میان یابی

Scale is a prominent topic in landscape ecology and it is one of the fundamental elements in environmental studies, and the answers obtained for a specific ecological question are strongly dependent on the study's scale. Scale influences the outcomes and their applicability to other places, times, and scales.  The improper use of terminology related to the right scale leads to ambiguity in studies. Scale refers to the spatial or temporal dimension of an object or a process, and this is distinct from the level of organization, which is used to identify a place within a biotic hierarchy. Scale is characterized by grain, the finest spatial or temporal resolution level of a data set, and extent, the total size of the overall study area or the time. Scientifically, the numerical values obtained from a specific measurement are influenced by the scale. Scale issues are problematic for several reasons. The magnitude of describing and understanding patterns and processes over large areas is enormous because the study's scale influences observations. Second, collecting and comparing data across different study scales is complex and time-consuming. Although considerable progress is being made, general methods for extrapolating information across scales have not yet been established. There is no right scale for landscape ecological studies. Scales must be selected based on the question or objective of a study. However, identifying the appropriate scale remains challenging, and developing methods for doing so remains a topic of current research.

Mismanagement in solid waste disposal is a critical problem increasing the rate of global solid waste production globally. The solid waste management in Bandar-e Mahshahr, Iran is so poor that caused public health and environmental problems requiring to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to use a geographic information system, analysis techniques, and multi-criteria AHP decision-making evaluation techniques in determining suitable locations for landfill sites in Bandar-e Mahshahr. The selected landfill location must satisfy environmental, engineering, and social criteria.

In this paper, geotechnical properties, land utilization type, the location of transportation facilities, natural phenomena, and lifelines, were used in the distance-weighted AHP model.

Based on AHP model, the weight of the distances from cities, the coastline, and railroads are 0.276, 0.091, and 0.090, respectively, which are the highest weights, with an error coefficient of 0.07. Implementing fuzzy method has resolved the scale difference in applied restrictions and the variables. The positive measures have been normalized through the decreasing linear fuzzy and the negative measures have been normalized using the incremental linear fuzzy.

In the end, five fuzzy functions (GAMA, SUM, OR, AND, PRODUCT) were used to determine suitable areas and 0.9 GAMA function was selected as the final function for choosing the suitable site. Four sites were then chosen, three for Bandar-e Mahshahr, and one for the Shahid Chamran residence area.

The Hyrcanian forests in Iran are precious due to their climate, wood production, and forest products. They are the origin of the valuable oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), one of the oldest species dating back to the third geological period. Considering the ecological and economic significance of beech in the Hyrcanian forests, the current research was conducted to chronicle the growth of a 105 cm beech disk in the Haft-Khal Sari region. Doctor Mohammad Amini donated this disk to the Forest Research Division of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. After preparing the disk, the width of the growth rings was measured from the core to the bark and in various directions with an accuracy of 0.01 mm using a stereomicroscope and LINTAB 5 measuring table. Dating results indicated that this tree is 385 years old. The growth pattern of the tree indicates an ascending and descending curve from 130 to 140 years, like other beech trees in the Hyrcanian forests. The average annual diameter growth of the tree was 1.3 mm. As a small piece of history, the beech disk has witnessed significant events and happenings during its long life. As one of the key species of dendrochronology studies in this research, the beech tree provides around four centuries of climate data, which carries a valuable history of the weather conditions in this region. The climate data recorded by the Sari region's meteorological station spans from the years 1998 to 2005 until the present day. Trees maintain a valuable record of climatic events and the history of vegetative life in their annual rings, providing insight into the conditions of the studied area.

 Waste management program is carried out in urban areas in order to prevent the effects and risks of environment and health on public health. The purpose of this study is to select a landfill in the new city of Hashtgerd according to the criteria defined by the Environmental Protection Organization and the Management and Planning Organization.

 Based on these criteria, environmental parameters were studied and the maps were prepared by the geographic information system in the study area. AHP method was used to weight the environmental layers and these weights were defined for each environmental layer separately in the GIS and all weighted layers were combined using GIS.

 The results of the GIS identified 3 areas suitable for the construction of landfills. In order to prioritize the 3 options obtained, a multi-criteria decision model was used to create the burial site, and among the methods defined in the MCDM model, the TOPSIS method was selected to prioritize the options. TOPSIS method calculations were performed using TOPSIS SOLVER software.

 The results of this software show that option 2 is the best option for constructing a landfill at the study area. One of the most important solutions in the location process is the use of remote sensing and the use of international standards.
 

Flood spreading is one of the solutions for water resource management that can have positive effects on groundwater resources. The aim of research is to investigate some qualitative changes of Herat aquifer affected by flood spreading station in the region. Statistics of Ca, HCO3, Mg, Na, Cl, TDS and EC parameters of agricultural wells were extracted. To evaluate effect of water extraction and consequently effect of sediment extraction on efficiency of sites, years of 2003-2011 were selected as the first period and 2012-2021 as the second period. Different interpolation methods were used to investigate spatial changes of qualitative parameters. Map of percentage of spatial changes of each parameter was obtained with using mathematical relationships. The results of examining percentage of spatial changes of parameters indicate an increase of water quality in downstream of flood spreading and outlet of aquifer. The lowest EC with less than 1000 µmho/cm is related to western wells and the highest EC with more than 10000 µmho/cm in is related to eastern wells. This reinforces positive effect of flood spreading. Considering spatial pattern, effect of flood spreading projects in this area has been positive and has been able to control the decline in quality of groundwater.

The purpose of this research is providing a suitable model for locating emergency accommodation caused by natural and unnatural disasters in the 19th district of Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and data analysis is done using MCDM and Arc GIS and Excel system. The statistical population was selected from among the variables of emergency accommodation location and the sampling method was simple and the sampling volume was obtained using Morgan's table (n = 19). The research tool was a questionnaire that was quantitatively designed and its questions were extracted using emergency accommodation standards and distributed among experts. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its value was 0.421. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using SPSS20 software with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.827.

finding of the present research was considered from 3 main criteria (desirability, compatibility and capacity) and 18 sub-criteria to determine accommodation. In the process of locating emergency accommodation, first, information layers were prepared, then standardization and AHP coefficients were applied to them, and finally, after weighting them, layers were overlapped.

After the final production of the settlement map and according to the results of this research, 28 zones with a value of 7-9 were accepted for settlement. Also, 17 areas with a value of 7 (relatively good), 7 areas with a value of 8 (good) and 4 areas with a value of 9 (ideal) were identified in the study area for emergency accommodation. In total, 1,321,8725 square meters, equivalent to 1,321 hectares, were habitable in District 19 of Tehran.

Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population growth, soil and water constraints, the community's need for food, the existence of large consumer markets and the interest in producing off-season crops in recent years have led to the development of greenhouse crops. But choosing the wrong place to build a greenhouse leads to a waste of capital and the failure of these goals. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal location of the greenhouse in Asadabad plain with a sustainable development approach.

Due to the existence of numerous and effective parameters –for the performance of greenhouses, the technique of multi-criteria analysis has been used to find a suitable location. Also, due to the uncertainty in the behavior of natural parameters, fuzzy logic has been used to model the effect of the parameters.

The results show that of the total area of Asadabad plain, 10% are in a very good condition, 39% are in a good condition (suitable with restrictions) and 51% are in a bad condition in terms of greenhouse construction.

Relying on spatial analysis can reduce the investment risk for greenhouses and lead to environmental sustainability.

The location of city service units such as fire stations in urban areas is always one of the issues of municipalities that should be investigated and determined very carefully. The effectiveness of service quality and efficiency of fire stations is highly dependent on their proper location. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to determine the appropriate place to use for the establishment of a fire station by examining location information in district 16 of Tehran municipality (Nazi Abad district). For this purpose, 8 indicators affecting the location of the station were determined. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process was used in order to prioritize them and determine the weight of their effect. Then spatial information of each of the indicators for the studied area were prepared in ARCGIS and discussed. Finally, by combining the maps, suitable places to establish a fire station with maximum efficiency were determined. According to the results, the southern strip and a part of the northern area of the investigated area are completely suitable for building a fire station. There is no possibility to build a fire station in the northwest and west side of the area due to its usage. Also, the eastern and northeastern sides have a similar situation.

Identifying suitable land for wood cultivation is essential for future planning. However, it is a sensitive issue that needs to be addressed due to climate change and the dynamics of the issue, both biophysically, socially, and economically. To implement this project, ecological indices of Populus deltoides and Populus euramericana including temperature, precipitation, soil, and physiography were determined. Climate and temperature data were collected from meteorological stations. A climatic information layer, non-forest land layer, soil layer, and the current status of the poplar plantation layer were prepared. By AHP and layers-weighted overlay methods and intersect command, and then weighting each of these ecological indices using interpolation models (kriging), according to the ability of two Populus deltoides and Populus euramericana species to cultivate, they were classified and prioritized into areas with suitable and unsuitable potential for development of poplar cultivation. The results showed that Guilan province's poplar development potential was 63806 ha divided into two types of rainfed and rainfed with supplementary irrigation. Of these, 12335.74 ha are rainfed.

Nowadays, the urban community has been affected by population growth and migration, which collectively have led to unplanned construction and unrestrained urban expansion. In the meantime, the industrial sector is one of the most important factors that have a great impact on the concentration of population and activities, and thus accelerates the growth process and creates a plethora of changes in the landscape. The lack of proper attention to regional spatial planning often leads to unplanned expansion of industrial areas, and it can cause instability. The main objectives of this study are to identify industrial clusters and determine the optimal areas for industrial development. In this study, using statistical information and applying localization coefficient (LQ) analysis, cumulative and competitive effects of industrial clusters of Gorgan, Gonbad-Kavus and Aq-Qala Townships were identified. Then, using 16 indicators as factors and constraints for the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Order Weighted Average (OWA) decision making models in GIS, the optimum locations of the industries were identified. According to the results, five industrial clusters including food and beverage industries, wood and wood products except sofa, paper and paper products production, production of refined petroleum products and manufacturing of materials and chemical products were identified in the study area. The research findings show that adjacent areas to urban settlements, due to geographical advantage, proximity to urban infrastructures and comfortable accessibility to human resources, are suitable areas for the establishment of industries. Furthermore, the cities of Gonbad-Kavus and Aq-Qala had the highest and the lowest areas of the suitable zones for industrial development, respectively.

Following the discovery, development, and maturation of green infrastructures, researchers have defined them as an integrated network of natural and semi-natural elements, providing a wide range of features and ecosystem services including ecological, economic, and social benefits for humans and other species. Today, green infrastructures are considered a part of novel water management paradigms in urban form and water studies. Regarding the management of water in cities in Iran, particularly those located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir, it is necessary to outline the operational definition of green infrastructures as networks in the ecosystem on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir. Moreover, it is important to explain green infrastructures in arid and semi-arid regions, detailing the features. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify green infrastructures in Iranian desert cities. To achieve this goal, two main steps were specified: 1. Operational investigation and definition of green infrastructures in the mature urban and water discourses and 2. Proving green infrastructures applicable in desert-fringe cities through cases.

As the first step was determining the operational definition of green infrastructures, the content of literature related to the development and establishment of the concept of green infrastructures published between 2005 and 2020 was qualitatively analyzed. Consequently, a conceptual framework was developed for the operational definition of green infrastructures. In this study, content analysis used in qualitative studies was selected for examining the literature on environmental design with an inductive approach in order to identify the existing themes in the definition of green infrastructures. This method was selected to systematically analyze, summarize, categorize, and induce the literature including the definition of green infrastructures in order to shed light on the hidden meanings and pave the way for comparison with the infrastructures of historical cities located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir. In this study, the stages were in six steps: 1. Stating the problem, 2. Developing questions and aims, 3. Defining and determining variables, 4. Sampling and selecting analysis and background units, 5. Coding and categorizing, and 6. Analyzing, inducing, and reporting.

The results of the qualitative content analysis yielded seven categories as follows: 1. The morphology of green infrastructures is influenced by the systemic nature of urban networks which consist of natural and artificial elements in the form of patches, corridors, and matrices to ultimately connect water and ground. 2. The establishment of macro or microgreen infrastructures, both inside and outside the cities and villages, have an extensive geographic dispersion. 3. Green infrastructures are multi-functional. 4. Green infrastructures develop in natural (animate or inanimate), artificial, and human backgrounds. 5. Green infrastructures create values through economic, social, and physical benefits. 6. Green infrastructures provide ecosystem services. 7. Green infrastructures will ultimately lead to sustainable management of resources.The green infrastructure network is available in the cities located on the fringe of Dasht-e Kavir in Iran as a multi-functional value-creating system for providing ecosystem services and with the aim of sustainable management of resources. In operational terms, from the qanats, gardens, and floodways to urban and architectural spaces all form a multi-functional network of natural components such as gardens and artificial components such as qanats in linear form (corridors), spots, and arena such as the flexible seasonal green network between upstream and downstream hamlets for the two-way connection of water and ground in hot and arid climate.

Green infrastructure not only refers to urban organs which are a part of a natural and human-made ecological network but also applies to a scientific approach and method of environmental design and planning in which the best type of connection between water and urban form is available for supporting both natural and artificial processes in the management of water resources in the historical cities located on the fringe of the Dasht-e Kavir in Iran. Even in such hot and arid regions, green infrastructures are available as a multi-functional value-creating system for providing ecosystem services with the aim of sustainable management of resources. This network includes a wide range of natural and human-made water-based elements such as qanats, gardens, floodways, and urban spaces and architecture.

One of the challenges facing the managers and planners of forest selection and prioritization of suitable locations for various uses. The purpose of this study was prioritized the appropriate places in the timber depot of the Lireh Sar basin of Mazandaran province.

For this purpose, the options were chosen with at least the requirements for timber depot. In the second step of the selection criteria were specified for timber landing. These criteria include: slope, stand type and the canopy density. In the third step weighting was performed criteria using the analytic hierarchy process and expert opinion. Finally, the rate of adjustment of regions of interest was prioritized.

The study measures the standing volume of forest stands adjacent to the depot highest weights (0/575) have been allocated. Among the 6 choice, choices 3 with a standing volume of 300- 400, crown density slope at the depot 50-25% and 10.5% were identified as the best option to construction landing.

The results of the weighting of the criteria showed the volume of the forest stands near the depot is the most important. Harvesting of forest stands with high volume requires the existence of wood depots and warehouses in the closest point to the forest stands.

Due to the high productivity of tomato in three districts of Shiraz, Marvdasht and Kazeroun, the development of processing industries is necessary to prevent waste and market balance. Suitability analysis for processing industries leads to establishment based on ecological criteria.

To evaluate the ecological capabilityfor sustainable development a special model for assessing ecological capabilities was prepared. After collecting economic and social criteria and weighting the criteria using ENTROPY, prioritization and ranking of cities was done with VIKOR. Then, by overlapping the appropriate economic, social and ecological suitable areas for industrial development, the final suitable was identified.

Marvdasht and Shiraz are in the first and second priority of the development of tomato processing industries. In prioritizing between sectors, Zarghan and Seydan districts and the central part of Marvdasht city are in the priority of developing processing industries. The results showed that is Kazeroon district doesn’t have overall capabilities for development of tomato processing industries.

Entropy weighting showed that among economic and social parameters, industrial proximity is the most important. The results show the efficiency of multi-criteria decision models in evaluating economic and social indicators along with evaluating ecological capabilites. The use of specific models suitable for each region that assess ecological capability along with economic and social characteristics can reduce the risks of long-term management and decision-making.

Assessing the effect of sand and gravel harvesting on groundwater resources is of great importance due to being situated of underground aquifers below the surface of mines and sand production factories. The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the pollution of the groundwater caused by the extraction of sand and gravel in sedimented pools located in the mines of Shahriar and Qods cities. Our research indicated that so far no study has been carried out on groundwater contamination caused by the extraction as well as washing of sand and gravel. The present study was conducted in three phases: data preparation, creation of a continuous map of groundwater contamination by Simple Kriging method, and the detection of relationships and spatial correlations between qualitative parameters and gravel mines. The results indicated that levels of bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, and acidity pollution parameters of groundwater are desirable, whereas the amount of sulfate, electrical conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of groundwater in the study area are higher than the standard level. The values obtained from the spatial correlation between the distance from the sand and gravel harvesting region and sulfate, electrical conductivity, as well as TDS were -0.53, -0.56, and -0.66, respectively. These values demonstrate the high correlation between these three parameters and the extraction of sand and gravel.

This research was performed in order to determine of DNA Barcoding of Aphanius dispar and Aphanius sophiae isolated from warm waters in Iran. Samples of the desired fish were collected from Kolo areas (Ashkanan city of Fars province), Gomban spring (Arsanjan city). Molecular study using COI primers for DNA Barcoding of the studied species showed that A. sophiae, isolated from Gomban spring are genetically very close to Aphanius anatoliae, Aphanius maeandricus and Aphanius sureyanus from Turkey, which have shown themselves as separate clusters. However, the dispar species, with a genetic difference of about seven percent, has separated itself from this species and, together with the sophiae species, has created a sister cluster in the same keyboard. At the same time, the two species in question, with a much higher difference than the fasciatus and stiassnyae species in Portugal and Italy, are distinct as a separate clade. The highest genetic difference between the fasciatus and sophiae species was observed in 21% of Germany, which is very significant, was not unexpected due to the deep geographical gap between the mentioned areas. The use of primers used in this research can be effective in identifying genetic diversity, barcoding and the relationship of genetic origin of the target species.

Saving on inputs, preservation of fossil fuels and decreasing air pollution are the advantages to using energy efficiently.  The purpose of this study was to optimize energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions of orange product in Dezful County, with two methods of data envelopment analysis and multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization techniques.

 Data from 60 farmers were randomly collected through face-to-face interviews and a questionnaire during the year 2016 and using two methods of data envelopment analysis and multi-objective genetic algorithm were analyzed.

Regarding the results of data envelopment analysis technique based on fixed and variable return scale models and input-axis measurement, technical efficiency, net technical efficiency and scale efficiency were calculated to be 0.95, 0.98 and 97%. The results of optimization of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by using data envelopment analysis showed that about 4.36% of orange energy has storage potential, that chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel have the highest amount of stored energy of all stored energy. Data envelopment analysis can reduce 34.38 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare from greenhouse gas emissions in orange crops. The results of the genetic algorithm showed that if all inputs were completely optimized, it could reduce the energy consumption of orange production in the study area by 26.1%. Also, the energy input for ideal orange production system could be 32810.6 MJ per ha.

According to the results of this study, it is recommended to use of new machines and encourage farmers to conduct soil tests before using of fertilizer.

This research was carried out with the aim of molecular identification and using cytochrome oxidase gene of two species of ornamental fish native to Iran entitled Aphanius vladykovi and Aphanius ginaonis. Five samples of each fish were collected from Sarcheshmeh Park (Aloni city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) and Genu spring (Bandar Abbas) and after morphological identification and DNA extraction, they were sequenced. Then using BioEdit software and the NCBI database, the amount of homology of the obtained sequences was measured. The analysis of the evolution tree was performed by the closest proximity and parsimony method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model using mega software. The results showed that these species were genetically close to each other in different parts of Fars province (A. vladykovi) and Turkey, and a clade with two sister clusters next to the species belonging to the northern offerings more than Turkey includes Aphanius anatoliae, Aphanius sureyanus, Aphanius maeandricus and Aphanius iconii. The greatest genetic differences can be observed between the specimens of Aphanius vladykovi from Sarcheshmeh Park spring and Aphanius sureyanus from Turkey, which was not unexpected due to the deep geographical gap between the mentioned regions. At the same time, the species Aphanius Genu shows itself in a separate clade with a large genetic distance. Various geological factors caused Genu fish to separate itself from other studied species and to hide in Hormozgan region. As a result, the gene flow between this region and other regions has stopped, and caused the Aphanius ginaonis in Hormozgan province to remain as a unique species.

Hazardous waste management is one of the most important issues of today. Failure to pay attention to proper planning and management can cause surface, groundwater, soil and air pollution on a large scale. On the other hand, more attention to environmental criteria in national macro-planning has led to the creation of a scientific attitude to bury hazardous waste by selecting suitable landfills for these materials, which lack of attention and observance of scientific and biological principles have polluted water, soil, air and endangered the health of humans and other living organisms. The purpose of this study is to locate hazardous waste landfills using multi-criteria decision making and GIS methods.

 In this research, using the Delphi method to determine the criteria and ANP, TOPSIS and GIS software, a suitable place for landfilling in Lorestan province (for which no landfill has been considered so far) has been specified.

The area of the city of Azna, Aligudarz, Kuhdasht and Poldokhtar as the best place for special waste landfill in the province were introduced.

The results show that two TOPSIS and AHP in the GIS in locating many landfills is capable to perform that corresponded with research in other areas.

The uncontrolled increase in population and the subsequent increase in urbanization have led to an increase in the production of various types of waste in urban areas. Although landfilling is the last choice in municipal solid waste management, it is still a common method for municipal solid waste management in developing countries. Due to natural anaerobic processes, landfilling in landfills causes the production of biogas and leachate, the type and amount of each depend on the volume, humidity, and type of waste. Leachate production in landfills can lead to health hazards, damage to plants, groundwater pollution, and the release of unpleasant odors. The aim of this study was to accurately locate the municipal landfill in Naein County by combining socio-economic and environmental parameters and also estimating the amount of emitted gas to evaluate the potential for energy recycling.

In this study, the AHP model was used to weight the criteria and L Satty quantitative scale was used to grade the priorities. For selecting the best spatial locations for landfills, first the location of municipal landfills in Naein County was chosen using environmental parameters. The potential of the area for the intended uses was evaluated by the WLC method, then using the TOPSIS method, spatial locations were prioritized based on socio-economic parameters and then the best spatial location was selected. Finally, the amount of emitted gas from the landfill in two conditions with and without leachate recycling was also modeled to investigate the potential of the landfill for energy recycling.

The results of this study showed that all the proposed regions for constructing landfills include the pixels with more than 0.8 usefulness in weighted linear composition maps. In the final options prioritization map, nine locations were identified, and the most suitable spatial location with the highest percentage of desirability was determined as the best place for constructing a landfill. The selected spatial location had the closest possible distance to the three most populous cities of the county. This location was located 24 km away from Naein. Also, the capacity of this location was several times more than the need of Naein County in the next 60 years, which is about 85 hectares, and if additional lands are needed, it can be expanded to the northwest. For other towns and villages with relatively large populations that are relatively far from the selected landfill, temporary waste collection sites can also be designated until the waste is eventually transferred to the main landfill site. The selected landfill location was also located 2 km from the main road. The results showed that the total amount of estimated emitted gas in each trench with leachate recirculation was equal to 4204.3 tons and without leachate recirculation was equal to 4448.9 tons. This indicates that if the leachate recirculates system is used, the total amount of gas emitted from the landfill will be about 6% higher than without recirculation. However, considering the amount of annual production waste in Naein and the rate of population growth, it is better to take steps towards the maximum amount of recycling and composting and the least amount of landfill as much as possible.

In this study, the results of combining both types of criteria (environmental and socio-economic) have led to the determination of the most desirable spatial location, which in addition to complying with environmental criteria from an economic point of view had the lowest cost. Also, according to the current population, the population growth rate of Naein County and the annual production of waste, it can be concluded that material recycling and composting production are more economic than energy recycling and biogas production.