تصادفات

The use of motorcycles as a common mode of transportation is prevalent in some developing countries, including Iran. This trend is particularly driven by advantages such as lower ownership costs compared to cars and the increasing availability of motorcycle delivery services in major cities. However, motorcycle accidents can result in fatalities and serious injuries. Research indicates that the most effective way to protect motorcycle riders is through the use of standard helmets. The lack of helmet use is recognized as a significant challenge in the realms of health and transportation. This study delves into the existing literature and incorporates expert opinions to compile a list of the most critical factors influencing the use of helmets. Subsequently, the factors affecting helmet use are ranked using the best-worst method. The findings revealed that socio-economic variables, such as age, significantly influence the relative importance of each factor. Heat was identified as the most significant factor, while embarrassment was deemed the least important. Additionally, a clear lack of enforcement of laws by the police, leading to non-compliance among motorcyclists, was observed. Finally, based on the obtained results, strategies and recommendations are proposed to encourage the use of safety helmets.

construction of underpasses and overpasses based on the violations and accidents are examined. Therefore, the present study is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, the statistical population includes all accidents and violations in the period before and after the implementation of traffic restrictions, and the datasets collected in the form of documents for violations and accidents. In order to select the appropriate test to check the hypotheses, first the normality of the variables is done using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then, the paired t-test is used to verify the hypotheses considering the difference between violations and accidents in the year before and after the implementation of traffic restrictions. The results showed that in the component of violations (speeding), accidents (injury severity) and in the cause of accidents (speeding and not paying attention to the front), there was an increase in violations and accidents after the implementation of traffic restrictions compared to before implementation of these restrictions. Also, in the case of violations (deviation to the left and lack of attention to the front), accidents (fatal and property damage only) and in the cause of accidents (deviation to the left), there was a decrease in violations and accidents after the implementation of these restrictions. Therefore, it can be shown that traffic restrictions can have a significant effect in reducing fatal accidents, property damage only and traffic violations.

The construction of bus-only lanes may increase the threat and risk of accidents. The purpose of the upcoming research is to identify the effective factors and the contribution of each in the occurrence of accidents on bus-only lanes. The research method in this study is statistical description. The statistics of accidents and traffic volumes used in the research were collected by referring to the Transport and Traffic Organization of Mashhad Municipality. It was related to the period of 1395 to 1400 and the passages of the BRT-3 bus-only lane (Estiqlal Square to Holy Shrine). The number of accidents was 1891 and the volume of traffic was 291985. The results of this research showed that in the mentioned period of time, based on annual comparison, with the increase in traffic, the rate of accidents has increased. Also, by comparing the accident statistics of the mentioned years and the length of the bus-only lane for each of the roads, with the increase in the length of the bus-only lane, the rate of accidents has not increased. The most recorded accidents were related to Qarani crossing with 775 cases (40.9%). The highest proportion of non-culpable accidents was related to cars with 1190 (62.9%) cases, and culpable cases were related to pedestrians with 830 (43.9%) cases.The most accidents occurred due to lack of attention to the front with 178 cases (43.5%). The effective human factor in the occurrence of accidents, which has taken a higher proportion than other human factors, has been unnecessary haste.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between driver locus of control and risky behaviors, as well as traffic violations and accidents. Participants in this study were 289 male and 116 female drivers who completed a form including the newly developed Iranian Driver Traffic locus of Control Questionnaire (TLOC-IR), Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ), and items related to drivers’ driving records and demographics. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that most components of the locus of control, except for the sub-section of religious factors and other drivers, have a significant relationship with driving behavior. According to the results of this study, the internal locus of control has a negative relationship with various types of violations and driving errors, and on the other hand, the components of the external locus of control, including luck and destiny, have a positive relationship with more risky driving behavior and accidents. These findings indicate that locus of control is an effective variable in predicting the behavior of Iranian drivers and can be used to determine effective strategies to reduce high-risk driving. According to the results of this study, drivers with internal locus of control show safer behaviors than drivers with external locus of control; Therefore, strengthening the internal locus of control in drivers can lead to safer driving behaviors.

In Iran, there are many internet taxis such as Tapsi, Snap, etc., which are an important element in urban transportation. More use of this transportation system can reduce the use of private vehicles and effectively use the city transportation system. Therefore, identifying the mental patterns of passengers and their expectations from internet services can be helpful in using this type of transportation system. In this respect, in this research, Q factor analysis has been used to identify the mental patterns of passengers, and a sample of transportation passengers in the country was selected as the target population, and based on the Q method, the propositions were prioritized by the participants, which was finally based on factor analysis. Q (the mental patterns of passengers regarding the factors affecting the country's road transportation were identified and useful information was obtained in this field. The results showed that seven mental images regarding the factors affecting the country's road transportation were presented by the passengers based on The most important mental image, the factors of multiple increase of the fare during the peak travel hours, the long distance of the driver from the origin after accepting the passenger, the sudden increase in prices and the large difference in the price of night and day have the greatest impact on internet transportation, and the factors of not monitoring the drivers' receipts for time Stopping, not using disinfectant solutions, not easily applying discount codes have had the least impact on the country's internet transportation. Also, in this research, the factors affecting the use of internet taxis from the drivers' point of view, using AHP method was investigated. In general, from the point of view of drivers, driving factors of drivers in nervous and difficult conditions have the greatest impact on the service procedure, and in the next stages, the location is not the same for the driver and passenger, misuse of passenger numbers by drivers, smoking in the presence of passengers, multiple increases in fares in Peak hours of travel, not finding a car on short routes or low prices, the long distance of the driver from the origin after accepting the passenger, the sudden increase in prices and the large difference in night and day prices were recognized as important in the country's internet transportation. But from the point of view of the drivers, according to the results of the AHP table, the high commission fee and the lack of service to the driver caused the driver to drive in nervous and difficult conditions, and on the other hand, the drivers, contrary to the opinion of the passengers, chose short routes to reach the number of services intended by the company. Include rewards.

Urban road traffic calming measures, as an effective factor in increasing the level of safety of pedestrians and cyclists, limiting the speed of motor vehicles, and reducing casualties due to accidents. The present article analyzes and interprets Persian-language scientific-research articles in the period 2008-2020 by conducting a systematic review. The results showed that the application of accelerators and speed bumps on urban roads as a cross-sectional physical solution had a significant effect on reducing the speed of vehicles. In this regard, the comparison between the types of accelerators and speed bumps and control of their proper installation location can be evaluated in more detail in future studies. The results also showed that the change in pavement level a non-physical solution to reduce the speed to the allowable range is not very effective and needs to be combined with other solutions to achieve this, which requires new studies in this area. It should be noted that the use of simulation tools to measure the performance of the proposed solutions for combining relaxation tools can also be effective, and can be used by other researchers. Further-more, the results showed that previous studies have paid less attention to the effectiveness and analysis of the performance of relaxation devices such as deviant diagonal islands and traffic.

Increasing the level of safety in the road transport sector has always been one of the most important issues in the transportation system. In the national transport industry, the outsourcing industry always has the highest casualties. By identifying the safety indicators and the points of the extra-urban accident and increasing their level of safety, the percentage of losses and losses can be greatly reduced. Research for modeling human performance has led to the creation of two new research fields, neural networks and fuzzy systems. Neural networks are dynamic systems that, by simulating the functioning of the nervous system and the human brain by processing on experimental data, transfer knowledge or law beyond the data to the network structure, and relying on the ability to learn and ability parallel processing is capable of solving complex problems. Fuzzy systems, based on the approximate human decision-making process, are quantitatively and intuitively modeled quantitative, and thus they are trying to deal with uncertainties. The simplicity and comprehensiveness of this method are its advantages. Neuro-fuzzy systems combine two methods of parallel learning and processing of neural networks and approximate fuzzy inference. In this research, a neuro-fuzzy recurrence network is designed to predict the number of accidents. Then, the genetic algorithm is proposed for a new method in the training of this network and compared to them.

Traffic accidents are a global health challenge that kills millions of people annually. Assessing the trend of mortality from traffic accidents is an important step in identifying effective factors in traffic accidents and understanding the effectiveness of targeted interventions and measures to reduce deaths. The aim of study was to conduct investigating the trend of mortality from traffic accidents in Iran for the period 2018-2021. In this study, the trend of fatalities in different provinces of Iran compared using the factors of length of road and accident rate in the province. Data collected from the Forensic Medicine Organization and Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization websites. This data analyzed using descriptive statistical methods in Microsoft SQL Server 2020 and Microsoft Power BI 2023. During the studied period, 66,303 people died in traffic accidents in Iran. The results show that the ranking of provinces in terms of the fatal traffic accidents based on number of accidents and road length is such that the provinces of Alborz, Bushehr and Qom have the greatest amount of index value that indicating a higher risk of accidents in these provinces. This report provides valuable insights for policy makers and health system management in developing effective strategies to reduce mortality caused by traffic accidents.

Accidents at horizontal arches often involve one of the situations in which the vehicle veers off the road and collides with roadside obstacles, losing control and rolling out, colliding head-on or side-by-side. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of accidents in horizontal arches on two suburban roads in the Yasuj-Babamidan axis. This research is applied in terms of type and purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature and method. In this research, the axes of Yasuj to Babamidan in the period of 1400 have been studied. The method of data collection was library, text and field and also using exploratory interviews with experts, as well as engineers, consultants and also the preparation and preparation of questionnaires. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the factors of vehicle derailment and collision with marginal obstacles can explain the variance of accidents in horizontal arches by 47%, loss of control and rolling out by 23% and horn-to-horn collision or Side-by-side by 19% and finally the design inconsistent with the driver's expectations about the intensity of the degree of arc have the ability to explain the variance of accidents in horizontal arcs by 25%.

The escape of law is always one of the causes of the problems and tragedies in all societies, depending on their cultural, social, Economical and geographical context, they have different types. The importance of this issue has led researchers to research these factors in a few decades. The purpose of this essay was to investigate the effect of five major personality factors on the traffic safety law of Kamyaran city drivers. samples number included 200 experienced drivers assess which of the five major personality factors (extroversion, neuroticism, religiosity, conscientiousness, openness) are more violent while driving, and also to determine which personalities Driving in a more risky way. It also included a sample of the Factors Affecting Accidents questionnaire to examine the impact of various factors on accidents and to determine which of the factors had the greatest impact on road accidents. The sampling was done using available sampling method. A brief neo-form questionnaire was used to identify personality types. Also, a questionnaire was used to identify high-risk behaviors and rule-making, and a questionnaire was used to assess the factors affecting road accidents. A questionnaire was used to assess the validity of this questionnaire in other research. Finally, the results are summarized as follows: Personality traits: Pleasure, conscientiousness and extroversion have a significant effect on high-risk behaviors.

Road geometry consists of horizontal and elevation components of road extensions, which mainly include tangent lines, arcs and connection curves. The role of these components in guiding the driver as well as his prior knowledge of the continuation of the road is very important. Also, the arrangement and combination of these components can have a positive or accidental effect on the safety and comfort of the driver. Horizontal curves are considered as one of the most accident-prone points of the road. Centrifugal force on vehicles and human error are the two main factors in the occurrence of accidents in these areas and will eventually lead to overturning or slipping of vehicles. In this study, the main goal is to find a way to increase safety and reduce the rate of accidents due to the relationship between human factors and road geometry. Which is mostly based on previous research and analysis. Studies on safety measures to increase safety in recent years have been collected and reviewed. The results show that the review of new methods, models and schemes such as risk reduction plan to support decisions, safety performance prediction methods on horizontal curves such as Safety Performance Function (SPF) in the future will help better performance for users. The road guarantees. Also, using short-term economic solutions such as route marking will increase safety. On the other hand, the most important criteria for assessing the safety of the vehicle when passing the corner is to estimate the resistance of the vehicle against frustration and overturning, which is also important.

By consideration of spreading roads, increasing vehicles, a consequently increasing inner-outer travelling, accidents and violations turned into significant problem in the part of road transportation. In this regard, The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of increasing the number of vehicles on increasing the number of accidents an violations in Bushehr-Brazjan is considered as an important and related place to answer the question which cause the traffic accidents, on the other hand, related to this problem a few studies have been implemented on the Bushehr-Brazjan road. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that Bushehr-Brazjan road axis was studied as a research road axis based on available information and based on statistics of violations due to speed, unauthorized distance and road accidents in the mentioned freeway. Given that the data collected is quantitative and the research seeks to investigate and determine the relationship between the variables, Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to measure the relationship. Also, according to the distribution diagram between the dependent variable and the independent variable indicating the existence of a linear relationship between the variables linear regression has been used. Relevant information was collected and evaluated in consecutive years (2014-2019). The results showed that the increase in the number of vehicles affected on 93% of accidents, 83% of speeding violations and 81% of speeding violations. Also, by considering the independent variables and the use of the multivariate linear regression equation, the number of accidents for the coming years can be predicted.

Driving accidents are a serious problem in the world. Human, the road, the vehicle and the environment are the four causes of driving accidents. The most effective cause of accidents is the human factor. Therefore, in the field of traffic safety, social science studies, especially psychology studies, are necessary. Any attempt to get to know the personality and improve driving behavior can save many lives. Personality tests are used to identify a person's personality. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographic questions, high risk driving behavior questionnaire and Myers-Briggs personality test. Traffic high-risk behaviors included 38 items that were classified into four factors: aggressive behavior, fatigue and distraction, lack of agreeableness and lack of attention to their health. And personality preferences obtained from the Myers-Briggs test include (Extrovert-Introvert, sensor-intuitive, Thinker- Feeler and Perceiver -judger). Multivariate regression was used to measure the predictive power of the number of accidents. The results of regression analysis showed that among the personality dimensions of Myers-Briggs test, the perceptual variable has the most significant predictive power of accident variable. Also, among the high risk driving behaviors, aggressive behavior and distraction have the most significant predictive power of accident variables.

The Driving Anger Scale (DAS) is one of the most reliable and practical tools for measuring driverschr anger. Therefore, this study intends to evaluate the validity and reliability of this scale among Iranian drivers using appropriate statistical tools. To assess the validity of this tool, two methods of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. The results of EFA showed the 6-factor structure is suitable for this scale. Then, the 6-factor structure obtained from the EFA, was compared as three type of models. The results of this method showed that the one-factor structure of this tool is not suitable in comparison with the other two structures, especially the bi-factor one. According to the results of ANOVA test, in terms of gender and age, there are significant differences in driving anger among Iranian participants, which young and men get relatively higher scores. In addition, the results of correlation analysis indicated that there are significant relationships between DAS subscales with Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS) and Buss-Perry Aggression (BPAQ) scores. Also, there are significant relationship between the number of major accidents with traffic jams, overall DASS and BPAQ scores. On the other hand, the relationships between the number of minor accidents with the slow driving subscale and the overall BPAQ score were statistically significant. Finally, this study showed that the DAS questionnaire is a valid and reliable criterion for assessing the anger of Iranian drivers.

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) with their predicted advantages are becoming reality. But it’s important that experts and scientists find out the advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned technology before it becomes real. As a result, some studies have been conducted in recent years. According to the literature, CAVs can lead to a safer and more comfortable transportation at a lower price and they also improve capacity of transportation network. In this study, different aspects of CAV technology including its long-term and short-term effects have been assessed, but this study has mainly focused on how CAVs affect traffic safety. One may challenge the claims about advantages of CAVs and label them as exaggerated, because CAVs may eliminate driver mistakes but they cannot prevent vehicle and road problems. According to the past studies near 90 percent of accidents happen as a result of human mistake and CAVs may help lower number of accidents by reducing the role of human in driving. On the other hand, connected vehicles can alarm the driver if the vehicle is getting close to an obstacle including pedestrians and other vehicles, therefore pedestrian casualties may get substantially lower by applying connected vehicle technology.

Some people have been killed due to car accidents every year in the world. Safety is a way to create conditions that make it difficult for users to take risks from harming personal and financial harm. One of the most important steps is to have safe ways to develop a safety rating system for roads. There are several methods in this area that consider each of the specific parameters for road safety rating. As a result, the study attempts to explore the feasibility of using one of the most current methods used in the world in the field of road safety assessment (iRAP) in Iran, in order to use the results for designing and implementing new roads in terms of safety, and also improved the quality of safety of existing roads with appropriate technical and economic solutions. The results of this study show that using the star rating method in order to improve the safety of our country's roads can help in reducing accidents and improving safety. Result in case study part show that 70% of Kermanshah eastern bypass have been maximum 3 stars which is disappropriate in term of safety and only 30% of roads ad 4 or 5 stars.

Modeling a road accident hazard zoning map to identify high-risk areas is a very effective step to reduce the resulting casualties. Due to the dynamic nature of many of the factors affecting the identification of these areas, traditional zoning mapping does not seem to be effective. In the field of ubiquitous modeling in the framework of the GIS, it is possible to produce a separate map at any time, any place, for any user and under any circumstances that is more compatible with his or her changing individual and environmental conditions. In this study, in a hybrid model of data mining methods based on 22 environmental and individual contexts the probability of accident risk was calculated for each user. Thus, by obtaining the accident data recorded in Tabriz Marand road in 2019, the required pre-processing was done based on T2 statistic and PCA method. Then, based on GRNN and the collected data, the optimal network was trained and then evaluated with test data. In addition, eight different scenarios were designed for this case study and at 3008 points of this road, the risk of accident was predicted for each scenario. The results showed more than 90 % accuracy for the proposed model of this study. According to the results of different scenarios, the 5 km area around customs and 3 km around Sufian city have the highest risk in this road, which can be verified by 50 accidents happened in this area during the mentioned period.

Traffic accidents are among the most important determinant factors in the quality of the country's roads and as the quality of country roads ensure safe transportation of passengers and goods. Consequently, economic and social and cultural development will have a great impact on every country. Therefore, one of the important parameters in the utility of any road network is the safety of those accidents and accidents. The accidents are negatively affected by the accident rate and its intensity on the road safety, reducing transport rates from that route and reducing the economic flow. The occurrence of accidents at a macro look also causes mental and mental issues at the community level and in the dimension of the family. In 2000 to 1388, some 235000 people have died due to accidents in Iran. The safe distance is dependent on several factors, such as path conditions, allowable speed, allowable speed, type of driver behavior, age and gender, type of vehicle, as well as the prevailing atmospheric conditions. The absence of safe distance is a major cause in the front of a traffic accident, which is one of the most common accidents in our country, thus investigating the behavior of drivers in respect of safe distance and investigating the effective factors on this issue. In this paper, investigating the status quo, drivers ' behavior, the statistical analysis of the accident - based accident on the Sari- Neka highway has been studied as case study. Then, parameters such as speed, time distance and space between vehicles were determined and the solution was proposed to measure drivers ' behavior in this study.

One of a variety of vehicles that plays a significant role in traffic accident in Iran is heavy vehicles. According to available statistics, more than 8% of whole traffic accidents has been created by heavy vehicles which accounting for about 15% of deaths from accidents. As well as according to current statistics, the reason of 70 percent of traffic accidents in Iran are human, so heavy vehicle drivers can be very effective in causing accidents. In this research, the main human errors of heavy vehicle drivers have been identified by determining the impact of each human error on the rate of accidents, then it is determined which error has the most impact on crashes, as well as the relationship between errors and the number of accidents. The statistical population in this study is heavy vehicle drivers and the case study region is the main road of Zanjan-Qazvin in 2018. The final results show that using a mathematical model derived from law non-compliance parameters, psychological problems and driver fatigue can predict the amount of accidents. In the other words, increasing or decreasing to one unit of the parameters can increase or decrease the number of accidents in the case study path.