مدیریت

Rural development is one of the important bases of national development of any country and people's participation in this process is important. Different countries have paid attention to this issue in the form of local governments and by delegating powers and responsibilities. With the approval of the law on the establishment of self-sufficient in the country's villages in 1998, there have been changes in the country's rural management. Since 2004, the villagers have taken charge of the village administration as the new trustees. The goals of this research was to investigate the role of rural assistants in the process of management and development of rural with an emphasis on environmental protection issue. The current research is of applied research type and analytical-descriptive method. The findings showed that the most crucial factors affecting the role of rural assistants in sustainable rural development are economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure variables. Therefore, the village councils, with the participation of the people and the use of the power and talent of women and men in the councils and village councils, pay attention preventing the destruction of pastures, to the protection of forests, monitoring water harvesting.

Damask rose is one of the most valuable and famous medicinal plants worldwide. Its essential oil, rose water, and dried flower buds are exported. Essential oil can be used in the perfumery, cosmetic, and therapeutic industries and is widely used in depression treatment and traditional medicine. In the northwest of the country, in the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, and Hamedan, the damask rose is known as Qizil Gul. It has a special place in the lives of the region's people. 10% of the cultivated area of this product in the country is allocated to East Azerbaijan. More than 60% of it is produced in Osko City. Due to the high added value and economic profitability of the rose, it is recommended to develop the cultivation of native varieties of rose in East Azerbaijan province. Also, investing in processing industries leads to new job creation. In addition, rose cultivation with native varieties protects and controls floods. It also prevents soil erosion and preserves and strengthens medicinal and rangeland biodiversity.

The invasive plant is an alien species that has become naturalized in the new area and has an increasing population and distribution rate. In recent years with the increase in international trade and the ease of traveling, the rate of introduction of alien species has increased in Iran. In the latest surveys, the number of alien species in Iran with wild regeneration was 311, of which 13 species have been suggested as invasive. In the current study, the need to pay attention to the use of pre-and post-entry assessment systems to reduce the negative impacts of alien and invasive species has been discussed. Investigating the environmental and socio-economic impacts of invasive plants is a necessary issue, but there is limited information and experiments related to investigating their impact on biological, social, and economic conditions in Iran. The increase of studies in this field increases the quality and accuracy of assessing invasive alien plants. By having the output of the risk assessment, it is possible to implement accurate management plans and apply the necessary policies to control their entry and exit from country and provinces borders.

Large woody debris is found at the most of the forest ecosystems. This woody debris provides commercial uses and living opportunities for organisms. Therefore, its existence reduces species extinction in the forest ecosystem. This debris is considered as a source of wood in Iran because of shortage wood. The aim of this research was to study the effects of three slope classes including low slope (0 to 20%), moderate (20 to 40%) and high slope (>40%) and management regimes on the amount and density of woody debris at the western part of Guilan forests.
Material and Data were collected from three managed parcels and three unmanaged parcels using linear sampling method on lines with a length of 100 meters and a network of 200×200 meters. The measured variables including diameter and length of woody debris at the different slope classes were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine which of the treatments were statistically significant.
The results showed that with increasing slope, the amount and density of large woody debris increased. The average large woody debris in low, moderate and high slopes was 2.65, 3.13, and 5.54 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. We observed a significant difference among slope classes in terms of amount of woody debris. Also, the average density of large woody debris on low, medium and high slopes was 869, 852 and 2176 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Higher slope, higher amount and density of woody debris. At the low slope class, the amount of woody debris was similar at two management regimes. The amount and density of large woody debris in the managed forests was more than these in the unmanaged forests.
Discussion and The quality of large woody debris at the grade one of quality at the managed forest was more than unmanaged forest. This study will provide information about the amount and density of woody debris at the different slope classes and management regimes. Awareness of the amount of woody debris will help planners and decision makers to optimize their management.

Industrial advances are the source of problems and pollution. Industries are looking for ways to identify and improve environmental performance, and factors affecting the environment must be effectively managed, and through optimal management, activities and products that have significant environmental consequences must be identified and managed. In Sarcheshmeh copper complex, achieving sustainable development is considered in parallel with industrial activities and pollution of water, soil, effluents of concentrate plant, tailings dam and production of acid drainage of tailings dumps are among the environmental problems of Sarcheshmeh copper industries. EMS is a way to align corporate goals with environmental policies. The present study aims to provide an EMS model with the approach of pollution control measures in the copper industry to eliminate or reduce the damage to the environment. The data collection tool is a checklist that has been explained using regular interviews with experts in the final checklist complex. SPSS and LISREL software were used to analyze the data and the statistical population consisted of managers, experts and thinkers of the HSE unit of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex. The results showed that there is a significant direct relationship between all EMS variables and pollution control measures. According to their correlation coefficient, it is clear that the environmental management model has a great impact on the performance of the copper industry. The most significant direct relationship that EMS has on pollution control variables is related to the air quality variable (4.94) with a correlation coefficient of 0.83.

Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent decades.

In this research, in order to manage solid waste in the new city of Pardis, checklist from the series of stages of production to waste disposal was prepared and data was collected using a survey, interview and a questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to identify the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (opportunities and threats). A list of the internal and external factors affecting the waste management strategies in the region was prepared and a number of experienced people as Delphi group were asked to comment on the internal and external factors affecting waste management. After identifying the internal and external factors, the weighting of the criteria was done by AHP method and then all possible strategies were classified in ST, WO, SO and WT categories.

Among the identified components, two factors lack of inorganic coordination and unsafe landfill of solid waste in The final landfill location with a weight score (0.774) was identified as the most basic weakness and two factors of the lack of coordination and environmental pollution with a weight score (0.881) as The most fundamental threat to the solid waste management system was identified.

Therefore, all the main factors (reduction at the source, production, storage, processing and management on site, collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and post-disposal care) should be included in the agenda of the solid waste organization.

Numerous studies have shown that agricultural soil quality evaluation is essential for economic success of agricultural products and environmental stability in rapidly developing regions. Changes in soil quality characteristics are usually controlled by intrinsic factors such as climate, parent rock and time and dynamic factors (Managerial).For this purpose, evaluation of parameters of soil quality plays an important role in assessing the land management and sustainability of production agricultural systems. The present investigation was undertaken to identify sensivity soil quality parameters against to changes of soil type(foure soil orders inculded, Entisol, Inceptisol, Aridisol and Molisol) and land use(Three land use included, pastureland, forest and agriculture) along a north-south transect with different heat and humidity regimes.

The present study was performed in lands of Miami city in Semnan province. The 215 soil samples collection were done in both natural lands (forest and pastureland) and closest from agricultural lands in three different regions along a north-south transect from 0-30 cm depth and in total of 13 soil parameters including physical, chemical and microbiological properties(EC, pH, O.C, T.N.V, CEC, Urease, Betaglocsidase, phosphatase enzymes, Microbial Biomass Carbon, MWD, BD) were determined. Then, in order to determine the effect of land use change and soil type on the studied soil parameters, the statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and regression were used.

The results showed that most of the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil in the northern lands are better than the southern ones due to changes in humidity and temperature regimes (more rainfall and lower temperatures). The trend of the coefficient of variation of most soil features in the three areas studied along the transect shows that the coefficient of variation of most of the studied features is influenced by climate and the coefficient of variation of most parameters has decreased from south to north, which is probably due to the buffer effects of soil organic carbon in the northern regions. Also the results of PCA and FA analysis showed that organic carbon , betaglucosidase enzyme , microbial biomass carbon , MWD and microbial biomass carbon/ organic carbon had higher weight than other soil quality parameters in all of the regions. Also the results of the statistical method of regression study showed, two factors of land use change and soil type can predict more than 55% changes in most soil quality parameters and the total of 14 properties have been investigated , 10 characteristics were relatively controlled by land use type and 4 characteristics by soil type.

Overall, the results of this study showed that the two factors of land use change and soil category, except for electrical conductivity, soil reaction, absorbable potassium, cation exchange capacity, and calcium carbonate equivalent, have the greatest effect on changes in soil quality characteristics and physical and biological of soil affected by land use change and chemical properties were affected by soil typ therefore, in order to study the effects of management changes on soil quality attributes , biological and physical parameters are more suitable in the short term.

lack of enough attention to the public participation is the most reason for the deficiency of wetland ecosystem management. Managing wetlands based on ecological approach defined as  “taking all the key elements and indicators in long-term management of an ecosystem and also as an integrated management strategy, promotes the conservation and sustainable use of resources with the participation of all stakeholders and the active participation of people, local communities in particular”. The purpose of this study is to present a management framework in the Anzali International Wetland with an ecological approach, applied for the first time.

This study is a descriptive-analytical study based on available data. The World Conservation Union has incorporated 12 principles into five categories in this study developed for Anzali Wetland as the study area. Gephi software was used for stakeholders’ network analysis too.

The results showed the developed framework in this study is comprised of seven main sections: Pre-planning, Scoping, Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation. Each of thes mentioned sections has related elements. In stakeholders’network analysis individuals are represented as nodes and connections as edges of the graph that shows the linkage between stakeholders.

The main stakeholders should have participated in the ecological management of the wetland including: Governmental Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, Local Communities, Judiciary, and Legislature. In this study, the initial stages of the developed framework were implemented including pre-planning, scoping, and some parts of the analysis. Afterwards, the identified stakeholders, at consideration of verified and modified information obtained from the previous three steps, formulate a joint implementation, monitoring and evaluation plan in the participatory workshops. It is also recommended to apply the developed framework in other wetlands and common natural resources, especially protected areas, in accordance with the legal duties of the Department of Environment (DoE).

Green mining is a set of scientific and technical methods to reduce the harmful environmental effects of mining in different stages of exploration, extraction، processing, and exploitation and inactive mine. The main purpose of this research was to design a green mining management model by determining of the indicators affecting green mining. The research is basic and applied type. We used the questionnaire form to get expert comments about green mining indicators. DEMATEL and DPSIR methods were used to evaluate these data. Based on the data, 11 indicators are affecting green mining. The results show that the economic growth index and the minining environmental database index are the main indicators of a green mining model. The indexs of environmental regulations, globalization and acting to environmental conventions are the weak indicators of a green mining model. Environmental knowledge of organization, companies and employee index, role of mine owner's index and role of NGO Index are relatively independent indicators from each other's and with low impact. The index of continuous environmental evaluation and the index of application of modern technology in green minning are independent indicators and do not have effect on other indicators.

This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruction of these centers the county of the province has been divided.

Collecting data and monitoring the province's medical wastes. Visitors and monitored for three weeks and review the management of medical waste and getting information from the authorities was performed.

The total quantity mean of waste generated in the Medical waste of Province are 228/1537 kg/day. This amount for infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes are 1490.84, 13.39 and 33.998 kg/day respectively. The type of medical waste (infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes) for hospitals by 1106, 12.33 and 28.695, medical centers 182.47, 0, 0.438, clinic 158.65, 0, 1.56, laboratories 21.73, 1.06, 1.08 and offices 21.99, 0 and 2.225 kg per day.

According to the 1044 number of beds in these facilities, the per capita production of waste per bed per day, compared to the national average of 1.098 kg is estimated that the situation is better. According to a survey conducted, the least amount of problem is in government waste producing centers and in the field of infectious waste. Also in connection with the chemical and pharmaceutical wastes existence a program written in province in regarding the management and destruction of is much felt. Finally, it can be said that most of the problems is in the field of private sector producer of medical waste, the organization and its management is being implemented and it is hoped that this path be taken more quickly.

Artemisia spp. occupy millions of hectares of natural habitats in the country and is considered the largest rangeland ecosystem in Iran. The dependence of various plant and animal communities on these habitats confirms their high capacity, and comprehensive management in these habitats is of utmost importance. Planning in the field of rangeland ecosystem management requires basic information in these areas. According to the results, Artemisia species are distributed in about 34 million hectares of steppe and semi-steppe regions of Iran, covering about 21% of the country's land area. Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia aucheri are the most abundant Artemisia species in Iran. Unfortunately, in recent years, the drying up of Artemisia spp. has been observed in many parts of the country, mainly due to overgrazing and successive droughts. These habitats are very sensitive and fragile due to the harsh habitat conditions. Climate change, overgrazing, and land-use change are very important in determining the fate of these habitats. Artemisia lands classification with grazing management approach is an inappropriate and imposed view and has neglected the real potential of these habitats. However, the results of various studies conducted in these areas show that the average forage production in these ecosystems is very low and about 150 kg/ha. This valuation with the view of forage supply prevents the adoption of an appropriate strategy in the country's livestock system to supply the energy needed by livestock. Therefore, due to the fragility of these ecosystems and the services that these natural areas provide to the country, it is necessary to review their management to use the real potential in preserving biodiversity and protecting water and soil.

Analysis of existing drought management policies in some countries, including Iran, indicates that decision-makers mainly react to drought episodes through a crisis-management approach, instead of developing a comprehensive and long-term policies. One of the comprehensive programs is the drought risk management model in the member state of the European Union (EU), which is based on the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). In the present study, the above-mentioned document along with the experiences of different countries faced with the drought crisis was analyzed in order to prepare a drought management plan for the country. This study is an applied research, which was performed through library studies based on scientific and international resources. The results showed that in the process of drought management, creation of organizational capacity is the main factor to evaluate drought and its various effects on the community. This can only be achieved through the establishment of a Drought Independent Committee. On the other hand, drought management should be seen as a risk management process that emphasizes permanent monitoring of resources and observes climate change in the monitored area, rather than the onest of disaster as a crisis management. Drought management has been accepted by the international community in terms of risk management instead of crisis management. The proposed plan presented in this study is based on active drought management (risk management) that provides appropriate plans and preparedness for drought response, by offering long-term planning and forecasting.

Calculating the environmental impact assessment during a product's life cycle is very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of soybean oil production (Glycine max) in Ardabil province.

Lifecycle assessment was conducted to compare environmental burdens of this crop. Four categories (eutrophication, acidification, global warming potential and photochemical oxidation) of environmental impacts were used to define in this method. Inventory phase was conducted in 1393.

The production of one-ton soybean in Ardabil in eutrophication potential, acidification potential, photochemical oxidation and global warming are 13.671 kg PO4eq, 13.680 kg SO2eq, 0.093 kg C2H4 eq and 857.128 kg CO2eq respectively.

It was found that the effects from the three crops comes generally from manufactured fertilizer, manure, diesel combustion, agricultural practices, and electricity for irrigation. It can be said that the indirect effects associated with these inputs are related to producing and processing, which had negative impacts. Result indicated that input performance of production of one-ton soybean is low. With increasing crop yield per input can decrease environmental burdens.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the planning and management of parks with an emphasis on sustainable development (case study of Boostan Dialog-Tehran). Therefore, planning and management of the park was discussed.
The identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the existing discussions was carried out using the SWOT tool. The community and the statistical sample were selected in the research of managers, experts, employees and administrative staff and contractors from the boostan talks using Cochran formula. 100 questionnaires the number of managers, experts, administrative staff and contractors will be distributed and reviewed. Then, the research hypotheses were examined to determine the meaningful relationship between the variables.
The result of the statistical analysis of the data shows that hypothesis 1 contributes to the "Planning in human resources to optimize the boosting park of conversation" by calculating the percentage frequency, calculating the Pearson test, there is a significant difference between the confirmation questions and the hypothesis Proven.
Hypothesis 2 of the research - "Management in the manner of water use, energy, vegetation type and soil is effective in optimizing the boostan." By calculating the percentage frequency, calculating the Pearson test, there was a significant difference between the confirmation questions and the hypothesis of confirmation.
Hypothesis 3 of the research- "Supervision, guidance, and control of a resource-resource teacher, facilities, helps educate the conversation." By calculating the percentage frequency, calculating the Pearson test, there was a significant difference between the confirmation questions and the hypothesis.
Hypothesis 4 of the research, "The way of management and supervision, develops the physical and psychological upgrading of citizens and attracts tourists." By calculating the percentage frequency, calculating the Pearson test, there was a significant difference between the confirmation questions and the hypothesis.

Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has formed a complex connection between them which are constantly changing. Cultural landscapes emphasize the importance of human history and continuity of cultural traditions and social values. The site of historical-natural Cheshmeh-Ali with 8000 years history is regarded as the origin of human settlement formation in ancient city of Rey. In this site, constitutive layers of landscape are visible in the format of spring and hill as the natural elements and also Ray’s battlement and Fath Ali shah inscription as the historical and cultural elements. Apart from the outstanding features of Cheshmeh-Ali from cultural-historical aspects, the site is under pressure as a result of human intervention, invasion of residential building to historical buffer zone, so that the nature of the site is under gradual degradation.
The methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and field visits with the aim of enhancing the historical and cultural identity of the site, and the awareness and recognition of outstanding values.
All management actions are designed based on the principles and strategies of conservation, along with using sustainable tourism, through revitalization and interpretation of historical narratives and enhancing the experience and enjoyment of visitors.
Not only does the site return to its normal life process, but also the performance of all its economic, social and environmental aspects will improve.

Historic parks as national heritage and identity document of historical and cultural value indicates a close relationship between civilization and nature.
The study population consisted of all such cases in the spot visit the park in 3 days busy was intended to 170 the number of samples that have been set Park city.Data obtained from surveys with the use of analytic software spss chi-square analysis was used. Using SWOT opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses Sanglaj City Park in Tehran were studied. Use of analytic software spss chi-square analysis was used.
Findings: It is observed that 30 percent of respondents ages 30 to 40 years age group are the most respondents as well. 35 percent of respondents were high school graduates with the highest share of educational groups, respectively. It is also found 41 percent of respondent’s employee / free that have the highest percentage of respondents, respectively. After that housewives have the highest share with 19%.
The results suggest planning for tourism development requires careful consideration and recognition of the region and requires access to appropriate models for planning. And a small percentage inappropriate it evaluates, designs and planning in green space and recreational programs are offered to tourists.The results show that the most important opportunity for the park for recreation, spending time and psychological comfort of the most important threats

Medical waste contains highly toxic metals, toxic chemicals, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, which can lead to pathological dysfunction of the human body. The hazards of exposure to hospital waste can range from gastro-enteric, respiratory, and skin infections to more deadly diseases such as Hepatitis B & C, and HIV/AIDS. Additionally, medical waste contains potentially harmful micro-organisms, which can infect public health and may presents a high risk to human and environment Hospital waste management is an important and necessary component of environmental health protection. Poor management practices of healthcare waste can present significant inconveniences and health risk to the inhabitant. Healthcare waste management includes all activities involved in waste generation, segregation, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal of all types of waste generated in the healthcare facilities, stages of which require special attention. The main objective of this research is the study of the medical waste management in hospitals of Tehran Province.
This is a cross-sectional study based on questionnaire, interview, observation and meetings performed in Tehran province Hospitals in 2015. This study was conducted to determine the amount of hospital waste that was produced, the condition of segregation of waste, type of storage containers used, temporary storage area, collection procedures, transport and treatment of waste, and disposal of hospital waste at these hospitals. In each hospital, after interviewing hospital directors, waste management employees and other personnel as well as observing the process of collection and disposal of waste. For assessment of treatment technologies, standard tests including TST strip test and spore tests were used.
Discussion of Results & It is important to determine the weight and composition of the waste stream in order to improve proper waste management strategies. The quantity of medical waste depends upon several factors such as the size of healthcare facility, the segregation program of medical wastes, the medical activities, type of services provided, economic, social and cultural status of patient and the general condition of the area where the hospital is situated. Hospital waste is produced from various activities in hospitals such as administrative departments, housekeeping, food preparation, laboratories, surgical operating and so on. According to the results of the present study (figure 1), Total active beds in 165 surveyed hospitals were 26444 beds, which produced 91.22 ton/d of medical wastes, and per bed production of wastes was 3.44 kg/d. Of all wastes in hospitals, 38.35% were infected wastes (1.31 kg/day/bed), 57.85% were non- infected wastes (1.99 kg/day/bed) and 3.75% were pharmaceutical and chemical wastes (0.13 kg/day/bed). The treatment efficiency of 81.29 % of hospitals was accepted (TST and Spore test results were negative).
Figure 1. a) Percentage of medical waste b) Waste generation rate per bed (Kg/day) c) TST test results of treatment systems
Figure 2. a) Percentage of infectious wastes treatment systems b) Percentage of Medical Wastes segregation c) Percentage of managed chemical & pharmaceutical wastes
from the study indicated (figure 2) that all of the hospitals surveyed (42.27%) segregated and packed various medical wastes in color-coded plastic bags.After segregating and collecting the medical wastes, the staff should transport them to the temporary storage location. Several methods are applied for the treatment of medical wastes such as autoclave, hydroclave, microwave, chemical disinfection, dry heat disinfection and disinfection with super heated steam. Waste treatment leads to a decrease in volume, weight, and risk of infectivity and organic compounds of the waste. The generator of waste is responsible for ensuring proper disposal and treatment of the medical wastes and also the prevention of pollution and infection within and near the hospital. This study revealed that 93.93% hospitals in Tehran Province are doing treatment on their infectious wastes. They use proper (controlled with special tests) autoclaving method for the treatment of their wastes. After all of the above process, hospitals deliver their generated wastes to municipality. Municipality transports hospital wastes into the Kahrizak landfill. Most pharmaceutical & chemical wastes ( 79.80 % hospitals) are collected in white bags and, therefore, follows to Qazvin & Markazi provinces disposal sites of hazardous wastes.
Insufficient segregation, classification of waste was noted at all surveyed hospitals. For the most part, some of the general waste was mixed with infectious waste, which was collected, transported and disposed of in a similar manner as infectious waste .Environmental measures were not available. To implement better medical waste management, there should exist bins with different colors and appropriate yellow bags for infectious solid waste, black suits bins or bags for household like solid waste, white plastic bags or bins for pharmaceutical and chemical waste and safety box for sharp infectious waste .It seems necessary High rate of infectious waste shows the need for establishing executive rules and standards for medical waste management.The effect of number of inpatients and outpatients treated in the hospitals on healthcare waste generation rate varied from hospital to hospital. It was observed that as the number of inpatients and outpatients increase, the hospital waste generation rate will also increase. A number of gaps exist regarding proper hospital waste management in the Tehran province. Therefore, there is an urgent need for raising awareness among healthcare workers and supporting staff on healthcare waste management issues (segregation, storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal) and their relevance in addressing public health and environmental risks.This study focused on the determination of hospital waste generation rate, composition and assessment of its management system using mixed study designs. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were implemented to collect data on hospital waste generation and its management systems.
Medical managers should update their knowledge and further educating their staff; implying careful and constant monitoring of waste management. This study may create awareness regarding the magnitude of the problem of waste management in hospitals of Tehran province and may stimulate interests for systematic control efforts for hospital waste disposal. Hospital waste management cannot succeed without documented plans, certain equipment, defined staff trainings, and periodic evaluations.
Considering the quality and quantity of the generated hospital wastes especially infectious wastes and their unfavorable effects on the people's health and environment, it is necessary to compile a distinct policy for the management of hospital wastes.

Population growth leads to urban and industrial expansion, cropland expansion and land use/cover change. Present research aims to model and predict land use/cover change by using LCM, based on three management scenarios which call continuity scenario, agriculture-conservation scenario and changes-limitations in Deylaman region located in Guilan Province. LCM uses Markov chain model, Multi-Layer Perceptron and MOLA for producing transition submodels, transition probability map and finally land use change prediction. Validation of model was investigated by calculation standard kappa index of agreement, kappa for quantity, kappa for location and proportion of Hits to the total pixels. The mentioned indices were equal to 0.79, 0.82 and 0.85, respectively and proportion of Hits to the total pixels was equal to 22 percent. Modeling results based on continuity scenario showed 9% and 23.4 %decrease in forest and rangeland, respectively in the next 40 years. Also the results showed that management of the area based on changes-limitation scenario would result in more conservation of natural ecosystems and prevent the irregular expansion of cropland.

Simulation of moisture distribution pattern in the root zone and accurate determination for design can be considered as one of the criteria for improving yield productivity and utilization management in surface irrigation systems. In this study, experiments were carried out in a transparent plexy-glass physical model (0.5×1.22× 3 m) on three different soil textures (fine, heavy and medium). The emitter outflows were considered as 2.4, 4 and 6 l/hr with irrigation duration of 6 hrs. Then, using the p theorem of Buckingham and Dimension Analysis (DA), equations were developed to estimate the pattern of moisture distribution (horizontal and vertical) in three soil textures in subsurface drip irrigation. These equations were as function of initial moisture, radial distance of points, applied water volume, hydraulic conductivity and emitter outflows. Comparison between simulated and observed values showed that these equations are capable in predicting the pattern of moisture distribution in different directions. The average of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values in clay soil and for emitter outflows 2.4, 4 and 6 l/hr were 0.039, 0.08 and 0.036, respectively. These values for loamy soil were 0.15, 0.044 and 0.091, respectively; while for sandy soil were 0.018, 0.019 and 0.02, respectively. Using these equations in designing surface drip irrigation systems, the moisture distribution could be simply simulated and optimum management can be accordingly applied.

Uncontrolled urban development on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human with unexpected environmental pollution. Un-doubtfully waste production is among the very significant sources of environmental pollution which is created by man. Therefore, modern solid waste management is necessary to overcome the created problem. Such management should carefully consider various aspects of waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, recovery, recycling and final disposal. Among these costs the highest costs of waste management belongs to transportation. This includes both collections from residential areas and transporting to transfer stations and finally transporting to the landfill. In the present investigation, municipality Yazd city is selected to examine cost of transporting using the WAGS software. The results show that the highest percentages of total transportation cost is allocated to the wages of personnel (almost 51%). The other components such as vehicles, repairs, full and others have a share of 39, 4, 2 and 1% of the total cost of collection and transportation of solid wastes.The overall expenditures of waste collection is about 176700 million Rails that is indicative of need for additional investment equal to 151497 million Rails to the year 2022.At present the cost of collection and transportation of wastes to the transfer station is about 260 Rails/Kg. This amount encompasses all personnel, vehicle, fuel and other associated costs. It is estimated that above mentioned cost will increase from 260 to 210 Rails/Kg in the year 2022.At present each family has to pay 67570 Rails/year as a cost of collection.