فضای سبز

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the environmental, tourism and safety indicators of Derkeh and Darband rivers in Tehran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of carrying out work.

The studied community is also urban planners and experts in the 1st district of Tehran in the field of multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP and TOPSIS). The statistical population of the research in the questionnaire section of ordinary people, tourists of the green spaces of Derkeh and Darband are 300 people per day, and in the first population, 15 people from urban planners and specialists of the 1st district of Tehran were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. Also, the statistical sample in the questionnaire was 169 tourists from Derkeh and Darband green areas, who were determined based on Morgan's table. In this research, the data collection tool was pairwise comparison questionnaire (AHP) and TOPSIS, and in the data analysis part, inferential statistics methods were used to test the hypotheses using Expert Choice and SPSS software (one-sample t-test or Friedman.)

According to the results of the research, the first priority belongs to the environmental management criterion, the second priority belongs to the tourism criterion, and the third priority belongs to the safety criterion. The coefficients of the Friedman test were also for the sub-criteria of the 3 main criteria: environment (122.80), tourism (77.34) and safety (59.83)

According to the analysis, it was found that the environmental standards in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys of Tehran are the cleanliness of the environment in these areas, the necessary maintenance of plants, the necessary measures to reduce noise pollution in Parks, the variety of available plants and trees, the presence of enough trash cans, air pollution, the slope in the area, the variety of bird species, the necessary measures to prevent river water pollution, the efforts of passers-by and shopkeepers for the cleanliness of the environment. Also, the criteria of tourism in the green spaces and rivers of Derkah and Darband valleys of Tehran include the presence of a specific route for tourism, the compatibility of the music played with Iranian culture, the presence of sufficient and available restaurants, cafes and buffets, the presence of benches and gazebos for tourists to rest, and the presence of sports equipment. and children's play, the presence of adequate and accessible toilets, the presence of a parking lot or a suitable parking place for cars and motorcycles. The safety criteria in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys in Tehran include suitable paving stones and physical protection on the sidewalks, the presence of sufficient lighting in the dark, the presence of warning and guidance signs on the way of tourists, safety in electrical and recreational equipment such as traps. Siege, the presence of an emergency and ambulance base and a fire station, the presence of physical protection officers and guards in the area, the safety of children's playgrounds, taking into account safety measures against natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes.

Green spaces are still considered as an inseparable element of human life. Creating green spaces with appropriate and optimal efficiency in residential complexes is always considered essential. In this research, the level of satisfaction of the residents of two residential complexes, Elahia and Amirieh, Kermanshah, was investigated regarding the factors affecting the desirability of green space.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The components of the green space were identified and based on the review of texts, related studies and experts' opinions in the form of a researcher's questionnaire, and with the approval of the relevant experts, it was designed in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and was selected by 143 people from Amirieh Complex and 158 people from Elahia Complex, which in total 301 people were completed. All statistical analyzes were done using SPSS software, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance) were used to describe the research components. In the inferential statistics section, the correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the area of green space and the level of satisfaction of the residents of the complex, the independent t-test was used to compare the level of satisfaction of the residents of the two mentioned complexes, and the Friedman test was used to identify the components of the satisfaction of the residents.

The results indicate that the feeling of satisfaction in Elahia residential complex is higher than that of Amirieh residential complex, and among the 14 factors affecting the satisfaction of the residents of the two complexes, the area of green space had the highest score and green space facilities such as children's play equipment had the lowest score. In other words, with the increase in the area of green space, the level of satisfaction of the residents with the complex also increases.

As a result, 14 components were examined in this research. They should be significantly prioritized in residential complex projects to lead to an increase in residents' satisfaction.

Beginning and developing community gardens in city by creating a healthy and intimate atmosphere, it has made people feel refreshed and by increasing social, cultural and political participation It can be helpful in solving people's problems in the region, city and even the country. By creating a community garden, in addition to continuing to maintain the gardens, can also benefit from the services and functions of these gardens. In this research using Network analysis and ranking of indicators and their relationships in the decision-making process.

This research was conducted in Karaj city, based on different criteria and according to the opinion of framework experts to develop Community gardens Provide multi-function and multi-service. to reach this goal, used from the model provided for the services and functions of the community garden which has eight economic, political, social, cultural, ecological, environmental, educational and health dimensions, And with 125 components. In this research, data collection Using a questionnaire Based on ANP decision technique and pairwise comparisons by professionals with at least 15 years of experience which were selected by the snowball method. After calculating the geometric mean of the judgments made the information entered the software. The processing and analysis of the results of this research was done using Excel and Super decision software.

After measurement the weight of the used indicators, the final prioritization for the proposed functions and services was done by the super decisions software. Among the investigated indicators Stability index (2C) with a weight of 0.389 The most important indicator of choosing the services and functions of the community garden and after this index, Acceptability index (3C) with a weight of 0.228 and effectiveness index (1C) with a weight of 0.205 They were ranked next. Based on the calculation with weighted indicators, Among the functions of community garden dimensions The economic dimension of "Using Abandoned Lands", social dimension of "entertainment space", political dimension of "tourism", cultural dimension of "developing garden endowment culture", environmental dimension of "pollution reduction", ecological dimension of "biodiversity", health dimension "healthy body weight", educational dimension of "Environment for promoting agriculture" They got the highest priority.

The results of this research can in showing the position of the community garden very useful by people and officials and to justify investment in order to benefit from the services and functions of the community garden. Due to the importance of the community garden, when designing the city, there should be a plan to provide urban green infrastructure. Based on the knowledge of services and functions of these gardens to be considered necessary in accordance with social preferences.

According to today's definition, artificial forests in Iran are half a century old. Most did not have production goals and were done to develop green space and protect the environment. Semnan province is one of the country's most extensive provinces, containing various natural environments. The current research investigated the current situation of plantations in the Irano-Turanian region of Semnan province. This was done by using responsible institutions' and people's information and confirming and supplementing it with field studies. Semnan province in the Irano-Turanian region has 68 plantations and forest parks, with 30 species of trees and shrubs used for planting. Afforestation in Semnan province started in the 1340s and increased from the 50s to the 90s. 32% of plantations are irrigated by tanker and 31% by drop irrigation. The current success rate of afforestation in Semnan province was about 75% on average, and the most critical reason for failure was irregular irrigation. In addition to the lack of water resources, the transfer of park management to the municipality, the lack of financial resources, and the lack of human force to protect the forests were also evaluated as the most critical problems of plantations and forest parks in Semnan province.

Feeling the sense of security has been considered as one of the important criteria of quality of urban life. The urban environment index is one of the factors that in the present study tried to measure its impact on the sense of security in the urban space. In line with this research, with the aim of spatial analysis of citizens' sense of security in the neighborhoods of Kermanshah; Faizabad, 22 Bahman, Javanshir, Abadani and Maskan, Shariati, Saadi, Aghajan, Chenani, Jafarabad and Elahieh neighborhoods were evaluated. The research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application, and nature of the method. feeling the sense of security as a dependent variable and environmental quality as an independent variable in the form of six indicators of air pollution, noise pollution, waste, green space per capita, sewer condition and the ratio of durable buildings to total buildings and their impact on feeling the sense of security. After collecting the data, using TOPSIS technique, each neighborhood was evaluated in terms of feeling of urban security based on the proposed index. According to the studies, 22 Bahman neighborhood with proportional distribution of green space, less garbage volume, higher percentage of durable buildings, etc. The most affluent neighborhood of Kermanshah and Faizabad neighborhood with turbulent texture, air pollution, unpleasant odor of sewage, garbage volume, Noise pollution and the lowest distribution of green space, the most deprived neighborhood in terms of urban environment index was assessed among the studied neighborhoods. Accordingly, it was concluded that feeling the sense of security in these neighborhoods is directly related to the quality of environmental indicators. The results of this study can help managers and those involved in Kermanshah in increasing urban security by using environmental indicators.

An important achievment to urban stability is enjoyment of healthy and wellbeeing environment and having enough green space. While the urban forests do the best performance among different groups of green spaces, therefore, evaluating of this topic, is one of the important methods for solving of environmental problems.

This study will pay attention to check of the quantitative and qualitative status and comparison of two regions of Tehran with the goal of obtaining information for the conservation and optimal development of green space. Collecting the data, were conducted through the field operation and systematic randomly sampling. Totally, 83 plots in two regions have been determined. Then, descriptive indices, adaptive tables of statistical tests for assessing and comparing of quantity and quality of trees in these two regions have been used.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the crown cover of urban forests between two regions with no significant difference in other traits. Results showed buttonwood (Platanus orientalis) had highest frequency within two regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between traits like, plots with height, diameter at breast height, main collar diameter, number of tree in plot and number of roots.

While there weren't any difference between succulence of trees in two regions, results showed the highest level of freshness in regions 1 were obtained by oak (Quercus macranthera), white berry (Morus alba) and Poplar (Populus nigra)  and in 5 regions regarding to acacia (Robinia Pseudoacacia) and  trees of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) were  respectively. Therefore, the species listed for the development of urban forests in these areas can be investigated.

Rapid urbanization and constructions are considered as the main cause of many environmental problems on the earth, especially in urban areas. Todays, functional and structural roles of green spaces have been emphasized further in improvement of urban ecosystem. As green space is one of the most important classes of land use in urban ecosystem, studying its changes is an important step in order to improve human-dominant ecosystems.

In this study, remote sensing and geographical information system were used in order to investigate spatio-temporal changes of urban green space in Ardabil city. To achieve the mentioned purpose, Landsat satellite images including TM-1987, ETM+-2000 and OLI- 2014 were used.

Results indicate that green spaces in Ardabil city have intensely decreased during the investigated time and in the during past 27 years about 1507 hectares of the green spaces of this region have been constructed and only 8 per cent of the city is covered by green space.

Results show intensive changes in spatio-temporal green space pattern in Ardabil city. In order to prevent further destruction and elimination of urban green spaces, along with improving it in Ardabil City, the existent policies should be revised.

Development of sustainable land scape requires the identification of appropriate strategies. In this research, humic acid is used as an alkalinity reducer and increasing nutrient availability in the soil and improving lawn growth.

  The study run as completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 30 plot for cold region and tropical lawn with five concentrations of humic acid (0, 3, 6, 9 and 15mg /liter) with three replicates for each concentration at a ten day intervals. Then, physical and chemical properties (nutrients, salinity and alkalinity of soil in these plots were investigated.

Results showed that with increased application of humic acid, the release of nutrients such as N,P,K, Ca, Mn, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, B and Mo increase in soil. Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables of acid concentration and nutrients content was 0.949. Given that this value is positive, it can therefore be said that these two variables have a direct relationship with each other. The results of studying lawn seed germination percentage in petri dish with five concentrations indicated that germination percentage decreased with increasing humic acid concentration. In this research, lawn root and length and weight of stem increased with increasing humic acid concentration.

Application of humic acid reduces the alkalinity and release nutrients in the soil and improves the condition of lawn in terms of nutrient uptake, growth rate, vegetation and resistance to environmental conditions.

Green space is effective in reducing noise pollution. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of tree species in the green space of Abadeh, as well as the number of tree plantation rows and planting width on decreasing the intensity of sound.

In this study, four stations in two areas was selected in Abadeh city including Shahid Chamran Blvd. and Northern Passageway and sampling was carried out in two turns in the morning and evening using the Cirrus sound level  meter CR: 303 in March, 2018 and 25 data in each station and 400 data in total was recorded.

The results of comparing the average sound intensity level measured in the two studied areas in the morning and evening with the Iranian national standard show that the average sound intensity level in both regions is higher than the standard; So despite the green space, there is noise pollution in both areas. The results of the study of sound intensity levels in Shahid Chamran Boulevard and along the northern passage in the morning and evening show that there is a negative correlation between the distance from the sound source (distance from the street) and the number of rows of trees planted and the average sound intensity level. This means that the greater the distance from the street and the number of rows of trees planted, the greater the amount of noise reduction.

The highest noise reduction in Shahid Chamran Boulevard is related to the distance of 54 meters from the edge of the street with 14 rows of planting with average sound intensity level for morning and evening of 65.04 and 60.96 dB, respectively, and next to the northern passage is related to the distance of 85 meters from the edge. The street was planted with 10 rows and there was a hill with an average level of sound intensity for the morning and evening of 65.04 and 64.08 dB, respectively.

The pollution increase caused by population growth and the occurrence of various psychological pressures caused by it, has introduced the green space as environmental, physical and mental need. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of parks and urban green spaces in Ardakan city using the Electre model.

This research was conducted based ondescriptive-analytical method, library studies, field studies and using Electre model.In this method, the quantitative and qualitative indexes were used and were ranked with paired comparisons between the options and by applying the method of the Electre step by step and using the distance factors such as area, green space and beauty, distance to the center, security, quality of facilities and the quality of the equipment to be ranked 5 parks and Ardakan urban green space and in the end the municipality's performance was investigated.

The  Results showed that among the studied parks, , Farhangian Park located in Sadr Abad Street - Valiasr Town, in comparison with the other four parks, has been able to have a better performance than the discussed indicators.. This park has an area of ​​19,000 m2 and is equipped with a health and recreation station and its distance to the center of the city (15 Khordad Square) is 3.6 km.

Assessment of urban parks and green spaces in Ardakan city shows that in spatial development plans, attention to green space is essential to achieve a balanced and sustainable development. The results of this study can be widely used in urban space planning.

Urban green space, as an important part of the urban complex ecosystem, offers many ecological, social, and economic services that contribute to the quality of life in cities. Today, the rapid growth of urbanization, along with a lot of changes in land cover and land use, has caused many environmental impacts associated with a reduction in green spaces and, as a result, have negative environmental impacts. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in the extent and structure of green spaces in the 22nd district of Tehran from 1996 to 2018 with the landscape ecology approach.

One of the principles of the ecology of the land is to examine the changes in land use and land cover over time. Accordingly, in the present study, using LANDSAT satellite imagery from 1996 and 2018, landslide maps of Tehran’s District 22 were first developed in four classes including man-made, green spaces, open spaces, and water patches. In the following, the selection of landscape metrics at the level of the landscape including normalized entropy, relative richness, edge density, patch area, patch compactness and class-level metrics including the number of patches, edge density at the class level, mean patch size, and mean shape index were analyzed for landscape analysis.

The findings revealed that green areas of zone 22 of Tehran have been structurally changed from 1996 to 2018 from the aspect of cohesion, and doesn't have a desirable situation because the structure of urban green spaces has been diminished. Namely, two type of basic changes have been occurred in ecological landscape, including developing new polygons and segmentation of polygons.

The findings of the research indicated that green patches in the district 22 of Tehran, in comparison with previous years, in terms of number, area, size and shape have undergone major changes and is not in a desirable condition, because the structure of urban green spaces have been fragmented. Accordingly, suitable spots for the development and improvement of the continuity of urban green patches were presented.

Since the 1950s, the concept of psychological climate has been introduced in developed countries, which is effective in increasing self-esteem, academic and social success, as well as increasing the sense of belonging to the school environment. Increased class absenteeism, violence and anxiety, lack of students' social relationships are some of the examples of not paying attention to the psychological atmosphere.

Structural modeling of physical learning environment effects on school climate has been performed via AMOS ver22 software among 120 girl students who aged between 15 to 17 years old in three volunteer schools in Gorgan City and sample determination done by G.POWER via two questionnaire instruments, namely, TLEA and WHITS translated from English to Persian by the first author.

 As a result, effect of physical learning environment on school climate hypothesis, also modified model and confirmation of equation modeling has been done and according to the result, architectural variables from three indexes, namely indoor environment, outdoor environment and spaces for parental involvement on school climate improvement from the students’ point of view has been introduced.

 Providing group interaction spaces with green spaces, materials in relation to climate and culture, light and sound insulation of classroom setting to provide thermal comfort, entering green spaces into classroom, designing overall school building facade in relation to students' age, utilizing social spaces of school in times except of regular school days, providing convenient places in order to provide emotional bonds between students, their parents and school staffs, effect on school climate enhancement, increase of school connectedness and students' social behavior improvement in their future lives.

Human interventions have led to changes in natural systems. Climate change is the most conspicuous change that affects natural ecosystems, particularly in urban environments, which endanger urban sustainability. Resilient urban landscape design could be considered as a solution for this challenge. This paper presents a framework for the design of resilient green spaces towards adapting to climate change

The study area of the research is Behesht Boulevard in Borujerd, Lorestan province, (Iran). The resilience of current plantings was evaluated based on resilient criteria extracted from related literature including plasticity, biodiversity and structural diversity. Furthermore, four vital aspects of urban green space were added and taken into consideration including; economic, aesthetics, social and ecological aspects. The final evaluation conducted through Delphi method, which relies on expert opinion and AHP.

The result showed that area had a fragile landscape suffering from a low biodiversity. Therefore, the new plant species were selected and evaluated based on resilience and additional anticipated criteria. Finally, the new planting design proposed considering resilience and socio-economic dimensions.

Existing green spaces are vulnerable to climate change. Combined cycles such as water scarcity and urban stresses increase the severity of this vulnerability. Applying fundamental principles such as reversible design can improve the quality of these spaces, making them reversible. Finally, based on the results obtained, a general strategy for redesigning urban green spaces to improve and enhance the reversible urban landscape is presented.

Urban green space has always faced challenges to estimate the actual water requirement of plants due to the diversity of different plant species, their dispersal, and the different densities. In this research, we have tried to estimate the need for the University of Science and Research Branch with an area of 10.59 hectares. First, it has been necessary to identify and categorize existing species and finally 77 plant species were identified on the site of Science and Research Branch. In addition, due to the diversity in trees and green spaces, the California Journal’s method was used to calculate crop coefficient. The meteorological data required from the meteorological stations in Tehran was then obtained by the Iran Meteorological Organization and processed by the CROPWAT program. In the next step, the potential evapotranspiration was calculated using Penman Monteith method. Finally, the water requirement for green space was determined by the California University method. The results of this study indicate that the maximum water requirement is 246033.7 cubic meters in July. Also, in January, February, November, and December, due to the long-term average rainfall, this amount provides the water requirement of the site and there is no need for irrigation during this period.

Urbanization and increase in imperious surfaces, in many cases, have led to increase of runoff volumes and flooding in downstream areas. One of the useful methods for reduction of flood risk in urban areas is urban runoff harvesting to be used for non-potable purposes. In this study, according to urban development in region 22 of Tehran and increased risk of flooding, as well as the need for green spaces development, it was attempted to implement urban runoff harvesting to supply a part of water required the green spaces in this area. For this purpose, green spaces of region 22 were identified and then water requirements of different species in one year was estimated using a questionnaire filled by specialists. The annual runoff volume was also calculated. Result of the calculations showed that water requirement of green spaces is 14,969,534 cubic meters while the average annual runoff volume was estimated as 33,285,441 cubic meters. According to the results, if only a quarter of the runoff (8,321,360 cubic meters) is controlled by special management, it would be possible to provide 5,55% of the water required for irrigation of green spaces, which is currently supplied by tankers and is costly. Finally, some methods such as earth dams, Crescent- shaped stacks and diamond-shaped stacks were suggested as a good models for water harvesting in places such as Cheetgar Forest Park, Vardavard, Letman and Khargooshdare.

Parks and urban green spaces are a part of the city that has natural or artificial vegetation. These areas have various functions, including conservation of biodiversity, improvement of air quality, leisure and recreation and also aesthetic effects. Birds are the dominant animal groups of green spaces that an effective communication can be seen between them. Parks and urban green spaces are an important factor in attracting various species of birds. Management of parks and green spaces and recreational sites is an aspect of biodiversity management in urban habitats. The present study investigates the human use of these areas for recreation and leisure and the effects of these activities on its biodiversity and then present management solutions for this problems. Two important approaches of the study to birds in parks and urban green spaces are investigation of the indices of bird species richness and the shape and size of parks and green spaces in relation to these indicators. The results of studies pointed to the vital importance of the protection of these areas and also the effect of birds in attracting visitors. In fact, the problems in the field of protection of birds in urban green spaces requires management approaches for increasing the richness of bird species and visitors’ satisfaction. These approaches include development of bird watching stations, preparing and distributing posters and leaflets, organizing workshops on the birds and urban green spaces for children and students.