area is appropriate.

Although estuaries are considered as one of the most fertile ecosystems in the world, today they are under the influence of various threats and one of them is hydrological changes. In this study, by using the IHA hydrological change indicators, the changes in the hydrological regime in two statistical periods "natural flow regime" and "altered flow regime" were investigated in Soleiman Tange and Kordkheil hydrometric stations in Tejan watershed (Mazandaran province). Based on the IHA method, a total of 67 statistical parameters have been estimated by "IHA7 software"; these parameters are divided into two groups of indicators of (IHA) hydrological changes in the target range of (RVA) and the environmental flow component of EFC. According to the results, the minimum days of flow in the period before the construction of the dam is 227.5 days, while in the period after the construction of the dam, it is 48.5 days, and the number of days when the minimum flow occurs before the construction of the dam is 351 days. It has decreased to 286 days after the construction of the dam, so the annual limit flows in the Tejan River have experienced disturbances and moderate changes. Considering that the change in the hydrological indicators of the flow is mainly influenced by the construction of the dam, therefore the hydrological management of the dam will have a great effect on the ecological condition of the Tejan river estuary.

The invasive plant is an alien species that has become naturalized in the new area and has an increasing population and distribution rate. In recent years with the increase in international trade and the ease of traveling, the rate of introduction of alien species has increased in Iran. In the latest surveys, the number of alien species in Iran with wild regeneration was 311, of which 13 species have been suggested as invasive. In the current study, the need to pay attention to the use of pre-and post-entry assessment systems to reduce the negative impacts of alien and invasive species has been discussed. Investigating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of invasive plants is a necessary issue, but there is limited information and experiments related to investigating their impact on biological, social, and economic conditions in Iran. The increase of studies in this field increases the quality and accuracy of assessing invasive alien plants. By having the output of the risk assessment, it is possible to implement accurate management plans and apply the necessary policies to control their entry and exit from country and provinces borders.

Sustainable economic and social development can only be perceived in a healthy environment. In line with the national efforts to align the development initiatives with environmental considerations, it is necessary to take into account the potential impacts of development initiatives at all levels to prevent such impacts from happening.

This study has been carried out through the desk review of available information. The basic premise of the study falls within the realm of precautionary environmental law.

 The study suggests that the currently used environmental assessment model that focuses on project level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) does not suffice to address the environmental impacts of upstream policies, plans and programmes.

Several decades into the use of EIA as a legally bound mechanism to determine and address the potential environmental repercussions of development projects, there is a need for the system to mainstream the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of upstream development decisions. To that effect, the paper proposes a wholesome model that promotes the integrated application of EIA and SEA.

With the uncontrolled population growth, the safe disposal of waste is a major problem for metropolises. The issue of landfills and their location is at the end of the waste disposal life cycle. Waste burial is the most common method of disposal in urban communities of Iran and other countries of the world. Therefore, its environmental impact assessment is very important to reduce the negative environmental impact. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects of the Urmia landfill utilizing the RIAM method were evaluated.

In this study, to assess the environmental impact, field information was collected from the landfill of Urmia city. Then, the effect of different activities in the project was evaluated utilizing the RIAM method. Also, important and influential factors have been classified by a group of environmental experts into four sections: physical-chemical, biological-ecological, cultural-social, and economic-operational. Each factor is scored based on the importance of the situation and the time value. The scoring method is such that via multiplying the criteria related to the importance of the situation, the total value of this criteria is determined. Also, for the provisional value criteria, its sub-criteria are summed. After obtaining these criteria, by multiplying these two criteria, the environmental score (ES) of the project is calculated.

Based on the study, it was observed that the highest negative score for biological-ecological components was -402 if the disposal continued in this way. Also, the lowest negative score amongst other available components for economic-operational components is equal to -109. The only positive point is related to the socio-cultural components which are part of subsistence. Also, the score for physical-chemical components and socio-cultural components were -351 and -114, respectively. The reasons for these negative scores are the lack of proper attention to the volume of waste produced by the people, the lack of leachate treatment system, the lack of vegetation in the municipal waste landfill, unprincipled, and unsanitary waste burial, transportation distance, and so on. Disposal operations with the current method, in addition to creating environmental pollution, are also very costly. Most of the cost in this method is spent on transportation, manpower and excavation, and earthmoving operations. In addition to these financial costs, unfortunately, in recent years, with the disappearance of agricultural lands around the municipal landfill, people have migrated from the surrounding villages. This causes a lot of pollution and prevents the conversion and recycling of waste.

The results of this study showed that if waste disposal operations continue in the same trend, irreparable environmental damage will be inflicted on the region's ecosystem. To prevent these damages, it is necessary to provide practical solutions and in the management, the department reviews the continuation of this method. Also, due to the landfill reaching its limit and waste disposal operations nearing an end, it is suggested that if a new place for waste disposal is selected, it should be based on studies such as geology, botany, geotechnics, etc. It also seems that the establishment of a waste recycling plant can be a great help in reducing the volume of waste.

The corona virus has affected all aspects of human life, including the environment, since the epidemic. Certainly, definitive statements about these effects require more and longer data on a large scale. However, since the days of the Corona epidemic, arguing about its effects on the environment has been highly controversial. The aim of current study is to investigate the positive and negative effects of corona virus on the environment and natural resources on national (regional) scale. In order to conduct the research, open or unstructured interviews and purposive sampling method were used to select informants. Through the release of informants, the issue of corona impacts on nature was explored from various perspectives, with respondents commenting in any way they could, on the effects of corona virus on the environment and natural resources. The interviews were conducted individually and by person, all conversations were recorded and then transcribed, and some numbers of comments were collected via email. The results showed that the most important positive effects of Covid-19 on the environment and natural resources include revising the human relationship with the environment and changing human paradims, increasing social interaction, reducing traffic, travel, air pollution, reducing fuel consumption, relative ozone repair, reducing deforestation and the environment by the general public, reducing pressure on wildlife, reducing water pollution and noise pollution. Also, the most important negative effects of Covid-19 on natural and environmental resources include c energy consumption (water, electricity and gas), increasing the production of sewage and food waste, increasing the production of infectious and hospital waste and their release into nature, increasing the consumption of plastic products. Rubber and disposable utensils and washing and disinfection of urban roads with disinfectants and increasing of pollution caused by it, reducing the segregation of waste, aggravating poverty and increasing unemployment, and reducing the physical protection of forests. In general, the positive impacts of the corona virus on natural resources and the environment have been undeniable and significant, but compared to the cases leading to the impact on nature and its destruction in the many years ago is temporary and short. Therefore, in addition to the ongoing efforts to control and defeat the corona virus, it is necessary to emphasize to have economy with a dynamic and healthy structure and being aware of the opportunities and threats posed by the corona virus to provide targeted education and culture to treat the environment and protect nature actions.

When the needs and behaviors of wildlife affect humans or the behavior of wildlife negatively affects the needs of wildlife, the conflict between humans and wildlife occurs. The purpose of current study is to investigate the conflict between human and wildlife in rural and urban environments in Robat Karim. For this purpose, it was used purposive sampling method, 45 academics, health department, environment department, municipality (municipal services, transportation and waste management unit), environmental NGOs, agricultural and livestock activists and Indigenous guys were selected and interviewed in an unstructured form. Then, by using inductive qualitative content analysis, the findings of the interview were interpreted and classified. Thus, using the open coding method, the first meanings extracted from the interviews are "concepts"; Categorization of concepts, "subcodes"; and subcategory categorization, "main codes" were extracted. From the open coding results, 4 main categories were obtained. Main category 1 pointed to damage to garden facilities and destruction of agricultural products, main category 2 pointed to inflict economic losses and create fear and panic among the villagers, main category 3 pointed to damage and cause severe livestock casualties and main category 4 pointed to disrupt discipline and The tranquility of the urban environment and the transmission of pathogens have been emphasized. In general, public media, forming an environmental committee in the city governorate, forming NGOs with the aim of holding training courses, cooperation of the city environmental organization with the municipality to collect stray dogs and sterilize them, cooperation of relevant organizations with the health network organization to vaccinate stray dogs to reduce epidemics illnesses, insuring gardens (facilities and products), insuring livestock (sheep and goats) are approaches to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr and V) in soil and evaluate the potential environmental risk of heavy metals in the surface soils of Assaluyeh-Bandar Abbas gas condensates pipeline base. For this purpose, 10 stations were randomly selected in a longitudinal transect and soil sampling was performed. Acid digestion of samples was performed and after their filteration, the concentration of each heavy metal was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy thriugh calibration solutions. According to the results obtained, the mean concentrations of pb, Ni, Cr and V heavy metals in the study area were be 7.4±1.4, 42.5±2.4, 53.6±5.9 and 19.7± 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. As the findings of this work were all in the permissible level provided in national environmental standards, it was proved that the construction of the pipeline did not result in heavy metal contamination in the environment. However, human activities may have increased the concentration of metals. In this study, significant correlations were observed between Pb and V (P<0.01) and Cr and V (P<0.05) and also between Ni and Cr (P<0.05). The results of calculating geoaccumulation (Igeo), modified concentration degree (mCd) and potential ecological risk indices showed that the soils of studied areas were as unpolluted soil, very low pollution and low potential ecological risk categories, respectively.

Considering the importance of cement industries in the country's economic growth and its effect on emissions of air pollutants (particulate matter); in this research, the effects of Tehran cement factory on the environmental of the region have been investigated. The main purpose of this study is an assessment of environmental pollutant particles with air quality index in 2016 in Tehran Industrial Cement Complex. 

In this study, the particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5, was measured during a one-year period (2016), in four different seasons. To measure dust particles in the ambient air of the device is used gauge 531 MET ONE GT TSI Manufacturing Co and it has the ability to measure particles with PM10, PM2.5, PM7, and PM1. The next 8530 TSI Dust Trak II counterparty bombing device is a desktop dust-removing device that has the capability to record data. The samples were taken at 6 measuring stations in the Tehran Cement Industrial Complex, and finally, the results were evaluated as a seasonal AQI. In AQI method, which is one of the most widely used methods for assessing the air quality, at first, the pollution index is measured at a station and then determined at all stations as the highest index of contamination quality.

The first finding from the present study was that the pollutant responsible for the whole spring station was a refinery, which is classified as clean. The other pollutant responsible for the entire summer stations related to the road toll (Healthy classification), Responsible pollutant for the entire autumn season station area (unhealthy classification for sensitive groups), and Responsible pollutant for the whole winter season is related to residential buildings (Healthy Classification). So the most polluting plants or four different seasons of the year is autumn PM2.5.

So the state of air quality with an average concentration of 106.2 mg/m3 in the Tehran cement industry classified as unhealthy for sensitive groups and were characterized by the orange color. Finally, suggestions are made to reduce particulate emissions in the industrial area.

In this paper biocultural diversity, its assessment and conservation has been investigated by reviewing different articles. The most striking characteristic of life on earth is its enormous diversity which is formed not only by the variety of plant and animal species and ecosystems, but also by the variety of cultures and languages in human societies. However, currently both biological and cultural diversity are showing an unprecedented rate of decline in human history. Studies in late 20th century have demonstrated that there is a direct link between distribution, threats and loss of these diversities on both regional and global levels. Increasing awareness of commonalities and linkages among biological, cultural and linguistic diversity and realizing the fact that breaking down of these linkages underlies many of the environmental and social problems humanity faces today; have led to the development of a new field named "biocultural diversity".  In this regard, many researches have been completed in different countries as well as in the world, the main lines of which can be grouped as: global and regional analyses of the correlations between linguistic and biological diversity; tools for measuring and assessing the state of biocultural diversity; and studies about the persistence and loss of biocultural diversity. It seems therefore that carrying out such studies in Iran considering its biological and cultural diversity, could be of higher importance.

Gilan province, with a total area of ​​1471100 hectares, is divided into 52 small and large watersheds based on the classification of the comprehensive watershed management project. The presence of livestock and livestock activities in the forest, as well as the existence of the socio-economic issues, has made the implementation of forestry projects with a major problem. These issues were considered in the socio-economic sector studies in the 60s. To conduct this research, a questionnaire was used that was distributed in the form of four questionnaires as evaluation indicators among four groups of forest dwellers, unorganized forest dwellers, project supervisors, related organizing officials, and organized households living in the distribution town. For each sample of the questionnaire, the information of at least 30 questionnaires was completed, and the collected data were analyzed using statistical software. The results showed that the implementation of the organization and removing livestock project from the forest, in a long time, will lead to sustainable forest management. If each livestock unit feeds on two seedlings daily and the average presence of livestock in the forest is eight months per year, each livestock unit will remove 480 seedlings per year, and only in Gilan province, 526695960 seedlings per year will graze by livestock. The presence of livestock is one of the most important factors in deforestation and a barrier to natural regeneration. Severe loss of natural regeneration in the forest will also cause the forest ecosystem to regress and be destroyed.

This study analyzes the risk assessment of Gachsaran petrochemical Ethan transformation 20 inch pipeline implementation design as one of the most important petrochemical designs of the country, with the knowledge of assuring necessity of proper and right implementation of projects and finally presenting solutions for adverse effects reduction on environment.

  VIKOR and ENVID methods are types of environmental risk identification methods that show necessary applicability for projects’ risk amount assessment.

In this research, relative analysis process of failure existence potentials is discussed and also sensitivity assessment and vulnerability detection of environment around us is done. This method conclude recognition of environment affected by gas leakage, important ecologic compartments checked and assessed considering environmental sensitivities, risk amount guaranty according to existing standards and identification of preventive actions and potential pipeline risk reduction actions.

The results show that in both mentioned methods, construction phase has more risk in comparison to application phase as in construction phase, physical and chemical and economical, social and cultural environments respectively get the most influence and in application phase with less severity comparing to construction phase Economical, social and cultural and physical and chemical receive the most influence.

Development of aquaculture and the necessity to comply with environmental standards reveal the need to study the potential adverse effects of this industry. One of the most devastating effects of aquaculture would be water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated effluent from fish farms into the host aquatic ecosystems. Accordingly, the present study was performed to assess the contamination caused by trout farms on water quality of Haraz River in northern Iran.

For this purpose, a total number of 24 physical and chemical water quality parameters were sampled from 15 stations over a one-year period based on the standard methods. The maps of Topography, Geology, Hydrology, Soil, Land use, and access roads of the study area were prepared and studied. Furthermore, the pollutant sources, including fish farming pools, agricultural fields, residential areas, industries, and hot water mineral springs, located within the boundaries of the study area were also identified.  

The results showed that concentration of BOD, NO3-, and PO4 at the stations 7 and 10 was very high. The reason for this can be proximity of several fish farms close to each other. . Moreover, the concentration of DO in the mentioned stations showed a substantial decline that may be due to increased consumption of oxygen due to proximity of multiple fish farms in these stations.

Overall, the results confirm the considerable impact of fish farms on the quality of surface water resources in the study area. This highlights the need to take the necessary management measues to control pollutants from the industry in the from of environmental guidelines and regulations.

The pollution increase caused by population growth and the occurrence of various psychological pressures caused by it, has introduced the green space as environmental, physical and mental need. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of parks and urban green spaces in Ardakan city using the Electre model.

This research was conducted based ondescriptive-analytical method, library studies, field studies and using Electre model.In this method, the quantitative and qualitative indexes were used and were ranked with paired comparisons between the options and by applying the method of the Electre step by step and using the distance factors such as area, green space and beauty, distance to the center, security, quality of facilities and the quality of the equipment to be ranked 5 parks and Ardakan urban green space and in the end the municipality's performance was investigated.

The  Results showed that among the studied parks, , Farhangian Park located in Sadr Abad Street - Valiasr Town, in comparison with the other four parks, has been able to have a better performance than the discussed indicators.. This park has an area of ​​19,000 m2 and is equipped with a health and recreation station and its distance to the center of the city (15 Khordad Square) is 3.6 km.

Assessment of urban parks and green spaces in Ardakan city shows that in spatial development plans, attention to green space is essential to achieve a balanced and sustainable development. The results of this study can be widely used in urban space planning.

The government has a number of commitments to water that it has not yet been able to meet, and so far no research has been conducted on the critique and evaluation of good governance indicators in the water sector so that the government achieves sustainable governance of water resources. Therefore, this purpose and necessity led to the writing of this research. This research is a descriptive-analytical method. In this research, governance indicators based on international documents and relevant laws are studied and analyzed and adapted to the current situation of water governance in Iran. In the field of good governance, based on the indicators provided by the Asia-Pacific Economic and Social Commission, the current state of water governance in Iran was adjusted and examined. It is generally believed that water problems today and tomorrow in the country are more the result of unfavorable governance than absolutely water shortage. Good governance in the water sector never comes to an end; as a process, it depends on the repetition of activities that deepen trust. Good governance in the country's water sector through changes in the policy-making and decision-making structure of the country, ie through systemic management with respect to the establishment of a powerful organization As the custodian of the country's development, standardizing the ways of doing things, demarcating the boundaries of powers and decisions, regulating and systematizing behaviors, legalizing government officials and employees, immediate reflection of violations, transparency in work, meritocracy, elitism and use of expert and academic capacities. It is possible to evaluate the performance and accountability of the country's economy to a competitive private sector.

Environmental sustainability assessment is one of the most important tools in the process of sustainable development planning and therefore attention to it in policy-making and planning is inevitable. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to assess and evaluate the degree of environmental sustainability among the cities of East Azerbaijan province.

The research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. The statistical population of the study is 20 cities of East Azerbaijan provinces. In order to evaluate and rank the environmental sustainability, 13 indicators of environmental components of the cities of the province were selected from the statistical yearbook of 2012. These variables were weighed using Shannon entropy method was used.

Findings indicate differences in environmental sustainability among cities in the province. So that out of 20 cities, 4 sustainable cities (Ajabshir, Bonab, Varzeqan and Marand with scores of 0.0271, 0.1510, 0.1810 and 0.2144, respectively), 2 relatively stable cities (Bostanabad and Jolfa respectively) With a score of 0.2795 and 0.3846), 6 semi-sustainable cities (Tabriz, Maragheh, Malekan, Schister, Khodaafarin and Miyaneh with a score of 0.4755, 0.5145, 0.59393, 0.5832, 0.5933 and respectively 0.6459), 5 relatively semi-unstable cities (Charavimaq, Harris, Kalibar, Sarab and Azarshahr with scores of 0.6879, 0.7244, 0.796, 0.760 and 0.8125, respectively) and 3 cities (Osko, Ahar) And Hashtrood with a score of 0.836, 0.9001 and 0.9999, respectively) are among the deprived cities of the province in terms of environmental conditions that have less environmental sustainability.

The results of the research indicate that the cities of East Azarbaijan are in a semi-stable position in terms of environmental sustainability. In general, it can be seen that most of the cities in the process of environmental sustainability are in a semi-stable and relatively unstable state and need more priority to implement sustainable development plans.

Today, most of protected areas in the country require serious monitoring and protection measures due to reduction of quality. Degradation model with quantifying the effects of human activities can be used in monitoring and improving the situation in these areas. To implement this model in Bashgol protected area, the sub watersheds were selected in the area as the impact units. Using maps, field observations and experts’ opinions, 25 destruction factors in the whole area were identified and their intensities were determined, also ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated with GIS tools using geological, physiographic, climatic, vegetation, habitat and other maps (16 factors) and was classified in terms of intensity. After calculating the physiological density, destruction coefficients were calculated in each unit and were classified based on fuzzy theory into 3 categories and 6 classes. The results showed that 8465/51 hectares (34/7%), 12013/44 hectares (49.23%) and 3920 hectares of area (16/07%) are located on the 2nd class prone to development , the 3nd class (need to rehabilitation) and the 5nd class (need to conservation), respectively in terms of the quality of the land. Generally, according to local conditions, without the further development, the objectives of area management must go toward the restoration and protection measures.