development

This study aimed to assess the impact of public participation on the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces in Quchan City. The data was collected through survey research methods and questionnaire techniques. Using Cochran's formula, the sample population consisted of 384 citizens from Quchan city. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to collect research data. Statistical methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient and mean comparison test were used to analyze the data. In this study, the development and maintenance of urban green spaces were measured and evaluated in four dimensions: social factors, cultural factors, economic factors, and environmental factors. The results indicated that the strongest correlation was observed between economic factors and the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces (R=0.632). Social factors were ranked second, with a significant relationship with the development and maintenance of green spaces in Quchan City, with a correlation coefficient of (R=0.614). Environmental and cultural factors were placed in the last categories of this study with (R=0.45) and (R=0.418) respectively. The findings of this study suggested that the desire to develop and maintain urban green spaces increases significantly with the increase in the economic power of citizens. In addition to this, social factors, as well as improving citizens' environmental knowledge and culture, can play a significant role in the maintenance and development of green space in Quchan City.

The right to development and the sustainable development are appropriate responds to adverse consequences of classic approach to development and in each of them, there is a try to look at development from a specific perspective with a goal of finding a appropriat respond to its adverse consequences. It seems that the adoption of a human rights oriented approach in advancing of development process, is a context in which the consideration of both concepts can be well realized. In the framework of this approach and as result of adverse effects of failure to comply with environmental considerations of the sustainable development on realization of the human rights in development policies, Paying attention to these considerations will be among the priorities of any development program. The important point here is that guarantee of human rights is also considered as an main goal in the framework of the right to development, and therefore any success in guaranteeing human rights in development process through environmental considerations, can also contribute to the realization of this right.
Also, the pursuit of human rights-oriented development in the context of the realization of the right to development, is an effective step in forcing states to comply with environmental considerations and, consequently, to ensure the path to sustainable development. the inclusion of human rights considered in the right to development, in the binding international treaties such as the Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is a context in which any commitment of states to comply with environmental considerations of sustainable development can be considered as an binding obligation, due to the positive impact of these considerations on realization of above-mentioned human rights cases.

In this research, the analysis of the technical views of experts and the management of construction projects in Tehran Municipality regarding the assessment of the risk of work accidents in the development, construction, and operation stages of construction projects, using the FMEA analytical approach in two fuzzy and non-fuzzy dimensions (CRISP) with twelve The index in the construction stage and six indicators in the operation stage were carefully evaluated and measured. Risks caused by the collapse of nearby buildings on workers, the collapse of buildings in demolition and reconstruction projects, which are mainly related to non-standard demolition operations, as well as the fall of people due to welding operations and falling from scaffolds, lifts, and cranes, as the most dangerous and most frequent occupational accidents in the industry. The buildings of this area were identified. Based on the analytical findings of this model, the average risk of occupational accidents in the construction industry reached 346 in the construction phase and 97 in the operation phase. The fuzzy equivalent values for risk prioritization in the construction and operation stages showed 355 and 129 numbers on average, respectively. Following the implementation of the correction suggestions, the risk values obtained for the construction phase in the non-fuzzy mode were reduced to 247 and in the fuzzy mode to 255. In contrast, the exploitation phase was reduced to 58 in the non-fuzzy mode and 84 in the fuzzy mode.

Today, tourism is considered to be one of the largest economic sectors in many countries. The development of the tourism industry, particularly for developing countries which face problems such as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange resources and single-product economy, is of a great importance. According to this the goals of this research is on one hand to identify priorities of tourism attractions, tourist satisfaction, infrastructures, facilities and services of the County, measuring the effects of natural attractions in the development of the County, and on the other hand is to identify tourism development strategies based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats applied in SWOT model.

Material and Methodology:

 The methodology of this study based on the goal is to be functional and the method is descriptive-analytical. With that in mind, in Order to achieve the objectives of the research with the aim of library and field studies, then using a questionnaire and a survey the tourists and experts, necessary information is collected and then in SPSS and Excel Software, Statistical analysis was performed on data.

The total score of strengths and weaknesses was 2.3 and the total score of opportunities and threats was 2.46, so the findings, based on studies in the County of Mahabad show that based on the matrix of internal and external influential factors, the weaknesses overcome the strengths and threats overcome the opportunities.

For the development of tourism in the County of Mahabad, we believe there is a strong need for comprehensive planning of maximum use of the strengths, enhance opportunities and dealing with threats. Therefore, in this study we have taken a step forward in this direction so that ultimately the matrix of the solutions and strategies of development of Mahabad’s tourism are prepared.

This research was out with the aim of analyzing the context for ICT development among environmental organizations in Ilam Province. The statistical population of this research was 20,000 individuals as members of environmental organizations, of whom 376 individuals were selected using Cochran's formula and studied through proportional stratified random sampling and questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and to ensure its content validity, the panel of subject experts was used (α= 0.93). Data analysis was implemented using SPSSv22 statistical software. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that infrastructural, economic, educational, technical-advisory and supportive factors were the main fields of ICT technology development in the target sample. The results of the regression analysis also showed that infrastructural, supportive and technical-advisory factors entered the regression equation in the first to third steps, respectively, and had the greatest effect in explaining the variance of the dependent variable "technology development".

Damask rose is one of the most valuable and famous medicinal plants worldwide. Its essential oil, rose water, and dried flower buds are exported. Essential oil can be used in the perfumery, cosmetic, and therapeutic industries and is widely used in depression treatment and traditional medicine. In the northwest of the country, in the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, and Hamedan, the damask rose is known as Qizil Gul. It has a special place in the lives of the region's people. 10% of the cultivated area of this product in the country is allocated to East Azerbaijan. More than 60% of it is produced in Osko City. Due to the high added value and economic profitability of the rose, it is recommended to develop the cultivation of native varieties of rose in East Azerbaijan province. Also, investing in processing industries leads to new job creation. In addition, rose cultivation with native varieties protects and controls floods. It also prevents soil erosion and preserves and strengthens medicinal and rangeland biodiversity.

In recent decades, growing inequality in the world and the worrying destruction of the environment have forced governments to reconsider the formulation and implementation of development plans. The outcome is the concept of sustainable development that entails a process in which desirability and available possibilities are not diminished over time and a kind of distributive justice requires a fair distribution of development opportunities between current and future generations as one of the most important development goals. Meanwhile, taking into acount that the judiciary is considered as the main guarantor of justice in any society, in this study, using a descriptive and analitical method, the role and the position of judiciary authorities in considering the necessity of the observance of intergenerational justice in the advancment any national or local development program and as a result the commitment to observe the considerations related to this dimension of justice is analized. In this regard, the review of judicial procedure in the courts of some countries indicates that these authorities can play a key role in recognising and ensuring justice between the present and future generations during the codification and the implementation of development plans, as the main goal of the sustainable development.

Protected areas in the country requires monitoring and protection measures due to reduced quality. Therefore, in this regard, degradation model could be applied by quantifying human activities The aim of this study was environmental impact assessment of development in Bagh-e Shadi protected area using the degradation model in 2020.

 To implement this model in the study area, first the area was divided into 406 pixels with a scale of 1: 50,000 and dimensions of 500 x 500 cm. Using existing maps, field observation and experts' opinions, 8 factors of degradation model in the whole region were identified and their severity was determined.

The results showed that among the identified degradation factors, tourism activities had the most degradation in the protected area of Bagh-e Shadi. Then, the ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated using slope, direction, altitude, climate, soil depth, vegetation density, temperature, rainfall, land use with GIS tools and classified according to severity. After calculating the physiological density, the degradation coefficient was calculated in each of the pixels and was classified into 6 classes and 3 categories based on fuzzy theory.  Then all networks are compared in terms of severity and extent of degradation and the whole region was divided into three zones: prone to further development, in need of reconstruction and in need of protective measures.Discussion and

 The results showed that in terms of land quality, 27.83% of the region is in the category of prone to further development (second categories), 35.22% in the requires reconstruction categories, 29.31% in the categories requires protective measures 64.7% are in the floor in need of protection measures (first categories).

Many researches have been conducted in the field of social impact assessment of rural projects, but few researches can be found that examine the social impact assessment from the perspective of the stakeholders. This is despite the fact that the evaluation of social effects with the participation of stakeholders can lead to the formulation of more serious programs, better evaluation and management of conflicts in this field. Therefore, the present study investigates the social effects of the dam as perceived by the stakeholders in order to gain a deep insight using the qualitative method.

The current research has used the qualitative paradigm and the descriptive-interpretive research method to achieve the research goal. For this purpose, 10 key experts (Agricultural Jihad of Kermanshah province, Natural Resources Department and Environment and Water-Regional Department of Kermanshah province) and 28 local people of the villages covered by the project were studied. Data collection was done through focused group discussions, in-depth individual interviews, observation and document study with an average time of 25 to 40 minutes. The interviews were analyzed using the communicative content analysis method. Reliability was established through the control of people's opinions by other interview participants and the researcher's self-review during the data analysis process. Reassurance (validity) was also done by presenting all documents, notes and recorded interviews to the research team after analysis by the researcher.

The results of the interviews showed that the participants in the research evaluated the effects of the dam on the quality of life by expressing 38 positive concepts and improving the sense of place by expressing 5 positive concepts and believe that the implementation of this project will lead to a decrease in social capital by expressing 23 The concept of impact and damage to natural and environmental resources has been defined by expressing 10 concepts of impact.

The results of the research show the impact of the implementation of development projects on all social, economic and environmental aspects of the residents of the region. Therefore, planners and officials are advised to pay attention to the evaluation of all dimensions of development, especially the social dimensions of the residents of the affected areas, in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the programs in the implementation of development interventions at the strategic level.

Environmental Law, enjoying a unique position in various legal systems of countries, is one of the significant majors of Public Law. The importance of the topic is due to the fact that Sustainable Development, as a fundamental concept, could only be achieved through its relation with this legal filed. Great importance has been attached to this matter to the extent that it has been identified as a necessary process by international conventions. Recently, in Iran’s legal system, the Environment Law has been studied within the framework of Community Law breaching of which would be subject to criminal punishment. The main goal of the present study is to elaborate on the claim right essence of the Environmental Law and to provide required protective solutions. In this article, the legal foundation of the Environmental Law has been reviewed and it has been revealed that the legislative body of the country, in spite of its claim-right nature, has not been successful in this regard and it is also possible to recognize Environmental Law as a Sustainable Development right.

Today, most of protected areas in the country require serious monitoring and protection measures due to reduction of quality. Degradation model with quantifying the effects of human activities can be used in monitoring and improving the situation in these areas. To implement this model in Bashgol protected area, the sub watersheds were selected in the area as the impact units. Using maps, field observations and experts’ opinions, 25 destruction factors in the whole area were identified and their intensities were determined, also ecological vulnerability of the area was calculated with GIS tools using geological, physiographic, climatic, vegetation, habitat and other maps (16 factors) and was classified in terms of intensity. After calculating the physiological density, destruction coefficients were calculated in each unit and were classified based on fuzzy theory into 3 categories and 6 classes. The results showed that 8465/51 hectares (34/7%), 12013/44 hectares (49.23%) and 3920 hectares of area (16/07%) are located on the 2nd class prone to development , the 3nd class (need to rehabilitation) and the 5nd class (need to conservation), respectively in terms of the quality of the land. Generally, according to local conditions, without the further development, the objectives of area management must go toward the restoration and protection measures.

International environmental law always has tried to solve environmental problems by codification of binding and non-binding rules and regulations and provide solutions in this area. One of the important responses of international environmental law has been promoting sustainable development. As regards of improving the quality of environment and economical development are naturally consistent and coordinated goals. Sustainable development has decreased some paradoxical tensions related to economic growth limitations in 1970s. Sustainable development in the process of progress and through the interaction between three dimensions of economic, social and environmental development, has made its way from the international development law to the international sustainable development law. Declarations of Stockholm (1972), Rio (1992) and Johannesburg (2002), have emphasized on environmental protection and have mentioned that achieving sustainable development is the basic key to solving environmental issues. Rio + 20 summit also has the ability to cope with a collection of policies, methods and plans which support the transition to a green economy. This article reviews     the international legal approaches in order to be a backbone for environmental protection. It also reviews the proper approach to deal with such issue. By comparing the above summits, we could undoubtedly say that the Rio Summit (1992) compared with others especially Rio +20, in terms of the effectiveness of international legal approaches in environmental protection and acceptance of international commitments, has more specific and involved better outcomes.

Development is achieved in each country when planners develop a strong program according to the conditions and position of that country. Developed countries believe that the main responsibility of implementation of right for development lies with the government and it is a national duty. So, this study examines the position of environmental challenges in the 5-year development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. As a result, this study attempts to answer the question: What position do environmental challenges have in the 5-year development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2021- 1989)? And in these programs how has the topic of environmental conservation been taken into account? In this study, the method of “descriptive - analytical” have been used. The findings of this study show that the increase in the strategies and the guidelines of environmental conservation in the 5-year developmental plan of the country in years between 1363-1400 have been considered the most significant changes in the approach of 5-year developmental plans for environmental challenges.

Iran's mangrove forests are considered as one of the most important regions of the world's mangroves ecosystem. Due to the special establishment in the margins of waterways with different flood conditions, establishment in low-rain and dry areas and also the low area of these forests, the establishment of mangrove forests is obviously of particular importance. For this purpose, considering the general and specific location of each habitat, the development of mangrove forests of Iran was designed and presented as special models. The present study is a case study designed and implemented in one of the habitats of Qeshm Island as a desirable development model. The research was carried out in 30 research plots. The distance from the waterways was the main factor and flood height and tidal conditions were the sub factors. In each plot the growth factors were calculated. The final results show the status of growth and development in each plot and total habitat. The forest stands were divided into four degrees from 1 to 4 based on the quantitative and qualitative condition. The 1 stands are developable stands and the 4 stands are undevelopable ones. According to the results, the desirable development models could be applied in other similar habitats in Iran and other parts of the world.

Considering the enormous growth in the number of patents worldwide, and the increasing use of patent data in economic and environmental analysis, the aim of this paper is to analyze patent activity in green chemistry with the use of patent data in order to help the understanding of the patterns of environmental research and development and sustainable development.
In this study to analyze green chemistry technology invention, after extracting the appropriate search term, search by "keyword" in the abstract, title, and claim (s) of patent was done. To this end, those inventions related to green chemistry technology which have been registered within the 1993 to 2013 in different countries or organizations were evaluated using QPAT patent database.
Findings: Patents in the field of green chemistry are mainly originated from activities of factories and companies. In general, chemical and electronic sectors hold the most patents. Japan is the largest inventor region with 32% of all green chemistry patents. China is the second largest region, holding 29% of patents, followed by the United States (24%), Europe (14 %) and the rest of the world (1%).
The economic incentives, legal and regulatory pressures and avoidance from charges by governments, citizens and environmental organizations were the major factors to move towards innovation in cleaner technologies and more favorable technological applications. The use of green chemistry technologies has proven to be an intelligent business strategy that can provide both environmental and economic benefits and can induce further technology diffusion. The results of this study provide helpful information for developing R&D strategies, policies, planning and management of environmental issues. The obtained results can be used to build a technology strategy in a private company and to make policy at a public level.

Diversifying economy, increasing human development index, industrialization's problems, beyond standard pollution especially in metropolises, rural immigrations, boosting efficiency and human resource effectiveness, employment, cultural communications, protecting environment and generally constant development are of this world's concerns. All countries in different developmental levels are trying to respond this concern. Meanwhile those who are interested in diversifying economy and try to get away from single basis economy, try to create new methods or path. One solution is tourism. Most of the countries especially those that have environmental potentials have long term programs in their national development program. Today tourism as a vast service industry has gained a proper status in economical, cultural, social and political matters. Tourism is the phenomenon of the twentieth century and cannot be disregarded.
Population growth especially in youth generation in the recent decades has made us think of new ways of employment and economic development. Utilizing different tourist attractions for income creation and improving country's economic status is one of thesis ways.
Considering Kandovan village's location and its unique structure and also tourism effectiveness in economic development as economists call it "invisible export" by thoughtful insight and also by training natives and tourists we can show this industry's results in the area. According to this study's findings that are gathered through field study and library research, and is practical, in order to have effective programs in rural areas, and ultimately due to the fact that Kandovan has tourist attractions, it can have important effect on family economic status and village economy improvement.
Method and materials:This study has a descriptive- analysis method and practical goal. It is conducted to help organizing in rural areas and have effective role in activities.
Tourism development in rural areas is an important element and a solution to help the village from poverty, immigration, economic and social problems. Besides tourism is an effective variable in enhancement of infrastructure, promotion of social and cultural exchange, attracting capitals and using it in the village is an economic development. Wilson points out that: tourism development is a solution in attracting foreign currency, employment and comprehensive growth. Netherland believes that tourism development can help rural restoration. Hall states that Development of rural tourism can improve the performance, production efficiency, and helps increase rural income.
Ivana believes that rural tourism development has an important effect on economy diversifying. Some believe that rural tourism is a facilitator in rural area revitalization. Studies prove that there is relation between rural tourism development, and expanding production support and promotion of the indicators of health and well-being. Development literature indicates that in development of tourism in rural areas, including diversification of the local economy, development and social progress and development of the rural character in light of their own cultural values. Din believes that between prosperity of the tourism industry by strengthening the role of rural women, strengthening the efficient use of natural resources in rural economic revival there is meaningful relation.
Based on the findings that are gathered through field study and library research and by survey and analysis, we conclude that this area has the potentials for tourism development which can have noticeable economic effects. This village has lots of tourist attractions such as: Natural, historical, cultural, economic attractions, etc. each is a factor for attracting tourist. Among economic attractiveness of the village we can name garden and dairy products and honey and mineral water.
One of the results of this study is the presence of the culture of tourist acceptance by people who want internal and external tourists from all study groups (women, youth, those working for municipality, men, etc.). As a result providing the basic facilities including transport, construction of places for tourist accommodation and necessary training for women and youth in the groups can act in this field is required.
Health services at an advanced level are of issues that are of interest to tourists and the absence of which can have negative effect on village development and Kandovan's family economy improvement.
On the other hand based on the findings and in light of the fact that Kandovan is located in a region that is dominant by cold weather in the second half of the year, Tourists visit accurse only in the first half of the year. So there should be solutions for the first half of the year to protect the village from environmental damage and for the second half of the year for financial and economic matters so that lack of the tourists is compensated for residents.
Of other outcomes of this study is that most of the tourists are from different provinces and less foreign tourist, the number of which even reaches a hundred in a year. Job creation is another outcome of tourist attraction which even promotes hand craft making in the area. Due to the arrival of tourists during the past 7 years, more than half of the residents are employed in the service sector, this also can decrease immigrations comparing to other cities. Of other positive effects of tourist attraction is resident's cultural communication and improving government's attention to the area. All mentioned can distinguish Kandovan from other villages. Kandovan village's development in the last decade was due to tourist presence, we can also point out the construction of rock hotel.
Given the theories provided in this research and also a summary of relevant theories mentioned in the chapter on theoretical framework, and comparison of these theories with the results of test of hypothesis, significance of hypotheses were concluded, it can be concluded that there was a direct relationship between hypotheses of this research and theories provided by scholars, and there was no conflict between them and can complement each other
Test of hypotheses:Hypothesis one: It seems that tourism has an effect on development of Kandovan rural area.
Table 1 – Chi2 test of role of tourism in development of Kandovan rural area
Chi2 test Degrees of freedom P value
48/4 4 01/0
Given the above table, hypothesis one showed significance at chi2 difference value of 4.48 and 4 degrees of freedom and alpha level of smaller than 0.05 and equal to 0.01. This means that tourism has an effect on development of Kandovan rural area, which was consistent with literature. Data analysis using SPSS software, which showed significance of hypothesis one, we found out that the said hypothesis was confirmed.
Hypothesis two: It seems that tourism is a directing factor affecting economy of Kandovan.
Table 2 – Role of tourism in economy of Kandovan rural area
Chi2 test Degrees of freedom P value
95/14 8 04/0
Given the above table, hypothesis one showed significance at chi2 difference value of 14.95 and 8 degrees of freedom and alpha level of smaller than 0.04. This means that tourism has noan effect on development of Kandovan rural area, which was consistent with literature. Data analysis using SPSS software, which showed significance of hypothesis two, we found out that the said hypothesis was confirmed.
Table 3 – Test of reliability of questionnaire
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient Standardized Cronbach’s alpha Number of items
.457 .423 16
Given the results of the study, for calculating reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha test was used. Cronbach’s alpha was estimated to be 0.457, which was an average coefficient. This value shows the extent to which the results of questionnaire are reliable and the extent to which the questionnaire can give the same results. None of the items were excluded based on the results of this test
Solutions

Development is considered as an undeniable part of modern human life. The sustainable viability of natural elements such as lakes and wetlands is not only essential for survival of all present and future generations of human on the planet but also necessary for all habitats of the Earth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of climate change and development on existance of the regional lakes which in turn are one of the main factors of economic development in the area.
Method and

In this study, the effects of climate change and development program on few regional lakes, including Urmia Lake, are investigated and some recommendations are provided to take proper management measures for the revival of Urmia Lake in order to prevent the dry out of this important natural ecosystem

The young population of Iran and increasing graduated youth requires job-creating opportunities to tackle with unemployment and social-economical deterioration. Today, ecotourism development is one of the tourism branches which is connected to local population development, and local population participation is considered to be the principal factor in ecotourism development. Therefore, development of this industry can lead to employment of the youth. This study was carried out to investigate the strategies for development of ecotourism in the Natural Resources Cooperatives. From objectives point of view this study is classified to be practical, and from methodology point of view it is classified to be descriptive. Statistical population of the study were 123 members of Board of Directors of the Natural Resources Cooperatives in Golestan province which were selected by census. A pilot test was carried out to measur the validity of the questionnaires. Result of Alfa-Cronbakh for the questionnaires was obtained to be 87%. Results of regression test showed that territorial population training in the Natural Resources Cooperatives, communication and territorial population participation in ecotourism development programs have positive effects on ecotourism development. Totally, these factors address 50% of the factors affecting ecotourism development by the Natural Resources Cooperatives.