radar interferometry

 Land subsidence is the gradual or sudden downward movement of the earth's surface, often resulting from the extraction of groundwater, minerals, or hydrocarbons. This phenomenon, which can cause significant structural damage and environmental degradation, is increasingly prevalent in regions with excessive groundwater abstraction. The primary objective of this study was to assess subsidence in Shiraz Plain, using radar interferometry to analyze ground deformation due to groundwater depletion and other environmental factors, such as droughts and historical lake bed conditions.

  This study employed ENVISAT ASAR C-band radar images from 2007-2009 to investigate subsidence patterns in the Shiraz Plain. The images were processed using ENVI5.3.1 software with the SARscape plugin, including interferometry, ADAPT filters, and Goldstein filtering to mitigate errors and improve image quality. The final phase-to-displacement conversion and geocoding steps resulted in subsidence maps, which were used to analyze displacement across different regions. The data were validated by comparing the generated subsidence maps with field observations.

 The analysis revealed subsidence rates ranging from -14 cm to +5 cm, with the most significant displacements observed in the southeast of Shiraz and parts of Beiza. Ground displacement in urban and agricultural areas was also notable, with an average subsidence rate of -3.5 cm. The primary causes of subsidence in these regions were identified as excessive groundwater extraction, historical lake bed conditions, and geological factors such as fault zones.

The study highlights the importance of sustainable groundwater management to mitigate subsidence risks, and recommends continued monitoring and implementation of water conservation strategies to prevent further ground displacement in the region.

Subsidence is the earth’s surface movement towards down relative to a datum such as sea level. The main reason of subsidence in Iran is groundwater overuse which if not managed correctly, it causes irreparable damages. Therefore, the first step in solving this problem is identification of subsidence areas and estimating the rate which will have a significant role in controlling this phenomenon. One of the most suitable methods of identification of subsidence is using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)technique. This method is superior to other detection T in terms of cost, precision, extent of the study area and time and it can provide an accurate estimate of the area. In this research, zone of the Rafsanjan plain has been investigated between 2006 and 2010. In order to calculate subsidence rate, SAR data related to the ASAR sensor in C-band and ALOS PALSAR in L-band were used. Generalized linear models in C-band and L-band with values of 0.91 and 0.89 and RMSE coefficient of 0.37 and 0.61 represented a strong linear relationship. Also the relationship between subsidence and the changes inpiezometric levels (groundwater extraction) in the study area showed that for each 4.7 centimeters groundwater level decrease, there has been 1 centimeter subsidence.

Qeshm salt dome is a part of Qeshm unique Geopark, the only Geopark in the Middle East. The present study is a descriptive-analytical. Qeshm Salt Dome study area and required information for this research are radar satellite images, optical satellite images as well as rock, geological information of the area using radar interferometry and paired radar images taken from the site. The European Space Agency is first developing some ground-level models for the region by doing some processing. After constructing the elevation model, the Envi software performs several measurements on the ASAR satellite Envisat satellite radar data and performs interpolation to calculate the elevation of Qeshm Island and presents the results digitally. An adaptive filter was used to provide better results. Rate of salt dome changes in the period 2003-2005, 0 to 0.16 m, in the period 2005-2008, -0.03 to 0.085 m and in the period 2008 to 2010, -0.007 to 0.082 m was calculated. Rate of changes in Qeshm Island in the period 2005-2003, 0 to 0.23 m, in the period 2008-2005, -0.2 to 0.15 m and in the period 2010-2008, were   -0.03 to 0.23 centimeter

Subsidence is the earth’s surface movement towards down relative to a datum such as sea level. The main reason of subsidence in Iran is groundwater overuse which if not managed correctly, it causes irreparable damages. Therefore, the first step in solving this problem is identification of subsidence areas and estimating the rate which will have a significant role in controlling this phenomenon. One of the most suitable methods of identification of subsidence is using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)technique. This method is superior to other detection T in terms of cost, precision, extent of the study area and time and it can provide an accurate estimate of the area. In this research, zone of the Rafsanjan plain has been investigated between 2006 and 2010. In order to calculate subsidence rate, SAR data related to the ASAR sensor in C-band and ALOS PALSAR in L-band were used. Generalized linear models in C-band and L-band with values of 0.91 and 0.89 and RMSE coefficient of 0.37 and 0.61 represented a strong linear relationship. Also the relationship between subsidence and the changes inpiezometric levels (groundwater extraction) in the study area showed that for each 4.7 centimeters groundwater level decrease, there has been 1 centimeter subsidence.

The main reason for subsidence in Iran is the large amount of water withdrawn from underground resources, which, if not managed properly will cause irreparable damages. To deal with such a problem, it is necessary to identify the subsidence areas. Most country's ancient artifacts have been built on fertile plains, and due to the dryness of the past decade, and the abundance of groundwater from the subsidence, it accelerates the destruction of ancient works in these areas. In this research, the area of Persepolis, which is 57 km northeast of Shiraz and 10 km north of Marvdasht city, is based on the level of the land subsidence using differential radar interferometry technique. Using Eoli-SA 9.4.3 software, two images were taken from the ASVAR data series of the ENVISAT satellite. The data processing with SARSCAPE 4.3 software, a radar differential interference method, has been implemented at two different times in a region. A new image called an interferogram or interferometer was provided that contains the target geophysical information. Therefore, the amount of subsidence or uplift was determined in the three interlaced states. During the research period from 23/12/2004 to 17/12/2009, which is 1820 days, it has been clear that the ancient area of Persepolis, the historic city of the pool and the role of Rustam between two and three centimeters subsided, and the role of Rajab is also between the four has seen up to five centimeters of subsidence.