اشتغال

Import substitution strategy is one of the policies proposed for the resistance economy. In the current situation where the sanctions are imposed from outside of the economy, import substitution strategy and specially, the final import substitution policy is inevitable. The growth of economic activities in the final import substitution process to achieve the goals of the resistance economy could leads to increased emissions of air pollutants and adverse environmental effects. Hence, in this study, environmental issues, along with economic goals have been explored in the final import substitution policy to be able to provide appropriate solutions that meet both environmental standards and important categories of the economy.To achieve this goal, modified environmental input- output models have been used to estimate the value added, employment and emissions of pollutants in seventeen economically active sectors in the field of final import substitution. In order to generalize the common data- output model to environmental issues, an interactive model with the creation of the fourth additional block has been used to include the environmental output. Economic information is extracted from the usual input- output tables and reports of the Ministry of Industry. information related to the environmental sector is provided by the energy balance sheet. Finally, The Leontief Production Function is used to examine the various effects of the development of final import substitution based on data- output analysis. This function is written according to the macro accounting model of growth resources. By quantitative explanation of the exchanges between economic and environmental goals, we can divide the sectors into four groups (low economic potential and high pollutants, low economic potential and low pollutants, high economic potential and high pollutants, high economic potential and low pollutants).According to the findings of the study, the development of final import substitution policy is strongly recommended in high economic potential and low pollutants of the economy (Pharmaceutical and health products, textile products, wood and paper, food and beverage products), because final import substitution policy could help to strengthen the internal relationship of these sectors with other industries in the country and growth indigenousness and indirectly reduce the emission of pollutants. This issue is more important in pharmaceutical and health, food and beverage products, due to the strong outsourcing economic relationship and the weak environmental relationship with other sectors. Because at the same time it creates the most added value and indirect employment and also the least indirect environmental damage occurs.

In recent years, the increased effects of agricultural systems on the environment concerned scientists and policy-makers in different countries. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and use of excessive ground water are included in these effects. Current study using a Multiple Goals Fuzzy Non- Linear Programming model, analyzed the possibility of ideals realization reducing consumption of fertilizers and water in compromising with maximizing gross margin, minimizing risk of production, and increased social benefits goals in the crop pattern of three cities located in three major weather Regions of Fars Province. Results showed that in many cases there isnt the possibility of complete ideals realization in the multiple goals model in comparison with single goal patterns. But considering the outcome and the relevant weight assigned to each of the goals by the decision maker consisting of the Fuzzy Composite Distance Function, appeared that the crop patterns based on multiple goals are superior to current patterns and even single goal pattern in supply of multiple compromised ideals. Implementation of these models in study areas has significant influence on reducing water and fertilizer uses in addition increasing the gross margin, reducing risk and increasing employment of labor in the region.

In many developing countries like Iran, priority of economic issues to environmental issues, have caused ignoring the environmental cost in making the policies. In the present study, effort has been given to use the economical- environmental input - output technique to intervention strategies to environmental considerations during the trade policy of export development. Therefore the amount of the five types of air pollutants gas (CO2. SPM, CH, NOX, SO2) in the eighteen economic sector and common input- output data tables of the last data table in this area in the country, have been used. Research findings show the negative consequences on the environment caused by expanding exports in services, commerce, agriculture, food industry, wood and paper industry and construction sectors, are less than their positive economic consequences. The pollution to value added per capita and pollution to employment per capita in these sectors are less than other production sectors. The electricity is the least efficient sector in providing the simultaneously economic and environmental aims during the export sectoral development. Due to direct pollutant nature of the electricity sector and its role in indirect pollutant production in other sectors, the use of alternative clean fuel such as renewable energies and changing the production style have been recommended.