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The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of urban biotopes in order to establish an ecological framework for mapping biotopes and creating spatial and biological databases.

Biotope mapping is typically carried out by two main approaches: the comprehensive mapping method and the selective mapping method. In the comprehensive mapping method, the entire area is systematically mapped by identifying all biotopes and collecting precise environmental and biological data, a process that requires considerable time and financial resources. In contrast, the selective mapping method focuses on a smaller area that represents the main land uses and urban corridors, primarily emphasizing the recording of biological data for individual biotope units, thus requiring fewer resources. This research employs the method of selective mapping. Districts 9 and 11 of Mashhad city were chosen as samples for this study. The primary data and information include land use maps, land use classification in the comprehensive plan of Mashhad city, urban street design regulations, standards for the creation of urban green spaces, Google Map satellite images, vegetation cover information, and data obtained from field surveys. The identification of biotopes in the study area was carried out in six strategic stages, following spatio-temporal guidelines: (1) preparation of information resources and field surveys (collection of spatial and vegetation data); (2) creation of a database of the current vegetation cover in each land use; (3) establishment of a biotope classification framework (biotope identification); (4) data analysis, biotope classification, and segmentation of each biotope unit; (5) creation of a spatial database of biotopes and urban sub-biotopes in ArcGIS 10.8 software, along with the dominant vegetation cover in them; (6) mapping of the main biotope types and sub-biotopes.

In this study, spatial information of biotopes, along with the dominant vegetation within them, reflecting the current ecological and biological characteristics and values in the study area, were presented. According to the results, 16 main types of biotopes and 44 sub-biotopes were identified. Of the total dominant plant species identified in the biotopes, 103 species were classified as trees and shrubs, 19 species as hedges, 51 species as ground cover plants, 41 species as seasonal plants, and 33 species as other plants.

Based on the information obtained from this study, the groundwork for creating an ecologically sustainable city was established. This is because identifying urban biotopes as ecological-spatial units and collecting data on their current vegetation cover provides the necessary information for ecological reconstruction of cities. Additionally, by establishing an appropriate framework for categorizing biotopes and sub-biotopes, it enables the biotope map to be updated according to the defined framework in case of land-use changes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variation of some soil properties such as soil texture, organic carbon content, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) using geostatistical methods in Margon town, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. For this purpose, 58 surface soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were prepared from the studied area and some physical and chemical characteristics of the soils were measured. The studied properties were estimated by various interpolation methods including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, disjunctive kriging, co-kriging, and inverse distance weighting (IDW) using GIS software. The capability of these methods was evaluated by the mean absolute error (MAE), and the root mean square error (RMSE). Based on the absolute mean error and the squared mean squared error, the spherical model for pH, salinity, sand percentage and soil silt percentage and the exponential model for clay and organic carbon percentage had the highest accuracy. Moreover, the results indicated that conventional co-kriging method for organic carbon percentage content and soil pH, simple co-kriging method for clay and silt percentage, simple kriging method for soil EC, and conventional kriging method for sand percentage were the most suitable methods as compared to the other studied methods.

Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city.

Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated.

Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5).

The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction.

Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city.
Material and

Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated.

Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5).
Discussion and

The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction.

This study focuses on the flood the Sirch tourism area in the Kerman Province (SE Iran). This area is unique location in the margin of the Shahdad Area. This spectacular and natural area has been hated by abnormal drastic floods eventually every year. This study using 3D modeling and mapping based on the SRTM DEM and Landsat 8 images and compilation of morphology and geology to investigate the flood hazard in the studied area. The data set of this study have compiled and analyzed by GIS-AHP method. This study suggests that the main cause of the rapid and abnormal floods is the nature of the geological outcrops and the steep of the watershed. The flood hazard analysis also shows that the main Sirch village and tourism site locates in the most hazardous zone. The improvement of the plant cover and construction of flood breakers can control the flood hazard in this area.

Nowadays, the urban community has been affected by population growth and migration, which collectively have led to unplanned construction and unrestrained urban expansion. In the meantime, the industrial sector is one of the most important factors that have a great impact on the concentration of population and activities, and thus accelerates the growth process and creates a plethora of changes in the landscape. The lack of proper attention to regional spatial planning often leads to unplanned expansion of industrial areas, and it can cause instability. The main objectives of this study are to identify industrial clusters and determine the optimal areas for industrial development. In this study, using statistical information and applying localization coefficient (LQ) analysis, cumulative and competitive effects of industrial clusters of Gorgan, Gonbad-Kavus and Aq-Qala Townships were identified. Then, using 16 indicators as factors and constraints for the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Order Weighted Average (OWA) decision making models in GIS, the optimum locations of the industries were identified. According to the results, five industrial clusters including food and beverage industries, wood and wood products except sofa, paper and paper products production, production of refined petroleum products and manufacturing of materials and chemical products were identified in the study area. The research findings show that adjacent areas to urban settlements, due to geographical advantage, proximity to urban infrastructures and comfortable accessibility to human resources, are suitable areas for the establishment of industries. Furthermore, the cities of Gonbad-Kavus and Aq-Qala had the highest and the lowest areas of the suitable zones for industrial development, respectively.

Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.

After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.

The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.

In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries.

The rapid development of cities has caused the unsustainability of the human urban environment and consequently fragmented the ecology of the urban landscape. Today, there is a need for a new conceptualization with which to approach ecological diversity, such as environmental planning and design for integrating the urban landscape ecology. The development of urban green networks is one of the essential factors to protect biodiversity and effectively prevent the isolation of populations and species. The purpose of this article is to connect ecological networks in the urban landscape and finally increase connectivity and provide ecosystem services in cities and presenting proposed potential corridors and their scenarios.

We produced the proposed scenarios by using the improved Gravity model and network analysis in GIS software.

We achieved the prioritize corridors in the northeast area of Tehran by using the cost layer, the impedance layer, and the core patches. In the final stage, three scenarios were developed in the studied area using corridor network analysis.

Based on the impedance layer, core patches, and cost layer, the functional prioritization of the proposed corridors was discussed to develop and analyze the proposed corridors. This map leads to decision-making strategies and achieving the integration of the ecological networks in the urban landscape. The output of this paper can be used as a basic map for the development and revitalization of urban ecological landscape structures.

Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced compared to the total production of waste makes it absolutely necessary to determine suitable sites for landfilling this type of waste. The objective of this study is to present the methodology to select a suitable site for this kind of waste.

There are three steps in evaluating the sites in this research. In the first step, after determining the effective factors and determining their weight by the Eigenvector Method and hierarchically, the studied areas were evaluated with 28 criteria in a fuzzy method by geographic information system (GIS). In the second step, the suggested areas by GIS, by 7 other criteria were rated by the use of FVIKOR and the score of each area was found. In the third step Final rating of sites were done by two criteria (the achieved scores of GIS and the achieved scores of the FVIKOR method).Findings The final weight of evaluation criteria by GIS and FVIKOR methods was 0.86 and 0.14, respectively, and 21 places were ranked in three steps.

The approach used in this study is using (GIS) and fuzzy logic, considering the weight and relative importance of each criterion and use a suitable method for rating that increases accuracy and reliability of assessment.

Locating to develop infrastructures and sensitive applications is one of the preconditions for achieving sustainable development. In this study, using a multi-criteria decision making model and the capabilities of the GIS, a spatial model is developed for the development of various industrial groups in the province of Alborz.

In this study, the criteria and indicators affecting the development of industries identified by reviewing the references and expert opinions. Then, using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis, the weight of each of the criteria and indicators was determined using the weight the obtained data are based on a linear relationship between the map of areas susceptible to industrial development in the region. In order to the fuzzy hierarchy TOPSIS method used to identify the areas for the development of each the industrial groups.

The results of this study show that among the three groups of environmental, economic and social criteria, environmental criteria have the highest weight in relation to industrial development. Also, the results showed that the highest potential in relation to the development of industrial groups in the Alborz province is related to food and agriculture industries.

Based on the results of the study, using efficient fuzzy decision-making models to address the defects of other decision-making methods. Analysis of the results shows that in many parts of the province of Alborz, there is no development of industries. The most limitation for development of industries in Alborz province is related to environmental criteria and indicators.