garden

Damask rose is one of the most valuable and famous medicinal plants worldwide. Its essential oil, rose water, and dried flower buds are exported. Essential oil can be used in the perfumery, cosmetic, and therapeutic industries and is widely used in depression treatment and traditional medicine. In the northwest of the country, in the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, and Hamedan, the damask rose is known as Qizil Gul. It has a special place in the lives of the region's people. 10% of the cultivated area of this product in the country is allocated to East Azerbaijan. More than 60% of it is produced in Osko City. Due to the high added value and economic profitability of the rose, it is recommended to develop the cultivation of native varieties of rose in East Azerbaijan province. Also, investing in processing industries leads to new job creation. In addition, rose cultivation with native varieties protects and controls floods. It also prevents soil erosion and preserves and strengthens medicinal and rangeland biodiversity.

Of the 22 species of amphibians in Iran, 15 species of frogs and toads (Anura), belonging to 8 genera and 5 families and the other are the salamanders (caudata). This study was conducted on the Pelophylax ridibundus, is known as the Marsh frog. Specimens collected from the Tonekabon city (Mazandaran Province. Then 21 morphometric and most important morphological characters were studied in the laboratory. Behavioral study and habitat survey also examined samples during collection. The results of study of 95 specimens (37 females,86 males) during one years of field work showed that this species has a olive green dorsal with separated dark spots which are rarely seen in the hands. Ventral surface is white and contains several black spots which are seen only in some specimens. The sex ratio of male to female was 2 to 1 in this study. The results of statistical study showed that the data are normal and there areall the variables between males and femalessignificant difference the level of 0.05.

Most of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening and agricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas. Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, under these circumstances we must take a more sensitive responsibility for the value of marginal areas. On the other hand, with the increase in population of cities like Kermanshah and in the resident’s demand for green and open spaces for spending leisure times and making social interactions, the need for developing new spaces proper for spending leisure times in marginal areas is strongly felt in the city. The role that gardens and farmlands have in respect of recreation and aesthetic might prevent the acts of construction in these areas. In this study, by applying landscape ecology for establishing new activities and practices, we firstly evaluate the existing condition of gardens in Sarab-e-Ghanbar. Then the region is zonation visually. Identification of these zone is made to implement practical solutions for improving total condition of the region as well as to determine features, potentials and issues related to each zone. Finally, with developing aims for design and organize, these studies are made in the form of a strategic plan.

The most beautiful description of Paradise in the Holy Koran is Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar which means "Gardens with beneath running streams". The word "tree" is not explicitly mentioned here, though it is implicitly understood. In Majma-ol Bayan by Abu Ali Amin-ol Eslam Tabarsi, we read that the word Roza means a green land in which plants grow well, and the word Jannat means a land with trees around it, and consequently Rowzaat-ol Jannaat (plural form of Rowzatol Jannat) are the gardens with trees in the middle of a green land. Many of the Persian gardens have these features.Numbers and concepts such as: Chahar Bagh (Four Gardens), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradises), Bagh Dar Bagh (Garden in Garden), Gardesh Ab (Water Circulation), etc have their roots in the Koran terminology that gives ideas to architecture and composition of the Persian gardens and then many of the gardens in other Islamic and even the European countries. (The impact of Persian gardens in France and Spain is a proof of this claim and cannot be rejected.) However, the most effective Koran's terms in Persian garden construction are Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar. Some of the annotators and theologists have clarified this phrase and considered the gardens of this world as an introduction to the Paradise. Many of the Iranian and Persian poets have compared the world to a whole garden and even some like Molavi have compared the human body and soul to a garden. Many garden builders and architectures were influenced by the mentioned Koran's phrases which have tried to go beyond the described Koran's gardens and created similar ones. Doubtlessly, paradise garden or with Koran's terms Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar is similar to earthy, man-made gardens with the mere difference that "In Paradise, where the host of man is Allah, the worthiness is not that there are the gratification of eating, drinking and having sex, but eternally feeling that He hospitalizes you. And this is not exhausting"

In studying or designing urban public green spaces, the first step is paying serious attention to cultural values, historic background, ideological principles, aesthetics criteria and environmental conditions of the society. These factors are so important that neglecting even one, can reduce quality of design and alter the unity and wholeness of the design as a desired identity for a specific society with its own culture and ideas. This article endeavors to introduce a pattern as “Garden of Existence” based on Iranian intellectual cultural foundations with benefiting from historic experiences of Iranian civilization. This pattern is based on Iranian points of view about existence of human beings. Indeed symbolic meanings and signs of existence and its hierarchy are manifested in the plan, space, functions and spatial organization of the garden. The main headings of the article are as follows: introduction, introducing the hierarchy of existence, geometrical form of the garden, bounds of the garden, entrance of the garden, the center of the garden, the third domain of the garden, the main functions of domains of the garden, principles and foundations of symbols, management of the garden, and conclusion.