توسعه پایدار

Sustainable development is an integral aspect of higher education, as universities contribute to shaping future leaders and have substantial impacts on the environment. This study examines the University of Kurdistan's approach to sustainability using the Green Metric ranking system, introduced by the University of Indonesia in 2010. The findings indicate that while the university has taken initial steps, its efforts remain limited in areas such as waste management, transportation, and sustainability education. This research highlights opportunities for improvement and emphasizes the need for structured policies and targeted investments to advance sustainability goals.

Global and regional environmental issues have become increasingly significant because of rapid population growth and socioeconomic development. Problems such as soil erosion, ecological pollution, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and diminished ecosystem services pose serious threats to human living conditions and sustainable development of economies and societies. Consequently, as the population increases and economic activities expand, leading to greater consumption of ecological resources, assessing environmental security becomes crucial. This study aims to develop a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to evaluate the environmental security of Fars Province by utilizing an ecological footprint method.

Typically, this evaluation employs two fundamental concepts: ecological footprint and ecological capacity. In this context, the per capita ecological footprint and ecological capacity of Fars province were analyzed for the years 2011 to 2021. After determining the per capita ecological footprint and capacity, four indices were calculated: ecological deficit (ED), ecological footprint diversity index (EFDI), ecological pressure index (EPI), and ecological coordination coefficient (ECC).

The results of this study showed that the per capita ecological footprint of Fars province increased by more than 17% during the study period, which, along with the population growth of the province, indicates an increase in pressure on the natural resources. Additionally, pollution levels and agricultural production contributed significantly to this strain. On the other hand, the per capita ecological capacity of the province, dropping from 1.23 gha in 2011 to 1.11 gha in 2021 has increased by 10%. It was also concluded that the per capita ecological capacity of Fars province is significantly lower (less than one-fourth) than its per capita ecological footprint, underscoring the region's vulnerability in terms of its capacity to absorb and regenerate natural resources. The findings indicated that throughout the study period, Fars Province consistently experienced an ecological deficit, which has been rising over time. Furthermore, the assessment of four environmental security indicators all indicate the province's environmental insecurity and the lack of coordination between development and the environment.

According to the results obtained using the investigated indicators in this study, the environmental condition of the province is not suitable and it has worsened over time. Therefore, if the policymakers are looking for sustainable economic development, it is necessary to pay more attention to the province's environment. In other words, it is imperative to implement dynamic and periodic environmental monitoring and to evaluate management strategies to enhance environmental health.

The world is passing through its first urban century, and more people live in urban areas than in rural areas globally. Therefore, in this cycle, some resources are limited. Land is one of these important resources that is limited in this extreme. So, taking into account the existence of limitations, by making rules and applying regulations in line with optimal use, especially in the field of urban construction, urban planning managers should make sustainable development the criterion of their performance.

In this research, using the analytical descriptive method, based on the library method, in addition to reviewing the task-oriented regulations in the field of urban construction, the basis and elements of the civil responsibility of people effective in urban decision-making have been investigated.

The results of the present research show that in Iran's legal system, responsibility is based on the theory of fault. Although it seems that this theory cannot comprehensively prevent violations in urban constructions that are against the principles of environmental and sustainable urban development. Therefore, the kind and absolute rule is one of the theories that will be more effective based on the amount of risk and harm in this field. On the other hand, due to the existence of various institutions in urban management and the intersection of some damages in this area with the governance practices of these institutions and organizations, which are mostly governmental and public, it is difficult and impossible to establish responsibility and finally compensate for the damage.

Urban Construction; Sustainable Development; Theory of Guilt; Risk Theory; Civil Liability

Supervision of organizations responsible for environmental protection can only guarantee the achievement of supervision objectives if it is based on an appropriate and efficient model. The present study seeks to investigate the characteristics of the Appropriate model of various forms of supervision of these organizations and to present its components in order to achieve the objectives of supervision and environmental protection.

The present article is descriptive-analytical and with the help of the library method, by examining research records in various fields of environment, law, and administration, seeks to answer the question.

In the present study, the issue has been studied in four axes of public, political, administrative, and judicial supervision and the results of the studies indicate that the existence of some characteristics to achieve effective supervision of these organizations is necessary. These components- in addition to the foundations of democratic systems- are rooted in specific environmental characteristics such as the difficulty of compensating for the damages and the formation of most of the damages in the long-term context, which requires the responsible organization to take action before the loss occurs and effective supervision to hold the organization accountable, persuasive and binding on such a task.

The main components of the supervision of organizations responsible for environmental protection can be summarized in five main areas. First: Attract public participation through communication with NGOs, stakeholders, and local communities, second: continuity and avoidance of intermittent and occasional supervision, third: preventive supervision of the responsible organization, fourth: decentralization of supervision and fifth: Consequentialism to ensure the right to a healthy environment.

Organizations are affected by changing and competitive needs, regional and global laws and regulations, customer requirements as well as stakeholder expectations, and to achieve and achieve their desired results, need effective and efficient methods and systems. Therefore, the establishment of an integrated management system with different approaches such as quality, environment, safety and other issues required by the organization will be a desirable solution. Integrated management systems are actually aimed at integrating and integrating the three systems; Quality management, environmental management and safety management have been proposed in order to achieve a comprehensive management system. Organizations with the idea of continuous improvement and superior and creative attitude in scientific and correct management of resources need to implement this system.

The research method is combined and based on exploratory mix (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative part was 40 elite professors in the field of management and in the quantitative part was 560 artisans of Qazvin province. Relative cluster sampling method was distributed among 350 samples. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software.

The results of the qualitative section indicate that the model of promoting lean integrated management based on sustainable development in 4 dimensions of program, implementation, control and improvement is based on 5 axes. 

Discussion and Conclusion

Elements of promoting lean integrated management include three levels: a) Macro: cultural level promotion, technological upgrade, integration of management systems, systemic attitude, attention to the biological ecology of the organization, b) intermediate level: purposeful communication with other industries, Develop integrated strategies, pay attention to organizational changes in organizational management decisions, align the organization to achieve goals, create organizational affiliation, accountability and management commitment, goal setting, c) Micro level: empowerment of human resources, organizational justice, establishing knowledge management, employee participation, management Performance, continuous improvement, 2- Underlying factors: managerial characteristics, economic conditions, environmental conditions of the organization, social culture 3- Interfering factors: political factors, economic factors, social factors, biological factors, 4- Consequences: economic, social, environmental 5- Continuous improvement strategies.

Sustainable energy development is one of the requirements for the continued growth and sustainable development of societies and humanity. The main purpose of this study is to plan the supply of sustainable electricity by share of each type of the share of different power plants in the country.The methodology of this study is applied based on the purpose and has been done by mixed method (documentary, qualitative and quantitative). This research has been collected and analyzed using the data obtained from the study of documents, using (selected model) MESSAGE software and in the form of three reference scenarios, energy sustainability and high fuel price, the optimal composition of the country's power plant until 2050 has been investigated and proposed.Based on results and the model outputs, the optimal power plant composition in the form of energy sustainability scenario is the priority of combined cycle, nuclear and renewable power plants, respectively. Also, according to the findings, nuclear power plants are in the second place in the reference scenario and the sustainability scenario, and in the third place in the fuel price increase scenario. The results obtained from this study, considering the need for sustainable development of electricity in the country and according to the upstream documents and laws, it is necessary to prioritize the development of power plants, respectively.

The decline in environmental quality has raised public concern about environmental issues. Even in the greenest countries, policymakers face the significant challenge of understanding why environmental policies are often ineffective in addressing these problems. According to the 2024 Global Environmental Performance Index, Iran ranks 133rd out of 180 countries, reflecting a poor global standing and numerous environmental crises, including ecosystem conversion, biodiversity loss, increasing dust storms, drying wetlands and lakes, water resource depletion, land subsidence, and air and soil pollution. Contributing factors include a lack of robust development plans, ineffective environmental policies, outdated laws and regulations, and inadequate coordination among agencies and organizations. These issues underscore the urgent need for effective environmental policymaking to address the growing crises. This study, recognizing the importance of the formulation stage in public policymaking, proposes a model for developing environmental policies in Iran to address these challenges and reduce environmental pollution.

This study employed a qualitative research approach, incorporating both library and field research methods for data collection. Data were gathered through note-taking and expert interviews. The analysis was conducted using a thematic analysis strategy, chosen for its ability to extract meaningful insights from qualitative data, such as interview transcripts. The coding and thematic analysis process followed a comprehensive, step-by-step approach. Using purposive sampling, the research team interviewed 13 experts, including university professors, environmental researchers, executives from the Environmental Protection Organization, and managers involved in environmental policymaking. The interviews continued until thematic saturation was achieved, indicating no new themes or concepts were emerging. To ensure reliability, the test-retest reliability index was applied to the coding of the interviews. In this approach, a few randomly selected interviews were coded and then re-coded after a certain period to compare the consistency of the codes. This technique helped verify the reliability of the thematic analysis process.

The study results indicate that a model for formulating environmental policies to achieve sustainable development comprises eight key themes: economic factors, social factors, environmental factors, political factors, legal requirements, institutional capacity, key stakeholders in policy formulation, and the process of formulating environmental policies. Each theme plays a crucial role in policy development. Addressing environmental issues without a collective approach to these themes is likely to be ineffective. A fragmented approach to implementing these themes can lead to disruptions in development and significant harm to environmental resources. The results emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all these factors to effectively address environmental challenges and work toward sustainable developmen.

To effectively tackle environmental crises, a holistic approach must be embraced in environmental policy formulation. Social, political, legal, and institutional factors must be carefully considered to avoid severe challenges and complications. Active participation from community organizations, NGOs, citizens, and local stakeholders in policymaking can play a significant role in resolving environmental issues. This requires not only the restructuring of institutional frameworks to strengthen environmental governance but also a review of existing legal systems to ensure they are conducive to effective policymaking. It also highlights the importance of combining bottom-up and top-down policies to improve environmental performance indicators. Bottom-up opportunities from local communities and civil society, along with top-down engagement from legislative, executive, and judicial branches, are critical to shaping effective policies.

Rural development is one of the important bases of national development of any country and people's participation in this process is important. Different countries have paid attention to this issue in the form of local governments and by delegating powers and responsibilities. With the approval of the law on the establishment of self-sufficient in the country's villages in 1998, there have been changes in the country's rural management. Since 2004, the villagers have taken charge of the village administration as the new trustees. The goals of this research was to investigate the role of rural assistants in the process of management and development of rural with an emphasis on environmental protection issue. The current research is of applied research type and analytical-descriptive method. The findings showed that the most crucial factors affecting the role of rural assistants in sustainable rural development are economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure variables. Therefore, the village councils, with the participation of the people and the use of the power and talent of women and men in the councils and village councils, pay attention preventing the destruction of pastures, to the protection of forests, monitoring water harvesting.

In the twentieth century, with an emphasis on the principle of sovereign equality of states, a framework for global trade was established. Simultaneously, the importance of achieving balanced development between industrialized and developing countries was highlighted. This period witnessed the integration of development and global trade, alongside a significant increase in the production and international exchange of goods, which unfortunately caused considerable environmental damage. This situation revealed the necessity for more stringent environmental care and control within the structure of global trade. The concept of sustainable development emerged as a bridge between development and trade and quickly gained attention, leading to the formulation of multilateral environmental agreements within the framework of international environmental law. This article examines how sustainable development has been adopted and transformed into a global strategy, its influence on international policies, laws, and documents, and its implementation in international judicial processes. Nevertheless, the facilitation of environmental agreements by the rules of the world trade organization remains unclear, and the inconsistencies between trade practices and environmental measures have rendered the legitimacy and credibility of some of these actions ambiguous. This has led to conservatism and uncertainty in the implementation of environmental agreements, indicating that sustainable development can only be effectively applied in trade policies when it is integrated and intertwined with its constituent elements.

The right to development and the sustainable development are appropriate responds to adverse consequences of classic approach to development and in each of them, there is a try to look at development from a specific perspective with a goal of finding a appropriat respond to its adverse consequences. It seems that the adoption of a human rights oriented approach in advancing of development process, is a context in which the consideration of both concepts can be well realized. In the framework of this approach and as result of adverse effects of failure to comply with environmental considerations of the sustainable development on realization of the human rights in development policies, Paying attention to these considerations will be among the priorities of any development program. The important point here is that guarantee of human rights is also considered as an main goal in the framework of the right to development, and therefore any success in guaranteeing human rights in development process through environmental considerations, can also contribute to the realization of this right.
Also, the pursuit of human rights-oriented development in the context of the realization of the right to development, is an effective step in forcing states to comply with environmental considerations and, consequently, to ensure the path to sustainable development. the inclusion of human rights considered in the right to development, in the binding international treaties such as the Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is a context in which any commitment of states to comply with environmental considerations of sustainable development can be considered as an binding obligation, due to the positive impact of these considerations on realization of above-mentioned human rights cases.

The necessity of addressing the environment in the oil industry and related industries becomes clearer when we realize that it is impossible to move in the direction of continuous industrial improvement without paying attention to the environment. Environmental issues are a completely cross-sectoral issue and all members of the society, especially organizations and institutions, should take advantage of the power and efficiency of their organizations in preserving and maintaining the environment as a public duty from any activity that is related to pollution or prevent irreparable destruction of the environment. The aim of this research is to design an integrated management model for the country's energy sector with an emphasis on environmental policies.

This article is a qualitative research. The statistical sample of the research (elite) has been selected as a cluster from among the members of the statistical community. In this way, the statistical population was first divided into different clusters (cluster of faculty members, cluster of oil sector managers, experts in the field of oil industry in 1400), then, according to reaching data saturation, a total of 25 experts were interviewed. To analyze the data in the interviews section, three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding have been used. Data analysis has been done according to the grounded theorizing method after conducting the interview, during three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. To do this, Maxqda software was used.

Based on the findings of this research, 18 components were extracted from the 101 primary concepts in the axial coding and finally, in the selective coding stage, 5 main categories were extracted under the headings of social dimension, technical dimension, economic dimension, environmental dimension and legal dimension. political and legal were selected as the dimensions of the integrated management model of the country's energy sector in the final model.

Environmental and international policies can reduce the pollution of the energy sector, including oil, and the legal measures carried out at the international level can control and monitor the environment. Institutional and political factors play a key role in promoting the transition to renewable energy, and improving these factors can lead to decarbonization of the energy sector in the long term. Global financial development has no significant long-term impact on the transition process, which means that the entire financial system needs a fundamental structural change to accelerate the substitution between polluting and clean energies. However, in the short term, the impact appears to be negative and significant, highlighting the inadequacy of financial institutions and financial markets in promoting a sustainable path in the region.

Since the 70s and especially the 90s, social and communicative dimensions have been emphasized in both procedural planning approaches and sustainable development studies. Despite the emphasis on the importance of linking the social-communicative dimensions of planning and the components of sustainable development, there is no attention to the way of linking these issues in the planning literature. As a result, it seems, the gap between the substantive and procedural aspects of planning can be resolved by the interaction between the procedural aspects of new planning approaches on the one hand and the substantive goals of sustainable development on the other hand.The main question in this study is: what relationship can be established between the social-communicative dimensions in the new planning approaches and sustainable development criteria? In order to answer this question, first, the basics of new planning approaches have been collected, and then, using the qualitative content analysis method, the social and communicative dimensions of these approaches have been understood. In the next step, the content analysis of the key components of sustainable development theories and guidelines was done, and finally, the explanation of the conceptual relationship and interaction of the results of the first and second steps was deduced using the qualitative meta-synthesis method. The findings show that the new planning approaches, with the essence of communication, participation, and Pragmatism as a procedure, have a good capacity to implement the criteria of sustainable development as the substantive goal of urban planning.

Adverse consequences for industrial development and extensive utilization of natural resources and increasing environmental degradation in recent decades, many of the experts stressed the need to use dynamic capabilities as a mechanism to guide the sustainable development strategies. The purpose of this research is Evaluate strategic capabilities for sustainable product development in accordance with the environment: Case Study of Maroon Oil and Gas Company. This research is developmental in terms of methodology and is combined in terms of data collection type.

In this research, in the qualitative section, based on meta-analysis processes, an attempt was made to first determine the research related to the field of research and then to determine the components of the research. Also in the qualitative part, Delphi analysis was used to determine the extent of theoretical consensus. Interpretive ranking analysis (IRP) was used to conduct a quantitative part of the research.

The results of the research in the qualitative part indicate the existence of 8 sub-components of strategic capabilities for the sustainable development of products in accordance with the environment, which were confirmed in two stages of Delphi analysis, the theoretical consensus. On the other hand, the results in a small part indicate the determination of the component of strategic capability of sustainable economic development as the most effective strategic capability for sustainable development of environmentally friendly products in Maroon Oil and Gas Exploitation Company.

The result means that in order to produce green products, the most important strategic function in sustainable development is to pay attention to the economic nature of producing products that are environmentally friendly in this way, it can have the necessary competitive advantage to achieve sustainable development.

In terms of meaning, green sustainable development, global partnership for the continuity and dynamics of economic growth; Social justice and preservation and renewal of environmental capacities shines not only for the present but also for future generations and shows a kind of comprehensive view and commitment of all to improve the common future of mankind in all fields such as rural green businesses. The purpose of this research is Appraisal the quality of the gap between the current situation and the desired sustainability of industrial marketing of rural green businesses.

In this research, factors and components were identified by Delphi method with the participation of 10 specialized experts in the field of rural businesses, and then the indicators were categorized using the PESTEL method. Then, the gap quality between the current and desired conditions was drawn and the factors and indicators were ranked through the IP matrix.

The findings of the research showed that legal, economic and technological factors respectively play the greatest role in the gap in the status of rural businesses. Also, among the components, social security laws for home businesses, guaranteeing government agencies, and integrated mentality of electronic businesses, liquidity, water supply and investment respectively had a greater impact on creating a gap. The IP matrix showed that there are 14 components with high performance and importance that should be continued.

The obtained results are an indication of the fact that rural development policies should include the contribution of agriculture, both in order to improve farm activities and in support of ancillary services, to ensure sustainable development in order to promote green businesses in the regions. Use rural. Therefore, the policy makers of this field should codify flexible laws in the field of agricultural reforms so that rural development in the field of green business is the basis for the social and political stability of these areas in the country.

Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population growth, soil and water constraints, the community's need for food, the existence of large consumer markets and the interest in producing off-season crops in recent years have led to the development of greenhouse crops. But choosing the wrong place to build a greenhouse leads to a waste of capital and the failure of these goals. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal location of the greenhouse in Asadabad plain with a sustainable development approach.

Due to the existence of numerous and effective parameters –for the performance of greenhouses, the technique of multi-criteria analysis has been used to find a suitable location. Also, due to the uncertainty in the behavior of natural parameters, fuzzy logic has been used to model the effect of the parameters.

The results show that of the total area of Asadabad plain, 10% are in a very good condition, 39% are in a good condition (suitable with restrictions) and 51% are in a bad condition in terms of greenhouse construction.

Relying on spatial analysis can reduce the investment risk for greenhouses and lead to environmental sustainability.

Today, environmental issues are more sensitive among societies than in the past, and governments are expected to take the necessary measures to reduce environmental pollution and destruction and damage to the health of human and animal communities as much as possible. One of these solutions is to use the green tax tool, which, despite its high effectiveness, faces many obstacles in the way of implementation. Therefore, the aim of the research is to identify and prioritize the obstacles to the implementation of green tax policies with an emphasis on the protection of human and animal communities.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and is among quantitative research. After examining the theoretical foundations and previous researches, 51 implementation obstacles were identified and in the next step, the fuzzy Delphi method was used in order to localize and determine the implementation obstacles of green tax policies. For this purpose, 12 experts were polled with a market questionnaire and after 3 round trips, the experts reached a consensus. Next, TOPSIS fuzzy method was used in order to prioritize the identified obstacles. For this purpose, 32 managers and specialists, who were selected purposefully, were asked for their opinions with a questionnaire.

Based on the findings of the fuzzy Delphi phase, 47 obstacles and 10 dimensions for the implementation of green tax policies were identified. Also, the results of the TOPSIS fuzzy method showed that the most important obstacles include "bureaucratic structure in the policy implementation organization", "weak content and lack of integration of policy components" and "weak leadership skills among executive managers".

The results of the research showed that the implementation of green tax policies has a complex and multiple nature, and for success, a set of factors related to the executive organization, auditors and experts, policy content and external factors should be considered. Finally, the results show that the implementation of green taxes is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development and the protection of human and animal communities in order to reduce damage and pollution.

Evaluating the environmental and social effects of urban projects separately can never show the mutual effects of the environment and the social environment, in other words; At the same time that the environment affects the society, there is no escape from the effects of the society on itself, and vice versa. In this article; The social and environmental effects of the southernmost section of Imam Ali highway - the distance between Daulat Abad freeway and the Shahr Ray ring road and its uneven intersection with the Shahr Ray ring road - located in the 20th district of Tehran municipality, based on an integrated evaluation process with five stages of construction And the operation of the mentioned highway has been integrated. Also, environmental and social mutual effects using the innovative impact assessment matrix, based on the network analysis process in the form of Super Decision software and the Delphi method; And by presenting the social preference coefficient and the environmental preference coefficient, it has been estimated for all environmental and social parameters in both construction and operation phases of the mentioned project. Based on the comparison of the results obtained from the established matrix with the current matrices; by applying the above coefficients, it is possible to quantitatively estimate the mutual environmental and social effects of intervention measures and take a step towards achieving the goals of sustainable urban development.

Ports play an important and strategic role in the growth and development of a country; Therefore, the development of ports is an important driver for the economic, social and regional growth of countries. A key and practical concept to achieve port development is the concept of sustainable development. Shahid Rajaei port of Iran is considered the most important import and export gate of the country due to its unique geographical location. Therefore, the most important goals of this research are to identify the effective and key indicators of sustainable development in Shahid Rajaei port of Iran and to prioritize these indicators.

In order to identify the key indicators of sustainable development in Shahid Rajaei port and prioritize these indicators, by reviewing the literature, sustainability indicators were identified and extracted from the research literature. In the second step, in order to prioritize the indicators, a questionnaire was designed and provided to the sample of the research statistical community. which includes managers, officials and officials of various port departments and experts and experts in this field. The sampling method in this research is a non-probability and non-random judgment. In the next step, AHP and SWARA multi-criteria decision making methods were used to rank the indicators. In the following, related software such as Excel and Super Decisions were used. Finally, average ranks and Copeland methods were used to integrate the results to achieve a prioritization.

According to the obtained results, the economic dimension is the most important dimension of sustainability; Then, social and environmental aspects are important. The findings show that in terms of education level, the majority of research experts have master's and doctorate degrees and are at a high level scientifically. And due to the fact that most of the experts have more than 15 years of work experience, they are experienced people with high work experience.

In the environmental dimension, the indicators of identifying types of environmental pollution and waste management were ranked first. In the economic dimension, the index of the amount of investment and the increasing trend of the market share and the index of access to road, rail and air transport lines were ranked first in two methods. In the social dimension, the index of job creation and high quality of port services ranked first. The results of this research can be a basis for the improvement and growth of sustainability in the port and to provide the managers and authorities of the port with proper direction and vision in the field of sustainable development, to take appropriate decisions and actions in the future.

Today, food packaging waste management is a challenge on a global scale that has faced many economic constraints in developing countries. If this waste is not managed properly, it will have irreparable consequences on the quality of the environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to select sustainable scenarios for packaging waste management based on product design. Material and

In this research, by simulating a mathematical model, the costs of waste management scenarios and at the same time the detrimental effects on environmental quality and human health have been minimized. The proposed model, which can be used in various industries, has been implemented using binary genetic optimization algorithm, taking into account the design details, life cycle analysis and end-of-life options (in the form of 9 management scenarios).

In general, estimating the optimal solution of the proposed model in each product group, shows the winning scenario appropriate to the optimal design alternative, which is an economic option with the least destructive effects on the environment and human health. The results of model implementation for a real example show in seven product groups defined four scenarios (25% source reduction, 25% recycling and 45% incineration and only 5% landfill) and scenario five (source reduction by 60% and incineration of 30% of waste and 10% landfill) are the winning options for optimal designs in most product groups. Discussion and

The simulated model helps manufacturers to have a proper estimate of the environmental and economic consequences of the designed product. This research also enables decision makers and policy makers to achieve the goals of sustainable development, by legislating more manufacturers to accept responsibility for end-of-life management of their products as well as municipalities to set up a network. Encourage urban waste management systems.