کشاورزی

Land is one of the most fundamental natural resources and plays a crucial role invarious sectors of the economy as a factor of production. Today, in addition to its primary role,land has also become an asset due to its limited supply and unique economic conditions. With theever-increasing population and diverse demands for this resource across various economic sectors,the issue of land scarcity and limitation has become more noticeable. Not having the ability totransfer and move, insignificant depreciation in the process of consumption and production, andmost importantly, the heterogeneity of different units of land, make it difficult to formulate thepattern of demand and supply of land. Therefore, it is not easy to estimate land supply and demandfunctions. In this research, land is considered as a heterogeneous commodity, and valuingagricultural land according to its unique characteristics is the aim of this study. Since land is oneof the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be veryimportant for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the otherhand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency by optimizing scarce production factors such aslabor, tools, purchased inputs, and management ability. This study was conducted with the aim ofvaluing the agricultural lands of the Sistan Plain using the hedonic pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan Plain, the villages ofZulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages isaccess to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of the land. In this study,the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol City. Forthis purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod andZulfaqari villages of Zabul city using the simple random sampling method. After completing thequestionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean, minimum andmaximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare ofagricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variablesof ease of access to water, access to city water, ability to replant and distance to the main road had apositive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land . The agricultural land in the mentionedregion benefits from less environmental pollution, limited urban and industrial development nearmain roads compared to other parts of the country, and the presence of essential facilities andinfrastructure like water, electricity, and telephone, as well as easier transportation. These factorshave positively influenced the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also veryhigh due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought.

According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of properdrainage, in some cases, the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence ofthis factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation confirms the availability of water andthe quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positiveeffect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use,which is a less profitable activity compared to non-agricultural uses, increases the price of land.The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to therequired facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the onlything that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road,the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.

Agricultural sector is inherently sensitive to climate change conditions and this has made it one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risks and effects of environmental change. The purpose of this study is perceptions and vulnerability of environmental changes in the agricultural sector of rural areas Najafabad County. The present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are prepared by survey method. The statistical population study is farmers Najafabad County. The sample size using the table of Bartlett et al. 209 farmers was determined. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the validity of the measuring instrument that in this way, the questionnaire was approved with a 0.735 credit coefficient. One-sample t-test, exploratory factor analysis and variance-based structural equation modeling approach and PLS software were used to data analysis. The results show that low education of farmers in addition to increasing their vulnerability to environmental changes such as drought and water scarcity also affects their characteristics and production and agricultural behaviors. Conclusions of One-sample t-test indicate that the impacts of environmental changes on indices of cultivated lands, crop yield, growth period, crop quality, quantity and amount of water, farmers income reduction, unemployment and finally rural migration is above average.  Also, the research in factor analysis model demonstrates that there are 5 underlying factors among which economic and livelihood have the highest percentage of explanation of variance of research variables. In general, it can be acknowledged that the agricultural sectors of the Najafabad have been seriously damaged and the economic foundation of rural households has been severely weakened due to this issue.

Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population growth, soil and water constraints, the community's need for food, the existence of large consumer markets and the interest in producing off-season crops in recent years have led to the development of greenhouse crops. But choosing the wrong place to build a greenhouse leads to a waste of capital and the failure of these goals. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal location of the greenhouse in Asadabad plain with a sustainable development approach.

Due to the existence of numerous and effective parameters –for the performance of greenhouses, the technique of multi-criteria analysis has been used to find a suitable location. Also, due to the uncertainty in the behavior of natural parameters, fuzzy logic has been used to model the effect of the parameters.

The results show that of the total area of Asadabad plain, 10% are in a very good condition, 39% are in a good condition (suitable with restrictions) and 51% are in a bad condition in terms of greenhouse construction.

Relying on spatial analysis can reduce the investment risk for greenhouses and lead to environmental sustainability.

In recent years, the phenomenon of dust has become one of the most important environmental challenges around the world, which is one of its negative effects on the agricultural sector. Dust on agriculture can affect the growth and performance of plants by affecting the photosynthesis process and also by increasing the leaf temperature, and by providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of diseases and disrupting the population balance of pests against beneficial and predatory insects and Also, the effect of reducing the efficiency of spraying plants against pests and diseases creates the grounds for causing damage and reducing production in various agricultural and horticultural products. The purpose of this research is to estimate the willingness to pay to reduce the effects of dust on the agricultural sector of the centers of dust production and its surrounding areas in Alborz province.

In order to achieve the goal of this research, first, according to the map of dust centers prepared in Alborz province, the affected villages were determined. Ahmedabad areas are affected by dust. Then, using the Contingent valuation method (CVM), the willingness of people to pay to prevent and reduce the negative effects of the dust phenomenon on the agricultural sector was calculated using 400 questionnaires. It should be noted that the number of questionnaires was determined by using the Cochrane relationship and the population of the villages affected by dust.

According to the results of this research, the correct percentage of the estimated willingness of farmers to pay in order to reduce dust damage is 73% in the derived model. Also, the amount of expected value (WTP) was calculated equal to 165423 rials (approximately equal to 5.5 dollars). According to the population of the affected area, the total value of preserving agricultural products against the phenomenon of dust is equal to 2743375032 rials ($9144.58) per year. The results showed that the variables of age, number of working people, education, income and environmental awareness index have a positive and significant effect on the willingness of farmers to pay to preserve agricultural products against dust. In other words, the increase in age, the number of working people in the family, the increase in the level of education, the increase in income and the increase in awareness of farmers increase their willingness to pay.

The evaluation of the willingness to pay of farmers in Alborz province in order to reduce the dust damage on the agricultural sector showed that increasing awareness, education and experience (age) increases the willingness of farmers to pay dust control costs. Therefore, it can be said that in order to control and stabilize the sources of dust production in Alborz province, the knowledge and awareness of farmers regarding the negative effects of dust on the agricultural sector should be increased by using advertising training classes and so on. As a result, the willingness to pay farmers will increase. Then, in the form of non-governmental organizations or cooperative projects with the government, he designed and implemented programs to control and stabilize dust production sources with the participation of farmers.

Magnetic water technology is a topic that has been considered in the field of water and agriculture resources in recent years. One of the applications of magnetic water is soil remediation with minimal use of chemicals and acids. By applying a magnetic field, ordinary water can be turned into a liquid with special physical and chemical effects.

In this research, using laboratory and simulation methods, the effect of magnetic water on soil remediation was investigated and an operational study was performed in this regard.

The results indicated that the specific heat and boiling point of magnetic water decreased and the amount of evaporation increased. Other properties including specific gravity, surface tension, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and solubility also changed. Applying a magnetic field increases the solubility of water and thus activates the nutrients in the soil, and then facilitating the dissolution of insoluble salts in the soil reduces fertilizer consumption by 50%.

The results of experiments on irrigation with magnetic water on different fields revealed that seed yield increased, and water consumption and pump cost decreased by 44%. Considering that water supply for domestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. is becoming more difficult year by year and imposes heavier costs on the government, the use of magnetic water technology and localization of its technology seem inevitable and could result in save in foreign currency.
Keywords: Agriculture; Electric charges; Magnetic water; Water resources

The use of renewable energy is a prerequisite for sustainable development. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting the possibility of using renewable energy in the agricultural sector from the perspective of experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Urmia. We aimed to identify the effective factors in the use of new energies, to provide appropriate solutions to strengthen the positive cases and remove obstacles.  

The statistical population of the study was all experts of Agriculture Jihad Organization of Urmia city (N = 101). A questionnaire was the main research tool, the validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts. To evaluate its reliability, 30 questionnaires were completed and Cronbach's alpha value for different sections (alpha = 0.801- 0.906) was obtained, which was an acceptable indicator for the questionnaire. Data were analyzed at descriptive (percentage, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) and inferential (correlation and regression) levels using SPSS software.  

Prioritization of items regarding economic factors affecting the possibility of using new energies in the agricultural sector showed that the forecast of funds for investment in the field of research on the use of new energies in the agricultural sector was the first priority and the number of farmers' lands was the last. Five items were used to assess the management factors affecting the possibility of using new energy in the agricultural sector. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of the use of new energies was the first priority and communication with international centers related to renewable energy was the fifth. In measuring the socio-cultural factors affecting the possibility of using new energies in the agricultural sector, involving farmers (planning, implementation, and evaluation) in developing the use of new energies was the first priority, and organizing villagers to use renewable energy through agricultural organizations was the last. Regarding the research factors affecting the possibility of using renewable energy in the agricultural sector, establishing communication between the research sector, farmers, designers, and implementers in the development of new energy technologies was the first priority, and cooperation of agricultural experts with scientific energy associations was the last. The results of the study of educational factors affecting the possibility of using new energies in the agricultural sector showed that holding training classes for farmers on the use of renewable energy in agricultural sub-sectors was the first priority and holding in-service training courses for researchers, managers, and agricultural experts was the last priority. We also observed a positive and significant relationship between work experience, economic, socio-cultural, managerial, innovation, educational, and research factors with the possibility of using renewable energy in agriculture. The results of multiple regression showed that the variables of economic, socio-cultural, managerial, innovation, educational, and research factors have the ability to explain 0.65% of the changes of the dependent variable, i.e. the possibility of using renewable energy in the agricultural sector.  

According to the results of the research, it is suggested to train specialized and skilled manpower in the public and private sectors in the field of implementation of renewable energy projects by increasing the level of awareness and creating a positive attitude in people and farmers through educational programs and mass media, and the adoption of appropriate policies, laws, defined financial resources, as well as the provision of special facilities to support renewable energy projects in rural areas and the agricultural sector.

Using unsuitable quality water for agricultural purposes has  negative consequences on plant growth and the soil physical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial changes in ground water quality with agricultural applicability in central Chabahar and Kenark Distircts. For this purpose, we first performed interpolation for EC and SAR parameters from 40 wells in the study area in 2019. Then we employed  inverse distance weighting , global polynomial, local polynomial, radial basis function and kriging with circular, spherical, exponential, gaussian, as well as quadratic equation semivariograms; the most suitable method for interpolation was selected baed on the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) criteria. The research found that kriging interpolation method with a Gaussian variogram having RSME=13.85 and R2=0.77 was the most suitable methods for interolating with the SAR paramete and the kriging interpolation method with as spherical variogram having RSME=797.89 and R2=0.68 was considered as the most suitable methods for interpolating EC. Then, based on Wilcox method, the groundwater quality map for agricultural and irrigation uses was prepared using the spatial variation map of two parameters, EC and SAR. The results showed that the quality classification of the groundwater in the study area was: about 10% as good, 51% as fair, 16% as poor, and about 23% as unusable water.

The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate training, knowledge to change attitudes and behaviors of students to provide environmental protection.

This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory approach, protective attitude towards the environment is studied. Sampling method was purposive and agriculture students were selected and they were interviewed. Central question of this research include aspects of how students? What are their strategies for environmental protection?

The results showed explain the attitude of students towards environmental protection, "environmental  destructive activities", "a little knowledge and awareness of environmental," "culture of respect for the environment", "consistently look the environment "," programs that support environmental protection "and" environmental protection educational programs " is.

The results also showed that one of the students strategies to protect the environment, changing attitudes through educational programs of protect the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that universities establish curricula and courses to promote a culture of respect for the environment.

Currently, conflict with wildlife is one of the most important problems of farmers and stockbreeders in Mazandaran province which leads to damaging human life and property (destruction of livestock and crops). Conflict with wildlife can lead to farmers' refusal and discouragement of farming and livestock rising. It will result in an increase in the rate of migration from village to city, and the risk of wildlife extinction due to the destruction of wildlife by farmers. The correct and practical management of the conflict in the first step requires the identification of its actual presence, type, magnitude and severity. In this research, 200 questionnaires, was done by personal and face to face interviews with farmers and livestock breeders of Mazandaran province within seven sub-districts (including Kojour, Hezar jarib, Dodange, Chahar bagh, Tonekabon, Amol and Babol). The results showed that 181 interviewees (90.5%) had experience of wildlife conflict and 19 people (9.5%) had no conflict with wildlife. According to the findings, wild boar (Sus scrofa) was responsible for the greatest destruction of agricultural products (91% rice, 95.9% cereal, 52.9% fruit tree and 86% vegetables), and the wolf (Canis lupus) was responsible for the most attacks on cattle (cow 56.8%, sheep 84.34% and goat 66.08%). The information obtained from this study about identifying conflicting species can help in preventative measures to better manage these conflicts by focusing on the type of species and products that are most vulnerable to destruction in the area.

Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to conservation agriculture. Despite promotional activities and programs to promote conservation agriculture, this has not been well received by farmers, and there are only a handful of farmers who use conservation agriculture. Therefore, the present study deals with the pathology of non-acceptance of conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province.

The research community in this research is the experts in the Agricultural conservation Office in Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kermanshah Province. Identification of the samples was done purposefully and using sampling with maximum diversity. The data gathering tool was interviewed and data analysis was content analysis and paradigm model of grounded theory.

The results showed that there are countless factors that prevented farmers from accepting agricultural conservation, including factors such as lack of government support, economic and cultural problems, lack of access to equipment, etc.

Considering to findings research on the existence of supportive, economic and cultural barriers and the inability of farmers to deal with these dilemmas and problems., Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers extension and develop agricultural conservation by removing barriers and holding suitable training courses and field visits to extension of agricultural conservation.

Unhygienic disposal of pesticide waste after use on the farm has very dangerous consequences for the environment and agriculture. The purpose of the study was to analysis of factors affecting management behavior of rural wheat producers towards pesticide waste in Qorveh County. Statistical population of the research consisted of irrigated wheat producers (N= 1700). Sample size was determined 170 using the Cochran formula. Cases were selected through random proportional stratified sampling. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by citing Cronbach's alpha, CR and AVE coefficients. The findings of the structural equation model showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers' knowledge and information resources and their attitudes toward the use of chemical pesticides. Besides, knowledge and attitude variables were able to explain 71% of the changes in wheat farmers' managerial behavior towards pesticide wastes.

Agriculture has become the primary source of water pollution. Unsustainable agriculture is a severe problem for water quality. Changing agricultural policies toward sustainable growth is imperative, which will lead to the development of many new techniques and methods of integrated resource management to eliminate agricultural pollution. Soil is a limited resource that must be well managed to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Harvesting agricultural soil for sale is a crime. This study aims to identify the main hazards on the farm and provide simple, practical solutions for use on the farm. The results of the research are based on the suggestions of farmers and experts in the literature. The results show that soil loss, either through mineral imbalance or erosion, is the greatest threat to agricultural productivity. Soil erosion by wind and water is the primary process of surface soil loss. Proper management measures can reduce soil losses, increase soil organic matter, improve soil physical properties, and conserve water resources.

Optimal and principled use of natural resources and land use management based on ecological potential, has an important role in environmental management and prevention of environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. However, ignoring the social need, despite considering the economic and especially the ecological potential in land use planning, leads to inconsistency with the terrestrial reality, which is one of the basic principles of any land use planning.

In this study, using weighted linear combination method and hierarchical analysis and standardization of criteria using fuzzy sets, in addition to preparing an ecological and economic potential map for agricultural use, the social needs to change land from barren lands to agriculture were also mapped. By combining all of them, a map of the desirability of changing barren lands to agriculture in the Semnan watershed was obtained, which can also be used in modeling land use changes.

In this study, unemployment rate and population growth rate in the next ten years as the most important social factors of agricultural land use change, access to roads and electricity as the most important economic factors, and soil and water as the most important ecological resources of agricultural land use were determined.

Considering the social needs and economic potential along with ecological capability, is more in line with the ground reality and can be used in the optimal allocation of agricultural land.

Environmental protection and natural ecosystems are among the principles of sustainable development in the countryside. Development is compatible with the preservation of environmental, biological and related resources. In this regard, the present study aimed at evaluating environmental indicators based on the dimensions of sustainable development in rural settlements of Golchidar village in Marivan County.

The statistical population of this study was 16 villages of Golchider rural municipality (803) households, which were selected by available sampling method. The questionnaire was distributed using a sample size based on the number of households in each village. The research methodology is conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner, so that at the descriptive stage, the present situation is identified and in the process of work, using statistical analysis, we deduce and explain the results.

The results of environmental status indices using the Rij model in the studied villages indicate that among the 16 indicators surveyed, 8 indicators, 50% of the villages were in a complete state of instability and undesirable, in which the index of sewage facilities with a degree of sustainability 010 /. In the worst case, there are environmental indicators. One-sample t-test showed that there is a significant relationship between environmental indicators and the instability of rural settlements studied.

Regarding the fact that rural areas of the study area are not in desirable condition. it is necessary to review the status of indicators of sustainable development in the village of Golchidar and to have proper and effective management factors for preserving the village and its ecosystem.

Nowadays, one of the most important strategies in the face of the increased population of cities is the design of green space in part of the urban structure. Empowerment at the urban and regional levels should meet the needs of life and respond to the needs of citizens. Agriculture has a valuable heritage in Iran and depreciating it in this rich and talented country not only threatens food security, but also endangers environmental health. Since issues such as population growth and climate change require considering the environment. The purpose of this article is to promote environmental conditions by creating an agricultural museum site and establishing a link between the man-made environment and natural environment in order to provide good conditions for education and create a good environmental culture and expand the recreational space.

The present study uses a descriptive and analytical research method. After describing the previous studies in this field as well as their function, the approaches and goals related to agricultural education in the city and its suburbs will be discussed and the proposed activities on Agricultural Museum Site will be classified into six factors and their impact on each of the mentioned approaches will be analyzed.

The findings of the research show that urban and suburban agricultural approaches, productive urban landscape, design of ecosystems and performance analysis of each one, including their educational, tourism, recreational, economic, social and cultural roles and climatic changes help promote the quality of the natural environment

The Agricultural Museum Site is a naturalistic approach and presented as an educational approach to promote the urban environment in this research. Therefore, the allocation of urban and suburban lands to productive lands, such as the Agricultural Museum Site and its proper management as part of the social spaces of cities and a place for social interactions have helped revive the green space and improve the quality of the living environment in the city.

In the present study, Landsat satellite images of sensors ETM + in 2000 and OLI of 2014 were used to prepare the land use change map in Behbahan city. After classification of images, the final land use map was prepared in six classes of residential areas, agricultural lands, water, forest, rangeland and bare lands. Then changes were made using CROSSTAB. The results showed that an increase in area agricultural and residential and reduction of area in pasture land, bare lands and forests occurred. Agricultural land use had the highest area increase with 8036.01 hectares and rangeland use had the highest area decrease with 4560.39 hectares of these lands destroyed. The degradation of rangelands for conversion to other uses was from the highest to the lowest, including: 6233 hectares of pasture changes to agriculture, 1199 hectares of pasture changes to bare lands, 1146 hectares of pasture changes to forest and 559 hectares of rangeland changes to residential areas. According to the reduced area of rangeland can be paraphrased as the increase in rural population and the subsequent increase in demand for food grain self-sufficiency plan, forcing villagers to many pasture lands into agricultural land change. On the other, the increasing number of livestock in the period under review, which changes the composition of the vegetation, animals Overgrazing is another reason why it is degraded Rangeland.Finally, it can be said that land use changes have unpleasant consequences on urban environment such as reduced vegetation cover and increased environmental temperature.