زلزله

Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural hazards. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the indicators affecting the urban resilience of Bam city and modeling the state of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes.

To achieve the objectives of this study, with the help of 19 experts and completing two rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, 13 criteria, and 35 sub-criteria were selected in the form of four dimensions including economical, social, ecological, and infrastructure, as the first step. Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Super Decisions software were used to perform pairwise comparisons and determine the final weights. As the next step, the 15-year statistics of the research criteria were collected to complete the equations for the urban modeling stage. And finally, the Bam urban resilience model was designed using Stella architect 3.2 software for a period of 30 years from 1385 to 1415.

The results showed that the ecological dimension with a weight of 0.439 plays the most important role in the resilience of Bam city. Also, the modeling results revealed that Bam urban resilience index in 1401 is estimated at 44.96%.

According to the final results, it can be concluded that Bam city does not have ideal conditions in terms of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes, and in case of similar incidents, this city will not have the ability to be resilient in critical situations.

The produced construction debris is always one of the crises after the earthquake in order to properly manage and dispose. According to global experiences, recycling construction debris caused by earthquakes is much more economical and environmentally friendly than using new materials. In this study, considering the city of Tehran, it has been tried to investigate possible scenarios for the recycling of construction waste produced based on decision-making and comparison criteria. In this regard, the TOPSIS decision-making model was used. Four scenarios were evaluated based on 10 review criteria according to experts. Also, using ArcGIS software, the potential distribution of construction waste production based on the urban population layer with the scale of localities has been determined and presented. According to the results of the scores that were collected, the most suitable model for the management of construction waste with the material recycling approach can be proposed. It is proposed to establish a site with a fixed location for the establishment of shredders, industrial mills, as well as special conveyor systems for the management of mineral recycling depots. Also, the other main unit of this complex, the metal material recovery unit, should also be located on the same site. According to the obtained results, recycling systems with fixed installation using sewage transfer to the site have been proposed for use in crisis conditions in Tehran.

Purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of education on people's performance in ‎the pre-crisis phase; which is practical in terms of purpose and with a quantitative approach.The ‎scope of the current research is in the field of crisis and earthquake management in the 20th ‎district of Tehran.Data collection was in the form of library and field studies, and the research ‎tool was a questionnaire with 5 components and 22 items.validity of the questionnaire was ‎confirmed using the opinions of university professors and municipal crisis management personnel ‎and the fire department.The reliability of the questionnaire according to the research variables ‎and using Cronbach's alpha was obtained as 0.76, 0.79 and 0.86 respectively.The data analysis ‎tool was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smironov test, and after the variables were normal, the ‎structural equation model of the Lisrel 8.8 software was used to analyze the research hypotheses. ‎According to the findings of the research, the teaching tool variable was ranked first with an ‎average of 4.22, and the functional variable of role perception was ranked second with an average ‎of 3.65.In the examination of the normality of the main variables of the educational tool, with ‎‎0.518, the highest level of significance was assigned to it.Also, the findings of the practical ‎analysis showed that the highest correlation coefficient was obtained in the educational tool with a ‎value of 0.744.The results showed that education improves people's performance against ‎earthquakes.Also, the change of human reaction to earthquakes with the passage of time is a ‎confirmation of the necessity of every citizen's preparation against earthquakes and it makes it ‎clear that rational planning, prevention and education can prevent future regrets.‎

Due to the increasing importance of providing security services and measures to prevent and deal with fire incidents and crisis management in cities, fire stations are very important. Undoubtedly, the timely service of fire stations, more than anything else, along with the need to establish them in suitable places in urban environments, requires having the necessary capabilities and equipment to respond to the needs of citizens. Greater Tehran, with a population of more than eight million people, is the largest city in the country, due to the parallel expansion, and also the increase in population, has increased the grounds of fire in the city. The current research is important because its audience is all managers, and fire chiefs and it can be used to investigate management systems and accident command. The research method in this research is the hierarchical analysis process, where the indicators are compared and scored one by one, and the priority between them is determined. Based on the analysis conducted in this research, the operational forces stationed in the fire stations and operational vehicles are not proportional to the capacity of the region, and the firefighting equipment of these stations will not be sufficient for the region during the fires after the earthquake, and this is one of the negative points of the study area that during the earthquake Fire control is almost impossible and we will face a serious crisis.

Tehran metropolis for many reasons including location type, inadequate physical development, lack of observance of balanced development and alignment of land, failure to observe the precautionary principle in environmental issues as a preventive principal, and ... always subject to the risks of natural hazards The population density is the main cause of existential and environmental problems in Tehran.Including threats that threaten Tehran, impending earthquakes and environmental problems. of course, with the possible earthquake in Tehran, and despite the population density in the capital, which is 19 times the national average, the damage rate and casualties resulting from it can lead to a human disaster. Therefore, the application of legal principles can be an effective solution for the most The above-described problems. By implementing the existing laws on the topic of  de localisation of Tehran, including: (balanced development and land testing in the framework of the principle of equality, the implementation of e-government in the framework of the principle of compliance, the reduction of government in the light of paragraph 10 of the third principle of the Constitution, the realization of welfare state means Real in the framework of the principle of legitimate expectation, serious efforts to reduce the damage caused by possible earthquakes and environmental problems in Tehran in the light of the application of the precautionary principle, etc.) can greatly overcome the major problems of this city.In the present study, we intend to provide a legal perspective to provide solutions to reduce the potential damage caused by these natural hazards.The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied.

Water and residue companies, both urban and rural, are legally responsible for providing adequate safe drinking water. Disruption of water quality and its distribution can be caused by emergencies such as natural disasters, distress, and deliberate actions. Any disruption in quality and access to safe drinking water after a natural disaster can cause widespread disruption in the city and add to problems during a crisis; Therefore, the continuation of the activities and services of this unit during a natural disaster such as an earthquake can help a lot in crisis management and increase the flexibility of the city and cause the rapid return of the city to its normal state.
The Business Continuity Plan strives to provide the organization with the appropriate response and timely response to the crisis to bring the organization to a level of readiness that can provide services to its customers in the shortest possible time and based on pre-defined plans. Resume and, at best, go through the transition from a critical situation to a normal one. Proper implementation of this plan, while creating the ability to react and respond appropriately to crises and reduce the time to return to normal, can achieve various achievements such as expanding the preventive approach instead of passive in the face of crisis, reducing insurance costs, creating a sense of trust and reliability. Provide customers, users, and related organizations and significantly reduce the direct and indirect costs of a crisis.
One of the most important factors in increasing or decreasing the amount of damage and the number of human losses during natural disasters is the presence or absence of a crisis management system. One of the methods that can be used to prepare and compile crisis management and planning principles, and recently used in books written on crisis management, is to use the comprehensive process of crisis management and its phases to classify and present principles. In this model, crisis management principles are divided into four phases (prevention and reduction of effects, preparedness, coping, recovery), which include both planning and management.

In this study, library studies, reference to relevant organizations and field visits, and interviews with experts on urban issues and crisis management have been used. analysis hierarchical process (AHP) has also been used for the required analyzes. First, the general framework of the extraction plan has been extracted using library studies and the use of international experience in the field of post-disaster Business Continuity Plan Then, questionnaires were designed to fill this sample and localize it for the headquarters of Water and Wastewater Company District 3 of Tehran. After compilation, these questionnaires were distributed among experts active in the field of crisis management, water, and wastewater in the city of Tehran's District 3. In the first part of this questionnaire, the necessary measures to continue the activities before, during, and after the accident in the headquarters area of Tehran Water and Wastewater Company District 3 have been questioned. After collecting the questionnaires, this part of the questionnaire was analyzed through SPSS19 software and a two-sentence test. The output of this test is included in the Business Continuity Plan. In the second part of the questionnaire, through the hierarchical structure, the person in charge of accident management and management in the company, as well as alternative sites for the continuation of the company's activities and services after the accident, were questioned. Experts have rated the questionnaires based on the AHP principles. Finally, using the Expert Choice 11 software and analyzing the data given by the experts, the options that have the highest score for this question have been identified. The use of qualitative and quantitative criteria, as well as the ability to adapt to judgments, are features that determine the AHP method to determine the coefficient of the importance of the parameters used in the research, to identify and select a suitable alternative site and project command to continue ABFA headquarters activities after the Earthquakes show. The first step in the hierarchical analysis process is to create a hierarchical structure of the subject matter in which the goals, criteria, options, and relationships between them are demonstrated. The next steps in the hierarchical analysis process that will be used in this research are weight calculation (coefficient of importance) of criteria, calculation of weight (coefficient of importance) of options (different types of alternative sites and different people for project command responsibility) and finally, logical compatibility review of judgments.

In this study, a responsible organizational chart is presented. It’s necessary to take a series of measures in places and buildings that are important or have a higher level of vulnerability in terms of performance, to take the first steps to deal with, and respond in the same place in critical or emergencies. To determine the crisis command was experts evaluated the Business Continuity Plan approach, parameters such as the individual's organizational strength to command in times of crisis and better performance and efficiency in times of crisis. Scoring and prioritization were done using the AHP method. The results of this analysis, which were obtained by entering the requested information from 10 experts in the Expertchoice11 software, show that the head of Water and Wastewater Company District 3 of Tehran, has been selected as the best person to command the crisis from the experts' point of view.
The correct and appropriate response to a crisis in the organization requires a team to lead and support response and recovery operations. Team members must be selected from experienced and trained staff who are aware of their responsibilities. The number and scope of teams' activities can include command and control teams, which include a crisis management team and a response, continuity or recovery management team, and operational teams.
To select an alternative site for the continuation of Water and Wastewater Company District 3 of Tehran's organizational life. Parameters such as organizational policy, cost of equipment and maintenance, earthquake vulnerability, and maximum allowable time for the company's inactivity were evaluated by experts and options based on AHP guidelines. They scored points against each other. These scores were then entered into the Expertchoice 11 software and analyzed. The obtained results showed that the experts gave the maximum score to the hot site, and the warm site is in second place. The first step in the Business Continuity Plan should include an organizational structure that often takes the form of a committee that ensures the executive guarantee of senior executives and defines the role of senior executives and their responsibilities after studying and review the BS-25999 standard. And the localization of this standard, based on the organizational criteria of the Water and Wastewater Company, led to the introduction of a committee to continue activities and services before the crisis and a responsible organizational chart at the time of the crisis.
Predicting and determining an alternative site to continue the company's activities after the crisis is an important issue in the Business Continuity Plan. Among the options and according to the appropriate criteria, as well as questions from relevant experts and scoring based on AHP principles and analysis and analysis of the results of the questionnaire with the software Expertchoice 11, the hot site was selected as the best site to continue the activities and services of Tehran Water and Wastewater Company District 3. A hot site is a well-equipped and multi-purpose site that also has staff at the time before the accident. This site can be activated in the shortest time after the accident, and in the time before the accident, administrative activities can be performed in it. For the continuity plan to always be up-to-date and scalable, it must be continuously tested and revised, as provided in the 2-year timeframe for this issue.

Due to vicinity to several active faults, Tehran is treated by earthquake occurrence. The district 20 of Tehran (Rey City), where is situated in north part of central Iran, has been found as the most dangerous district which has the most blighted areas too. Assessment of earthquake risk and recognize safe and secure regions in district 20 of Tehran is this study’s purpose.

The study is an applied research model. So in this goal oriented research which has been done by descriptive analytic method, GIS and fuzzy logic and multi-criteria decision-making methods were used. The criteria which are been used in this study have been extracted based on the Delphi method and through snowball technique and based on district’s situation.

According to results, the district 20, has achieved a scores of 0.17 to 0.58 out of a fuzzy total score (1 score).It shows its moderate level of safety against prop gable earthquake. In contrast with the main parts of district, there are some regions in the western, southwestern and northern parts of mentioned district where are almost safer and more secure.

Because of various faults and urban blight areas, the district 20 of Tehran is treated seriously by earthquakes. It is really vital to take some actions to implement some essential and fundamental proceedings in order to reduce the probable damages.

Increasing population and growing urbanization have led to the growth and expansion of cities in uncertain locations, regardless of natural and biological parameters. The process of unplanned physical development has aggravated the vulnerability of cities to environmental hazards, which requires informed guidance and basic planning for environmental sustainability. Therefore, the present study intends to use the ANP model in a synthetic approach with GIS to evaluate the resilience rate and ecological power of a district of Tehran against earthquakes in relation to the eight main criteria slope, gradient direction, geological structures, fault type, distance From the bed of the rivers, the distance from the aqueducts, land use and distance from unsustainable areas in terms of urbanization) and 38 sub-criteria. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic with an objective purpose. The results of this study showed that 27.28% of the area (946.63 Hectares) has a very high resilience, 10.86% (376.97 hectares) has a high resilience, 23.46% (813.88 hectares) has a moderate resilience, 25.03% (868.60 hectares) has a low resilience and 13.34% (463.00 hectares) has a very low resilience against earthquake. In general, municipality districts located in the west of Tehran's municipality district 1 are less tolerable and less ecological power to earthquakes than other areas of the district.

Regarding the tectonic condition of Iran, this country faces a high risk of earthquake and there is virtually no place in this territory which can be called safe in terms of earthquake. Uncontrolled growth in Tehran metropolis has caused appearance of heterogeneous vulnerable textures. According to the possibility of earthquake and the necessity of planning ahead for this disaster, this study looked at zoning resilience of urban textures in district 12 of Tehran as a case. Among natural disasters, the earthquake can cause vast damages, hence the necessity to investigate its dimensions to reduce the damages. In this study, the FAHP technique was used to derive the importance of factors deemed relevant in resilience against earthquake. Then, the criteria were mapped and combined in GIS using weighted linear methid which showed the vulnerability of various parts of the textures. The results showed the model is not only applicable for determination of resiliency in district 12of Tehran, but also the possibility of calculating the level of resiliency against earthquake for the whole city.

Many megacities in the world are located in highly seismically active regions, including Tehran, the national capital of IRAN. Technical and historical studies shows that ruinous earthquakes across the REI fault have lead to casualties and critical damages. Therefore the safety of human settlements and environmental risk factor analysis from the view of land use planning is an important issue in such urban prone areas. This research aimed to find out how land use planning can be applied as long term proactive approach in reducing the seismic vulnerability of seismically challenged cities as Tehran. Hence by the use of RADIUS, software for hazard evaluation and damage assessment, and geographical information system (GIS), urban land use in case study (region 20, district 4 of Tehran municipality) was evaluated with regard to earthquake risks and suggestions as cohering approach in seismically challenged magecities were presented. By selecting earthquake scenario, earthquake risks evaluation can be conducted. In this research, parameters of scenarios selected according to geological studies and historical records.