پدافند غیرعامل

Underground structures, as the most important structures of our country, have a direct relationship with the national security and economy power of the country, and their design, implementation and maintenance are very necessary. Conducting the experimental classification of the rock mass is a very useful tool in evaluating the quality of the rock mass and designing the reinforcements, and also, it provides a good view of the behavior of the rock in the face of the tunnel. Classification of rock mass rating (RMR) is one of the most important and efficient methods of rock mass classification, which has been used in the past until today, but it has some shortcomings in the correct estimation of rock mass behavior. In this research, 10 sites of defense projects in different rock mass conditions, including weak and very jointed rocks, and suitable conditions have been examined. The defense projects have been analyzed experimentally, and also, numerically using Phase2 software. The experimental and numerical results of this research show that, in general, the use of rock mass classification can be very useful in evaluating the characteristics of rock mass. Moreover, the use of the RMR in rocks having good conditions correctly evaluate the rock mass and is considered as a suitable design basis. However, in weak rocks, there are flaws in the evaluation, and instead of the rock quality designation (RQD) parameters and discontinuity spacing, the jointing factor can be used. In this manner, the results are better compatible with the real conditions and numerical analysis. Furthermore, the results of the proposed reinforcements have been examined. These results show that the RMR classification works well for semi-stable rocks (RMR>50), but for weak rocks (RMR<50), it is better to analyze the rock mass by modified RMR, which considers jointing factor.

Currently, the ever-increasing population growth coupled with the people’s tendency toward urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to a number of environmental, economic, social, and security problems, to a point where continuation of the current trends is likely to prevent sustainable urban development. On the other hand, the passive defense has gained lots of attention in many countries in the recent past. And this is where the concept of smart cities emerges as an ideal solution for tackling the challenges of urbanization. In this research, we began by identifying the most significant factors of integrated crisis management in smart cities with a focus on passive defense, with the importance of each factor further evaluated. The results were then analyzed. In this work, data gathering was performed through a descriptive-analytic method based on library studies. The required qualitative data was collected by library studies by completing a checklist. Subsequently, numerical analyses were conducted using opinions from experts in the passive defense and smart cities studies. Afterward, an analytic hierarchical process (AHP) was utilized to appraise and rank different factors. Next, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was coded in MATLAB R2021b, which ended up presenting an integrated model of crisis management in smart cities from the viewpoint of passive defense. Based on the AHP and ANFIS, our findings highlighted the importance of securing the internet of things (IoT), securing the environment, securing the network, network acceptance control, developing visualization software at the level of operating system (container),

Blast load is a load with a dynamic nature similar to an earthquake, with the difference that its effects take much less time than an earthquake, are more intense, and directly affect the structure itself. Therefore, in this case, in addition to carrying out the usual retrofitting, it is necessary to reduce this explosive effect by changing the architecture of the structure. One of the solutions for this problem is the dual-purpose use of seismic elements such as shear walls, which can not only resist earthquakes but also resist explosive loads. Meanwhile, concrete structures have shown good resistance to explosion compared to steel structures, and one of the design methods in these types of structures is the use of concrete shear walls. One of the solutions to reduce the dimensions of the columns is to use a concrete shear wall. One of the capabilities of this method is the possibility of creating an opening in it, and it reduces the limitations created in the architectural discussion. In this research, the performance of arched concrete shear wall with opening against explosive load has been investigated, and the considered samples with and without opening have been compared. Also, the effect of compressive strength of concrete has been investigated. Finally, it was determined that when creating the opening, full care and inspection should be done and the area around the opening should be reinforced. Arched concrete shear wall with 10 cm thick opening has performed best against explosive load.

One of the prerequisites of urban planning is the identification and spatial analysis of vulnerable areas and neighborhoods exposed to military attacks in order to reduce the dimensions of life and financial losses. The appropriate implementation of such plans is based on the recognition and separation of high-risk areas from other areas. Therefore, the present study is aimed to achieve the effective criteria for reducing the vulnerability of neighborhoods in the district 9 of Mashhad based on the principles of passive defense and identification of the most vulnerable neighborhood in this area. To do this, four criteria of the population at risk, the accessibility to relief centers, the composition of urban context and the border of risky centers and 10 indices have been extracted as special theoretical basics of the research. All these criteria and indices have been evaluated and analyzed in urban planning. The research methodology is based on descriptive-analytical approach using the AHP model. Also, the SWAT technique has been used to achieve strategies. These strategies have been developed based on the principles of defense, downsizing, optimal scale, performance dispersion, optimal location, permeability and non-dependence of users. According to these studies, the neighborhoods of Kausar, Hafez, Honarestan, Shahrara, Iqbal, Rezashahr, Ab and Bargh, Sarafarazan, Nirohawai and Chaharcheshmeh are the most vulnerable neighborhoods from the passive defense aspects.

So far, a lot of research has been done to assess the resilience of the city against a variety of natural threats such as earthquakes, but research on the assessment of resilience of urban areas against man-made threats, especially war threats, is far less that in this study Is. In fact, what poses a serious threat to military strikes is the unpreparedness to deal with them, and the best way to deal with these threats is to build and maintain preparedness against them. One of the main ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the city's resilience in the event of a crisis, in which case, by adopting strategies, preparedness for such crises can be greatly increased. In the present study, the physical resilience of the seven areas of Babol has been evaluated from the perspective of passive defense using geospatial analysis and PROMETHEE II technique. In this study, first, using the opinion of experts in the fields of urban planning and passive defense, the basic threat of the city of Babol (air attack) was selected. Then, based on this and by studying previous research and obtaining the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning, passive defense and structure through interviews and questionnaires, sixteen criteria affecting the physical resilience of Babol in three categories of distance from special uses, access to main services and features the urban physical tissue was extracted and weighed. These criteria are: Distance from military bases, Distance from key stairs, Distance from refueling centers, Distance from the utility network, Distance from industrial centers, Network access the main way, Distance from fire stations, Access to medical centers, Outdoor access, Degree of confinement, Build density, population density, Number of floors of buildings, Skeleton type of buildings, Granulation of parts, Age of buildings. Then, the raster criterion maps were generated and the average values ​​of each criterion for each of the seven districts of the city of Babel (as alternatives for multi-criteria decision making) were calculated and the decision matrix was created. By generation the decision matrix and using the PROMETHEE II method, the 7 districts of Babol city were ranked based on the degree of resilience and a physical resilience assessment map of Babol city was generated. The results showed that different areas of the city of Babol do not have the same resilience, so that the central areas of the city and to some extent the southern areas of the city have lower resilience than the northern, eastern and western areas. In general, with increasing distance from the city center, resilience increases, which is less felt in the southern direction. Although the city of Babol has moderate to high resilience in general, but by resilience analysis, the most important reasons for the low resilience of the central areas of the city, namely regions 4 and 5, can be obtained. Analyzing the research results by passive defense experts, it was found that the most important reasons for low resilience in the central urban areas of Babol (areas 4 and 5) are high construction density, high degree of confinement, important military centers and numerous refueling centers in these areas.

The increasing number of worldwide terrorist attacks in recent years and danger of enemy air attacks highlights the significance of the secure design of urban structures and explosion mechanics as the passive defense. Iran is no exception from these external threats considering its position in the Middle East. Subway stations are considered as the safe and strategic structures during terrorist operations since they provide a safe route for the transfer of power and equipment. Tunnel structures can be exposed to internal or external explosions. The internal explosions are less likely to occur because it is hard to get an explosive material inside a tunnel due to modern security and control systems inside subway tunnels. However, external blasts are more likely to occur due to the difficulty of detecting and preventing their threat. The present study was carried out in the finite element software LS-DYNA using the ALE (Arbitrary_Lagrangian _Eulerian) technique to simulate and monitor the propagation of the blast pressure waves into the soil. Furthermore, the performance of Tehran metro stations in response to a surface explosion of 11ton TNT, equivalent to the explosive power of the most potent non-nuclear missile, was evaluated. The results from validation model analysis indicated that the pressure waves propagated into the soil as the hemispherical waves as well as the peak pressure values closely matched the predicted values of the technical design manual TM5-855-1. The results also showed that the depths of the crater created by the detonation of 3, 7, and, 11 tons of TNT were 6.5, 9, and 12 m, respectively, for the surface detonation of 11 tons of TNT charge. The affected region of the soil was about 18 m beneath the ground surface, and the duration was almost 0.4 seconds. In addition, although the safety of stations with depths of less than 19 m against the 11-ton explosive charge was not guaranteed, that of the stations deeper than 19 m could be quite ensured.

In urban societies, different disasters can occur, including natural and military disasters. Given this, it seems necessary in the context of a comprehensive view, in addition to general policies, to consider unarmed actions for enhancing security in urban spaces to protect citizens against these events. The ability to run the city in critical condition by a passive defense approach can be an effective step toward achieving this. Given the importance of this topic, this research intends to address the issue of designing urban landscape elements with a passive defense approach. Investigating and identifying the factors and elements of the city against including proper location, multiplicity of green and open space at the beginning of the design are some of the topics that will be discussed in this article. The practical implications of this article are to provide insights into the design and implementation of parks, urban spaces and elements that have both design considerations and expansion of citizens safety at critical times.

High-performance reinforcement concrete due to its ductility and higher energy absorption has many applications in the field of passive defence than the normal concrete. These high-performance materials can be used in many cases, such as seismic improvement of building members. In some cases the structural capacity is increased, which is called strengthening. Strengthening can be carried out by increasing the toughness and increase of resistance. In this study, the use of Explosion Proof concrete in order to protect the structural components (in this study: Weak-one Slabs). In this paper, four weak-one way slab that were strangled in various zones have been studied. The numerical modelling is proceeding in Abaqus / explicit. For modelling the behaviour of concrete, CDMP method has been used. The results of this study show that the energy absorption in the strengthened slab in the tense region has increased to seven times compare to other zone of strengthening. The use of fiber reinforced concrete has a significant effect on the increase of bearing capacity and the ductility of a one-way slab. In other words, the use of high-performance fiber reinforced concrete as a method for the strengthening of structural elements such as slabs will be effective in improving the behaviour of them, especially in the field of passive defence. Also, the maximum tolerable explosive load in compression, tensile and compression-tensile strengthed zone specimens was 1.3, 0.85 and 1.21 times compare with the reference specimen. The results of this study show that the use of high-performance fiber concrete laminates in all zones of the slab simultaneously, increase stiffness and reduce the deflection of the specimen.

One of the aims of passive defense, is designing of safe structures against explosion. Nowadays, with expansion of bombing attacks into the building, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of structures under blast loads. In recent years, Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) have become an increasingly popular lateral force resisting system in building. Low cost, quick installation and high energy absorption potential, has made SPSWs as a suitable system for strengthening existing structures. Considering the prominent features of easy going steel plate wall against lateral loads, such as high energy absorption, good ductility and hardness increasing and displacement reduction, study the behavior of this system against blast loads is necessary. Therefore, in this paper by modeling of SPSW specimen in the finite element software ABAQUS , verification of modeling and software work, were examined as compared to the experimental data. Then structural steel plate shear wall and Easy going steel plate shear wall by AISC 20 Design Guide were designed, and both systems, with thicknesses of 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times the designed plate thickness were investigated under the near and far field explosions. Results of these analyses showed using Easy going steel plate in shear wall systems caused reduction of steel frame displacement. Also by Increasing the plate thickness of both Easy going steel and structural steel systems, under the near and far field explosions, displacement decreased.

Considering the extent and distribution of educational complexes throughout the country, the observance of passive defense considerations when designing and constructing schools, can make these places a safe location for residents in critical situations, facilitating the continuation of routine training activities throughout the day. One of the most   important passive defense measures used as a solution is risk reduction. In this regard, architectural geometry is one of the factors affecting the amount of damage to the buildings and individuals during an accident, therefore   considering the relation between architectural geometry and educational spaces is necessary. In this research, the applied descriptive-analytical method is based on the case-field observations and library studies. In this regard,  geometric factors effective in the formation of an architectural complex (interior spaces, enclosures, openings, etc.) are identified and examined. The results of this study are extracted in a systematic manner, which observing them in the design process can significantly enhance safety and reduce student fatality and school damage. Finally, the main goal of the research is to achieve school design principles (primary school) with an emphasis on the role of architectural geometry which, in addition to defensive performance during any crisis, can have an appropriate usage during the time of peace.

The experience of the ‘sacred defense’ years has shown that national sustainability cannot be achieved except through internalization and internal strength. One of the basic requirements of passive defense is the issue of building secure structures and defense fortifications. So, preserving human life during the early hours of the war and during the defense period is one of the architectural essentials. The main objective of this research is to design a quick mechanism for changing the use of commercial building underground parking into a multipurpose urban public shelter in Tehran's Hakimyeh area. Hence, in this paper studies about architectural solutions with the aim of promoting shelters’ passive defense is carried out. Threat basis in this paper is aerial bombardment and the resulting crackdown and explosion wave. The importance of choosing this area is its geographical location as the entrance gate and the first urban defense basement on Tehran north-west highlands. In this article questionnaires, SPSS software, theoretical bases, design methods and measurement of mechanical and electrical installations are used to investigate the main indicators of architectural design and to promote shelters’ passive defense, appropriate strategies are presented.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the geographical dispersal status (one of the main elements of passive defense) of urban population of mid-eastern provinces of Iran with the passive defense approach. The research method is a combination of documentary, descriptive, and analytical methods. In this study, the models of comparing the percentage of the population of province center with the total urban population of other provinces (to measure the concentration of population in the center of the province), rank-size law of Zipf and the prime urban pattern have been used to measure the geographical distribution of urban population of the mid-eastern provinces of Iran (passive defense). The results of population concentration model show that among the five provinces surveyed, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces with 64.07and 34.01 concentrations and urban population percentage in Mashhad and Kerman have the worst situation (fifth rank) and the bestsituation (first rank), respectively. Examination of the prime urban index in the provinces under study shows that all the provinces surveyed face the prime urban phenomenon. In this regard, the city of Mashhad is the worst among the provinces surveyed. The results of Zipf rank-size model show that the urban population of Khorasan Razavi, Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, North Khorasan and Kerman provinces is different from Zipf rank-size model, which are -51.25, -36.03, -26.20, -23.78, and -21.26 from the worst to best, respectively. The situation in Khorasan Razavi and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces is worse than other provinces. According to the results of different models of this study, it can be concluded that Khorasan Razavi province with 64.07cumulative percentage of urban population in Mashhad has 10.25times more population in Mashhad in comparison to the urban population of the second city of the province and is -51.25 times far from the ideal population, which makes it the worst (non-compliance with passive population defense) among the provinces under study. Also, Kerman province with 34.07cumulative percentage of urban population in Kerman has 2.57 times more population in Kerman in comparison to the urban population of the second cityof the province and is -21.26 times far from the ideal population, which makes it the best (compliance with passive population defense) among the provinces under study.

Airports are thought of as one of the symbols of development in societies. The civil airports are now taken into  account as valuable assets in each country all over the world, however, the most subtle disorganization in its     performance, or any damage to their formation shall result in tremendous material and spiritual losses. The    recognition and gradation of threats facing either field is the first action to take for the accomplishment of the passive defense studies. In the present research, the threats that are likely to occur in the civil airports were graded. This   research is placed among those applied-developmental ones in terms of the type of research; however, it is descriptive in the view of the essence of research. Thus, in the stage of the deliberate human-made threats facing the civil airports, either library method or qualitative interview methods were used. Moreover, to evaluate the assets and threats, the quantitative questionnaire method coupled with the presented technique from the Federal Agency of the US Crisis Management, the hierarchical analysis method was used. The research findings indicated that the threat of air and missile raids is the main threat to the civil airports. The other fifteen threats taken out from the specialized texts were respectively graded within the main components of the civil airports. However, such a gradation was done on the basis of five indexes of “the damage intensity”, the enemy’s capability”, the target’s attractiveness”, “the negative   outcomes for the enemy”, and “the threat’s precedence”.

Humans settlements have never been safe from disasters. So as to the principles of passive defense should be considered in their constructions and developments. Urbans have a lot of important areas, one of which is historical and depressed fabrics. These areas not only play an important role in increasing identity and sense of place, but also locate in the significant parts of cities with a variety kind of land uses. It is possible to follow the principles of passive defense through their regeneration plans. This research carried out with the aim of analyzing the role of passive defense in this plan. Kashan regeneration plan has been selected as the case study of this research done by content analysis as one of the qualitative methodologies. The consequences of this research show that although, there was the opportunity of associating passive defense’s principles with these fabrics, no significant consideration was done.

Green spaces, stadiums, which are part of the area with natural vegetation or paved areas or buildings protected against their will. This space as an integral part of considerable importance in enhancing athletic stadium and gymnasium are environmental sustainability .Access to items such as camouflage, concealment and deception, reduces the intensity of the blast wave, energy storage, Frmdhy and deformation, Control of natural consequences, preventing runoff Various, raising per capita green space, and so on, such that the resulting performance gains will be green spaces. In this study, green space and its role in the defense of liberty stadium has been a non- factor. Methods In this study library field and the use of questionnaires and chi square test was used Research findings show that all questions related to the parameters of green space, at a significance level of 0.05 percent certified, meaning that all of the   questions, the probability is close to one hundred percent approved. The study showed that green space Azadi Stadium plays a key role in passive defense.

The current study makes use of the results of the census of 2016 in Iran to evaluate the geographical distribution of urban population in Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, and Sistan and Baluchestan using the passive defense approach. The methodology of the study is a combination of documentary, descriptive, and analytical methods where the percentage of urban population of the capital city of the province is compared to the urban population of other cities in the province, and the rank-size law of Zipf along with the urban primacy index are used. The results show that Hormozgan Province with a population density of 55.90 percent of the urban population of the province in Bandar Abbas City has the worst state among the four selected provinces, followed by Sistan and aluchestan, Khuzestan, and Bushehr Provinces with the concentration of 44.07, 33.55, and 32.73 percent of their total populations in capital cities of Zahedan, Ahvaz, and Bushehr, respectively. Therefore, Bushehr Province has the best possible state among the selected provinces with regard to population distribution. Evaluating the urban primacy index for the selected provinces shows that Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces are faced with the phenomenon of primate city and Bandar Abbas, Zahedan, and Ahvaz Cities are the primate cities in the urban network system of Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Khuzestan Provinces, respectively. Bushehr Province does not have a primate city. The results for the rank-size law model show that the urban population of cities in Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces are far from the rank-size Zipf model, with the state of Hormozgan and Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces being worse than Khuzestan Province, while Bushehr Province does not suffer from the primate city phenomenon, thereby having a balance in its urban system. However, this type of balance follows the combinatory model, i.e.the urban hierarchy of Bushehr Province lacks the primate city phenomenon, but is not standard either; in other words, this province is at the middle of the spectrum. Based on the results from models comparing the urban population of the capital city of the province with the total population of the other cities in the province and the primate city model and the rank-size Zipf model, it can be concluded that the status of Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Khuzestan, and Bushehr Provinces ranges from rank one (the worst case) to rank four (the best case), respectively. Therefore, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Khuzestan, and Bushehr provinces are respectively ranked from the worst to the best states with regards to following the principles of passive defense.

Oil, gas and petrochemical facilities are strategic industry facilities, and their passive defense issues are of high priority in every country. Explosions due to sabotage or aerial bombardments are of the most important factors in considering issues related to passive defense in the abovementioned facilities. In this study, the effect of blast loading on pressure vessels is investigated. In this regard, the results of ConWep method for applying an external blast load, are validated. Then, it is used as the loading method in the study. The results of this study clearly indicate that the vertical pressure vessels are more vulnerable than horizontal and spherical pressure vessels against the blast load. Therefore the use of these types of pressure vessels can reduce safety against potential hazard. The horizontal pressure vessels are more vulnerable than spherical pressure vessels against the blast load.
In addition, the body of the pressure vessel shows splendid resistance against external explosions, and the most likely risk scenario is damage to the saddles which results in lateral displacement of the vessel. The following safe scaled distance from explosive sources of pressure vessels in oil and gas facilities offered.

Summary : In this paper, the conversion ability of underground salt mines into a strategic underground space has been studied. As a case study, underground salt mines near the city of Garmsar have been considered. For this purpose, combinations of empirical and numerical methods are used.
Creation of safe Structures is one of the most important principles of passive defense. Excavated underground facilities in order to extract mineral deposit are the suitable options for this purpose. When underground structures have a strategic importance, safety of such structures is very important. In such conditions, static and dynamic analysis of structures must be considered. In this case, In terms of passive defense, the stability analysis of structures under explosion loads initiated by Earth Penetration Warhead has a particular importance.
Methodology and Approaches : In this paper, at first, through studies of documentaries, field observations and based on technical and geometrical criterion, a feasibility study has been performed on the application of underground salt mines near the city of Garmsar as a passive defense structures. Then, to consider a defensive criterion, dynamical analysis of selected underground salt mine under the penetration depth of GBU-28 warhead and its explosion loads has been studied by using numerical methods. For this purpose, a combination of empirical method to calculate the explosive load and numerical method to simulate the explosive process are used. For numerical modeling, FLAC software is used.
Results and Accordingly feasibility studies, the Kouh-Dasht-Kohan mine has been chosen as the best option as a passive defense structure. The obtained results of the numerical modeling have shown that the sections of the underground space of Kouh-Dasht-Kohan mine located at depths more than 60 meters, under loads resulting from the explosion of the warhead is stable. In general, as a result, the mine has an ability to convert a strategic underground space.

According to the strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region and the continued presence of foreign threats it is essential to take different measure to protect military installations.One of the measures that can prevent internal damage is passive defense. One of the important principles in passive defence is the proper site selection.For this purpose, Geographic Information System (GIS) equipped with high processing power and capability of voluminous information management can help commanders and designers.The aim of this research is to find a suitable site for military installations and equipment considering the principles of military safety and passive defense. This research was carried out at two levels of detail in Mazandaran province. At the large level, the effective factors were determined by the experts and the factor maps were prepared. Then, the maps were weighted using AHP method and were overlayed using Index Overlay approach. The results of this level showed that the most appropriate area is Chahardange district located in Kiasar county. Therefor, with the goal of taking uncertainty into account, fuzzy method was used. Therefore, the factor maps were fuzzified and by adopting a strict approach, fuzzy product function was used. Consequently the maps were combined using fuzzy product and the proper site was detertmined. Evaluation of the results by field researches revealed that the determined site has the proper conditions for the purposes of the research.

Today, Passive defense is considered as a strategic need in management of construction projects in order to providing a desirable sustainable security. A significant portion of the dam and power plant projects build with underground methods. In addition to the cost of these structures, they have also great importance strategically, so supplying the requirements of passive defense is essential in this project. in this research,According to passive defense purposes and the principles of project management in construction of underground projects trying to present the appropriate method according to the current conditions and technology in the country. Therefore, using multiple sources and the use of questionnaires, suitable materials and procedures in the construction of underground structures analyzed and several measures have been reckon then they have been weighted using quantitative methods and applications of AHP.
Final results prove that using FRCS fiber concrete, FRP materials, Nanomaterials as smart materials and additives for high strength concrete are more preferable than usual and privileged materials for construction of these kinds of structures, and utilizing each of the mentioned materials with different construction methods can provide various options and specific applications.