policy-making

The gas refining industry, as one of the most important industries and economic production sectors in Iran, is both influenced by and impacts the global economy. However, attention to economic factors should not overshadow the environmental impacts of these industries, including greenhouse gas emissions, which represent one of the most critical environmental issues today. Measuring and assessing greenhouse gas emissions requires carbon footprint management education, which is a key element in this area. Therefore, this study aims to apply the meta-synthesis technique in policymaking for environmental education based on carbon footprint management in gas refineries.

By employing a systematic review and meta-synthesis approach, the findings and results of previous studies were analyzed. Through the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Barroso, key factors were identified. Out of 579 articles, 42 were selected based on the CASP method, and the validity of the analysis was confirmed with a Kappa coefficient of 0.886. Data analysis using ATLAS TI software identified 84 initial codes grouped into 16 categories and five concepts.

Based on the meta-synthesis technique, five main concepts, encompassing 16 categories and 84 codes, were identified. The identified concepts include educational content, environmental education infrastructure, organizational environmental performance, external organizational challenges, and the effectiveness of environmental education. The identified categories include: analysis, design, implementation, evaluation, technological and technical infrastructure, planning, identification of individual characteristics, supervisory factors, carbon footprint management, environmental culture, interorganizational collaboration, environmental factors, planning and policymaking, organizational performance improvement, employee satisfaction, and organizational growth and maturity.

The application of the meta-synthesis technique in environmental education policymaking based on carbon footprint management in gas refineries enables the identification, integration, and comprehensive analysis of various studies and findings. This technique, by combining up-to-date and diverse data from reliable sources, systematically examines different dimensions of environmental education, including educational methods, performance indicators, and environmental impacts. Utilizing meta-synthesis can lead to the extraction of best educational practices and the design of programs tailored to the specific needs of the refinery industry. Consequently, policymaking based on this technique not only optimizes educational and managerial processes but also paves the way for reducing carbon footprints and enhancing environmental sustainability in this critical and sensitive industry. The effectiveness of environmental education can also be assessed through continuous evaluation of refinery performance and operations. These evaluations can be conducted by comparing energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the reduction of other environmental pollutants in refineries before and after implementing educational programs. Such evaluations highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these programs, enabling their improvement and optimization. Consequently, enhancing the quality of environmental education to better manage carbon footprints in gas refineries can significantly improve the environmental and economic performance of this industry. Developing environmental education policies based on carbon footprint management in gas refineries is essential for ensuring environmental quality and mitigating the negative effects of climate change.

Nowadays, due to the increasing growth of environmental issues in different countries, the use of various tools, including green tax, has increased to manage them. Green tax has an acceptable efficiency to create a balance between economic and environmental goals. Nevertheless, the evidence shows that the policy-making in the field of green taxes has shortcomings, which are mainly due to the lack of attention to the issues and lack of full knowledge of them. Therefore, this research seeks to design a problem-oriented policy model in the field of green taxes.
Material and

The current research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and is among mixed research. In order to design the research model, the grounded theory method was used, and for this purpose, an in-depth interview was conducted with 27 tax experts who were selected by a targeted method.

Also, the model designed by structural equation modeling method was validated with Smart PLS software. The statistical population of this stage includes the managers and experts of Tehran Tax Affairs Organization, whose opinions were asked with a questionnaire designed by the researcher. The sample size calculated by Cochran's method was 188 people and the sampling method was simple random.
Discussion and

Based on the findings, a paradigm model including 6 categories of variables was designed, in which 5 strategies include full understanding of green tax issues, issue-oriented policy formation, legitimization of the policy resulting from green tax issues, implementation of the policy resulting from green tax issues, and evaluation. The implementation and modification of the problem-oriented policy was identified. Also, the findings of the quantitative section showed that the validity of the model is confirmed.
The results of the research showed that using the problem-oriented approach in the policy of green taxes is effective and improves the performance of the tax system and ensures the interests of the beneficiaries.

In this research, the technical, economic and environmental feasibility for three different scenarios, including the combined system of waste incinerator/steam power plant/solar photovoltaic power plant in waste separation mode, the combined system of waste incinerator/steam power plant/solar photovoltaic power plant in the state without waste separation and the combined digester/steam power plant/solar power plant system has been investigated for the city of Kerman. Also, the effect of changing different parameters on their technical, economic and environmental performance has been studied. The results showed that the highest return on capital and cost of electricity production is 12 years and 1.17 dollars per kilowatt respectively for the combined waste incinerator system with segregation. The mentioned values were equal to 8 years and 0.78 dollars per kilowatt and 7.8 years and 0.77 dollars per kilowatt for combined systems without separation/solar and solar digester, respectively. An increase in the initial cost of solar panels by 45% causes an increase in the price of electricity and the period of return on investment by 26%, 20% and 35%. It was digested in mixed systems with separation, without separation and digestion. Also, the increase in the initial cost of the waste incinerator by 90% caused an increase in the price of electricity and the investment return period of combined systems with separation and without separation by 37% and 39%.

With the spread of the corona virus, smart cities were able to face and deal with the spread of this disease by using various types of digital technologies while providing the necessary services to citizens, by monitoring social distancing and home quarantine. In the meantime, the role of technology and the development of smart cities according to the crisis of infectious diseases became very important and the attention of governments and societies are attracted. The type of policy making and planning in the development of a smart city is different according to the local and regional conditions of each city, and it is an opportunity for municipalities to make changes in accordance with the goals of urban management and compatible with the needs of people and technological institutions. In this study, the main indicators that influence the policy of smart city development programs in order to manage and control the pandemic of infectious diseases, are collected and examined for Tehran Municipality. For this purpose, 25 different indicators were proposed and used for pairwise comparison of 3 main scenarios based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In total, the opinions of 20 experts in urban management in Tehran's 16th district municipality were used. According to the results, the second proposed scenario was chosen as the best option with a final score of 0.423. The effect of each criterion on each scenario was analyzed. Also, at the end, solutions for the development of smart city in Tehran are presented based on the results and suggested scenario.

Today, meddling by human beings in nature has distorted the environmental systems and this has led to uncontrolled flooding, extreme storms, warming of the Earth, the extravagant consumption of natural resources and, recently, drying up of lakes. One of the most significant environmental threats that have happened in Iran over recent years is the reduction in the volume of Lake Urumia’s water. The objectives of this study are to assess the effect of the aforementioned issue upon the economic, social and environmental status of the residents living around the margins of the lake, the resident's perspectives on the contributing factors to the drying up of the lake, procedures for reviving it and also prioritizing the economic, social and environmental consequences.

the current research is an applied research and the procedure used for data collection is causal-comparative. The required data were collected from a sample of 300 of the residents of Malekan Township who filled out a questionnaire in 2015. In the descriptive part, the frequency, cumulative percentage, variance, standard deviation and average were calculated. In the inferential part, variance analysis, average comparison and the t test were applied. By applying an analytic hierarchy process, the priority among the economic, social and environmental consequences of the drying up of Lake Urmia was identified according to the resident's opinions.

The results indicated that, after 2009, all of the products except the gardens have significantly reduced in comparison to the previous period. Assessing the data indicated that the economic condition of the region had worsened in comparison with that of 2009. However, the average of this variable decreased before 2009 by moving away from the lake, while it increased after 2009 by moving away from the lake. In other words, environmental conditions improved by moving away from the shoreline after 2009. Consequently, as time goes by, the resident's status has worsened by drying up of the lake. The aforementioned results are compatible with that of Rahmati and Nazarian (2010) in relation to the negative consequences on rural regions of constructing the Upper Gotvand Dam. According to the residents of the region, the Government has played the most significant role in the drying up of Lake Urumia by constructing highways, dams and not preventing the construction of unlawful roads. The authorities have proposed transferring water to the lake, freeing the water of the dams, cloud seeding, using better irrigation methods and planting crops with high efficiency as ways for resuscitating Lake Urumia. The analytic hierarchy process indicated that the residents of the region have considered environmental consequences as the most significant factors in the drying up of the lake and considered social and economic consequences as placed at the next levels.

considering the fact that more than half of the residents have considered freeing the water of the dams as a significant factor in revitalising the lake, despite loss of their income, the revitalisation of the lake is a priority to them. The environmental consequences of the lake drying up are threatening. However, on the other hand, it provides politicians with enough motivation to consider people’s priorities over economic consequences. Consequently, they would be able to plan restoration of the lake while considering the aforementioned results.

The purpose of this study is an introduction of the DPSIR model and the application of DPSIR model in the environment and its decision making by reviewing the DPSIR the application of DPSIR model in the environment and its decision making by reviewing the DPSIR. Due to numerous environmental problems which are mostly based on economical aspects of anthropogenic Over the recent decades both scientists and decision-makers challenged. These problems have ranged in scales from global climate change to effects of anthropogenic on ecological systems. Nowadays, there is a considerable need to a flexible approach to deal effectively with environmental problems regarding to those problems; an approaches which consider both socio-economic factors as well as environmental factors. With respect to the aim of this study, the method of the study is reviewing researches and previous findings about the application of DPSIR model and it’s as benefits and disadvantages in an environmental decision making. The DPSIR (Driving force-pressure-state-impact responseframework is such a tool allowing the description of environmental problems through defining the relationship between anthropogenic activities and the environment. The results of this study indicates that The DPSIR model could categorize and simplify various information about environmental systems due to providing those information for policy makers for possible responses. so in recent decades this method are increasingly used by scientists and policy makers.