سیب زمینی

In recent years, the debate over the environmental sustainability of agricultural productions is increased widely. In this context, environmental impacts of potato production in the Hamadan province (the largest producer of potatoes in Iran) were studied.

In this research, life cycle assessment approach was used to identify and reduce environmental impacts. Data were collected by face to face interview with farmers in Nahavand (2020-2021). The CML IA method was selected to impact assessment. The environmental impact were assessed for impact categories including involved the global warming potential, depletion of fossil fuel resources potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and human toxicity potential. Producing one ton of potatoes was determined as a functional unit.

The results showed that the production of one-ton potato consumes 1774.75 MJ energy. It emits 125.52 kg CO2eq, 5.04 kg SO2eq, 1.34 kg PO4eq, 69.4 kg 1,4-DBeq that respectively are involved the global warming potential, depletion of fossil fuel resources potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and human toxicity potential.

The analyses revealed that the production of chemical fertilizers and electricity had highest effects on global warming, depletion of fossil fuels and human toxicity. Also, direct emissions from the field because of nitrogen and phosphoric compound in fertilizers had highest effects on eutrophication and acidification.

Potato is a tuberous product with important value in food supply for world and because of high efficiency per surface unit; it has higher energy and protein per surface unit than wheat and rice. In order to increase the plantation of potato prevention of water waste is essential. One effective way to the purpose of this investigation is a well programmed irrigation protocol which is achievable an exact estimation of the need of the plants for Water requirement. The applicable equation to estimate Evapotranspiration does not use the same climate parameters and due to the practical entity of this process they are not applicable for all climate conditions. Thereby, there has to be a suitable equation to be used in each region. To reach this goal, in this study, by the aid of data collected from Torbat Heidariyah weather station, the amount of real Evapotranspiration has been calculated using correlation coefficient and compared with the reference Evapotranspiration (F-P-M).The results show that the amount of Evapotranspiration is 2/63 times more than the mean precipitation in growing season. It means that the plants have been using their moisture storage to accomplish their Evapotranspiration. In order to replenish the moist content in plants irrigation is essential. Using the Cropwat method, potato need for water supply was estimated 803/1mm from the beginning of implantation to the end of harvesting and the estimation of the amount of water to supply this need is equal to 741/9mm.

Potato is one of the most important agricultural products. Due to high nutritional it has high nutritious value, it is considered as one of the main products in the nutrition of under developing countries. Mycorrhiza fungi increasethe growth of plants with establishing coexistence relation with the plants. The purpose of this work is to identify the mycorrhiza fungi which have mutual relation with roots of potato plant and relation with edible potato plant and study their effects on the growth parameters of this plant.Wet sieving and decanting method was used for purification of the spores the spoors of these fungi are separated with sieve from the wet earth.In this study four species of mycorrhiza fungi belonging to the genus Glomus type were identified. These species were: Glomus aggregatum, Funneliformis.geosporum, Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum, In order to increase the mycorrhizal fungi, the pot culture method was used.Statistical study revealed that there is a significant differences in the number of leaves, flowers, size of stem and root, fresh and dry and weight in treated plants as compare to control Mycorrhiza fungi were inoculated in the potato plants. In this study it was determined that in the potatoes which were inoculated with AMF, the size of plants in dry and wet condition, were so high with regard to the care of fertilize treatments .According to the results of this study, we can hope that in future we will be able to use Mycorrhiza instead of using chemical fertilizers. This method will improve the growth of potato plants and will prevent the chemical contamination of the farms.

Regarding to the ground water pollution by Arsenic (As) in Ghorveh and Bijar field, contamination levels have been analyzed in irrigated plants (potato and carrot samples). Analyzes method have been by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Twenty four potato samples (of the 12 potato plots) and 4 carrot samples (of the 2 carrot plots) picked up and As contents were measured in skin and yield tissue separately. In potato of total 24 samples, 11 samples had less than 10 μg As/kg, 9 samples had to10- 20 and 4 samples had As in the range of 20- 25 μg As/kg. Skin-related Arsenic was higher than it in yield tissue. Of total skin samples: 17 samples had less than 50 μg As/kg, 5 samples had As in the range of 50 t0 100 and the last 2 samples had As in the range of 200-300 μg As/kg. All carrot samples showed As content less than 5 μg As/kg. (As) was high is some samples in skin of potato regarding to less transfer rate to eatable section, quantity will less with separate skin. In carrot, high quantity Arsenic ion is absorbed by roots because it has vast roots and transport in skin and